SIR ADNAN QURESHI PAKISTAN STUDIES-HISTORY-CHAPTER 10_________________

CHAPTER 10: CONTRIBUTION OF MOHAMAMD ALI JINNAH, ALLAMA IQBAL AND

CHAUDHRI REHMAT ALI

Timeline of the Chapter:

Mohammad Ali Jinnah:

1876: He was born on 25th December in a merchant family of Jinnah Bhai Poonja at Wazir
Mansion, Karachi.
1887: Admitted to Sind Madrasa tul Islam, Karachi.
1893: Joined Lincoln's Inn to study law.
1896: Returned to Karachi from London as the youngest barrister of India and migrated to
Bombay for practising law.
1910: Elected to the Legislative Assembly, Bombay. Also joined Home Rule League and later
Indian National Congress with a hope of working for Hindu-Muslim unity.
1913: Joined the All India Muslim League.
1915: Initiated the move for setting up of a League-Congress joint committee for Hindu-Muslim
unity.
1916: In December, presided over the All-India Muslim League Lucknow session; Lucknow
Pact signed with Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mahajan and Lala Ambedkar.
1917: Became President of the Home Rule League in Bombay.
1919: Resigned from the Imperial Legislative Council as a protest against Rowlatt Act.
1920: Resigned from Home Rule League and Congress after the Satyagraha Movement.
1927: Boycotted the Simon Commission. Presided over a meeting of all the important Muslim
leaders at Delhi and presented Delhi Proposals for making Muslims’ demands considered.
1928: Attended National Convention at Calcutta.
1929: The All India Muslim League rejects Nehru Report at its Delhi session. Jinnah's Fourteen
Points were given in March to voice for the rights of Muslims.
1930: Attended First Round Table Conference in London and made it success for Muslims.
1931-34: Stayed on in England under a voluntary exile.
1934: Elected Permanent President of All India Muslim League (in 1935) after coming back to
India.
1937: Jinnah presided over League session at Lucknow. The All India Muslim League turned into
a mass organization and compete independence adopted as goal.
1939: On 22nd December, Day of Deliverance was observed (on resignation of Congress
Ministries)
1940: On 23rd March at Minto Park, Lahore Resolution (later called Pakistan Resolution) was
passed by Maulvi Fazl-ul-Haq for the idea of making Pakistan under the leadership of Jinnah.
1942: The proposals of Stafford Cripps were not accepted by Jinnah however, he did not agree
to Gandhi’s and Nehru’s Quit India Movement.
1944: Jinnah-Gandhi talks were held at Jinnah’s house in Bombay.
1945: In June and July, participated in the Simla Conference organised by Lord Wavell. Elected
to Central Legislative Assembly.
1946: On May 16, Cabinet Mission Plan announced. In June League accepts Cabinet Mission
Plan. League also accepts Short-Term (Interim Government) Plan. On August 16, Direct Action
Day was planned by the Muslim League which became violent in Calcutta where around 4000
people lost their lives.
1947: On 3rd June, Jinnah's historic broadcast accepting the Plan of the partition. On 11th August
elected President of Pakistan Constituent Assembly. On August 14, Quaid-e-Azam sworn in as
the first Governor-General of Pakistan.

Post Partition:
1947: In September, Pakistan joined the United Nations in order to solve Kashmir problem, to
get more aid and to gain international recognition.
1947: In October, set up headquarters at Lahore to supervise settlement of refugees in Punjab.
To solve the problems of refugees, he stayed in Lahore for some time. He called himself the
Protector General for minority rights in Pakistan.
1948: On 2nd February, Jinnah announced Urdu as the official language of Pakistan in order to
foster unity and better communication amongst the Pakistanis.
1948: July 1, Inaugurated State Bank of Pakistan; gave a call for evolving a new economic
system. On August 14, First Independence Day; last message to the nation.
1948: On September 11, he returned to Karachi from Ziarat, breathed his last and was buried at
Karachi on 13th September.

Allama Iqbal:

1877: Born at Sialkot (present-day Pakistan) on Friday, November 9, 1877. Kashmiri origin.
1893–1895: High School and Intermediate – Scotch Mission College, Sialkot.
1897: Completed B.A. from Government College, Lahore.
1899: M.A. (Philosophy) – Government College, Lahore.
1907: Ph.D., Munich University, Germany (Thesis: The Development of Metaphysics in Persia).
1908: Bar-at-Law, London. Returned to India. Resigned from professorship to spread the
message of Islam.
1923: he was knighted by King George V, granting him the title "Sir". While studying law and
philosophy in England, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All-India Muslim
League.
1926: Elected to Punjab Legislative Council, Lahore (1926–1929).
1930: President, All-India Muslim League. Elaborated on the idea of an independent Muslim
state in his presidential speech at Allahabad on 30th December.
1931: Participated in the Second Round Table Conference, London, September 7–December 31.
1932: Participated in the Third Round Table Conference, London, November 17–December 24.
1938: Iqbal died at Lahore on April 21, 1938.

Chaudhri Rehmat Ali:

1895: Born on 16th November at Balachaur India.

1930: He moved to England to join Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
1930-32: Observed the three Round Table Conferences at London and felt how Muslims were
treated unfairly by the Congress and British.
1933: On January 28, he published a pamphlet, Now or Never, Are we to live or perish
forever, coining the word Pakistan for the first time.
1946: He founded Pakistan National Movement in England.
1948: He visited Pakistan at the time of Jinnah’s death in September. Later, he proceeded to
England to champion the cause of Kashmir through the United Nations.
1951: On 3rd February, he died in Cambridge, England due to influenza and was buried there.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF MOHAMMAD ALI JINNAH:

Pre-partition:

1910: Joined Legislative assembly of India and became a member of legal system to the
government. This was the first major step of Jinnah towards legislation process of India being
the youngest barrister.

1910: Joined Indian National Congress with the intension of working for Hindu-Muslim unity
against their common enemy. His friend Dadabhoy Naoroji urged him to join politics.

1913: Joined All India Muslim League and became a major leader. At this time Jinnah was the
member of both League and Congress and believed that their unity was required to drive out
the British out of the subcontinent.

1916: Lucknow Pact was a major milestone achieved by Jinnah with Lala Ambedkar and
Mahajan of Congress to sort out differences between the two communities.
It was a major agreement in which Muslims agreed for self-rule and less weightage in provinces
and Hindus agreed for separate electorates of Muslims. The Lucknow Pact was an agreement
on a scheme of constitutional reforms reached between Congress and the Muslim League. Both
realised that co-operation was the only way to get the British government to agree to self-rule.
For the first time Hindus acknowledged that Muslims had the right to a separate electorate and
was there foreseen as a beacon of hope for the future.

1920: Resigned from Congress after realizing that it was not favouring Muslims’ rights. Had
disagreed to Gandhi’s policies. Jinnah disagreed to the Rowlatt Act which came in 1919. When
Mohandas Gandhi started the Non Co-operation movement, Jinnah disagreed and made
himself away from the plans of Congress.

1927: He presented Delhi Proposals to Motilal Nehru to forward Muslims’ view After the Simon
Commission. There were proposals given by Jinnah in 1927 to a conference of All India Muslim
League. He gave few demands which he said it would be accepted that he would give up the
demand of separate electorates. He said that there should be 1/3rd Muslim majority in all
central legislature. He also demanded that Sindh should be made a province and all the reforms
of other provinces should be brought to NWF and Balochistan

March 1929: Jinnah’s Fourteen Points: At the annual meeting of Muslim League in March 1929
at Delhi. Jinnah gave his points in order to safeguard and protect the rights and interests of the
Muslims. The 14 Points were the first ever demand of the Muslim League put to the British.
These demands covered all aspects of Muslim interests at the time. Jinnah decided to issue 14
points in response to Nehru Report (1928) which was a scheme of constitution for India.

Why did Jinnah produce his Fourteen Points?

• Jinnah decided to issue Fourteen Points in response to Nehru Report (1928) which was a
scheme of constitution for India. It included several points which were against Muslim
interests. The Nehru Report suggested joint electorate (in place of separate electorate for
Muslims), unitary form of government (in place of federal form of government) and Hindi as
national language for India. These points were clearly against Muslim interests and were
not liked by the Muslims.
• Jinnah suggested three amendments to the Nehru Report but these were rejected by the
Congress. It clearly showed that the Congress was not sincere with the Muslims.
• Jinnah gave his points in order to safeguard and protect the rights and interests of the
Muslims. The Fourteen Points were the first ever demand of the Muslim League put to the
British. These demands covered all aspects of Muslim interests at the time.

1930-32: Jinnah as the leader of league attended the First Round Table Conference only and
made the demands of Muslims registered to the British. However, he boycotted the Second
Round Table Conference due to its fruitless discussion and Gandhi’s domination. He was not
invited in the Third RTC.

1931-34: Jinnah was dissatisfied with the politics of India and the fruitless first Round Table
Conference. He remained in London for voluntary exile after having no result of RTCs. He came
to India in 1934 after the letters of Iqbal and Liaquat Ali Khan and was selected as the
permanent President of the Muslim League.
1939: Jinnah asked Muslim League to celebrate Day of Deliverance on 22nd Dec 1939 after
Congress resigned from ministries and Muslims got freedom from Congress rule.

22nd and 23rd March1940: Pakistan Resolution was the greatest success of Jinnah in which
Muslims were approved for their promise for Pakistan.
Muslims in the subcontinent were recognized and the demand of a separate homeland in the
western parts of India with autonomous status. It was presented by Maulvi Fazl-ul-Haq at the
annual session of Muslim League on 22nd -24th of March 1940 by the 25-member Working
Committee of the All-India Muslim League.
The session was held at Minto Park which was named as Iqbal Park (in the memory of Dr.
Allama Mohammad Iqbal who died on 21st April 1938) at Lahore where Minar-e-Pakistan
stands today. It was called as Lahore Resolution or Pakistan Resolution. This event marked as
the first major success of the Muslim League and the struggle which started in 1906 at the time
of Formation of All India Muslim League got an achievement when the idea of an independent
country was accepted.

May 1944: Gandhi was in prison when he wrote a letter in Gujrati language to Jinnah while he
was in Kashmir. Jinnah replied in Gujrati that upon his return to Bombay, he would meet him.
Gandhi-Jinnah talks of May 1944 in Bombay failed but Jinnah was accepted by Gandhi as being
a prominent Muslim leader.

Why were the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks somewhat successful?

• Jinnah handled these intelligently, didn’t compromise Muslim Rights. His standing thus
improved.
• Gandhi said that Jinnah and Congress should work for general Independence first.
• It pleased Jinnah since this should that Indians had realized that Partition might happen.

1945 Simla Conference: Jinnah initially agreed to the plan of Lord Wavell for the Executive
Council however, when Gandhi raised questions on the Muslims in that Council as equal
participants for which the Conference did not reach an agreement.

1945-46 Elections: Elections were held in India in which Muslim League did far better than 1937
election winning all reserved seats for Muslims.
The Indian National Congress emerged as the largest party, winning 57 of the 102 elected seats
becoming the largest party getting 90% of Hindu votes. The Muslim League won all 30 Muslim
constituencies and won 87% of overall Muslim votes and stood as second position. Only NWFP
was the Muslim majority area where Muslim League did not win.
Even though Congress won, the League had united the Muslim vote and as such it gained the
negotiating power to seek a separate Muslim homeland as it became clear that a united India
would prove highly unstable.
1946 Cabinet Mission Plan: The Mission held talks with the representatives of the Indian
National Congress and the All-India Muslim League, the two largest political parties in the
Constituent Assembly of India.
Since the word Pakistan was dropped from the draft, therefore Muslims of India doubted that
the British Government might leave India without dividing it and Muslims would have to face
the tyranny of the Congress once again that’s why Muslim League felt annoyed at this decision.

1947 3rd June Plan: Jinnah talked to Lord Mountbatten on 3rd June for the final decision of
partition. The British Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that India would be freed by
Feb 1948. Lord Mountbatten arrived in March 1947 and met the major leaders of both
Congress and Muslim League. He went back to England to review their decision as it was
difficult to hold India’s aggression anymore. Jinnah worked on establishing the government of
Pakistan.

Post-partition:

1947: On 11th August, Jinnah addressed the Constituent assembly of Pakistan. He sworn in as
the first Governor General of Pakistan on 14th August and declared Prime Minister as his Prime
Minister.

1947: Jinnah helped the refugees after partition. He called himself the Protector General for
controlling violence in Punjab. He shifted his office to Lahore in October 1947 to be able to deal
with refugee problems better. He also instructed the Punjab government and the Pakistan
Army to solve problems of refugees and to accommodate them.

1st September 1947: Pakistan joined United Nations on the wish of Jinnah for getting
international recognition, military and financial aid. Liaquat Ali Khan worked on it on the
request of Jinnah.

1st July 1948: Jinnah inaugurated State Bank of Pakistan at Karachi on 1st July to deal with the
problems of economy.

1948: Jinnah was suffering from tuberculosis and he died on 11th September. 3 days state
mourning was announced. He was buried in Karachi.

CONTRIBUTION OF DR. ALLAMA MOHAMAMD IQBAL:

1926: He became the member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly and served there till 1929. His
intention was to work for the rights of Muslims of the subcontinent and since Punjab was a
large province, therefore Iqbal’s philosophy and poetry played an important part in bringing
awareness amongst the Muslims to fight for their rights.
1930: Iqbal’s Allahabad Address: It was delivered by Dr. Allama Mohammad Iqbal during the
25th annual session of the All-India Muslim League, on 29th and 30th December 1930, at
Allahabad as the President of Punjab Muslim League.
He gave the idea and concept about a separate homeland in the north-east of India because the
Muslim were a nation and had a right that they got the identification and passed their lives in
order to the Islamic principles. This served as a soul of struggle in the people of Punjab and they
contributed actively on the road to independence.

1931-32: Iqbal and Round Table Conferences: Iqbal played a very important role in uniting
Muslims with his poetry and representing the cause of Muslims in the absence of Jinnah
particularly at the time of the Second and Third Round Table Conferences. He convinced the
British for separating Sindh from Bombay Presidency at the Second RTC and continued Jinnah’s
mission and objective.

1938: Iqbal was suffering from throat infection which became serious and the ‘Poet of the East’
breathed his last on 21st April. Jinnah claimed that he lost the best friend and companion and
gave tribute to his contribution. Iqbal was buried near Badshahi Mosque at Lahore.

CONTRIBUTION OF CHAUDHRI REHMAT ALI:

1895: Born on 16th November at Balachaur India in an educated family. His origin was Urdu
speaking family.

1930: After completing his basic education and completed his B.A form Punjab University. Later
he moved to England to join Emmanuel College, Cambridge.

1930-32: Observer at the time of RTCs: This marked as a change for Rehmat Ali. He was in
England when the three RTCs were held and he attended as an observer. He was deeply hurt
and felt agitated with the outcomes of the conferences and decided to run a campaign to
strengthen Muslim cause.

1933: On January 28, he published a pamphlet, Now or Never, are we to live or perish forever,
coining the word Pakistan for the first time. His pamphlet marked as his greatest achievement.
He coined the word PAKSTAN (later became PAKISTAN) using P: from Punjab, A: from Afghania
(NWFP), K; from Kashmir, I: from Indus, S: from Sindh and TAN: from Balochistan.

1946: He founded Pakistan National Movement in England by giving the idea of making the
‘Continent of Dinia’ in which he states that instead of just two areas of Pakistan (East and
West) all other areas where Muslims were in majority should be considered independent. He
asked for Pakistan, in the northern units of India, "Bang-i-Islam" for Muslims in Bengal, and
"Usmanistan" for the Muslims in Hyderabad-Deccan. This was a point of disagreement with
Jinnah as Jinnah believed that the Hindus and British would not let it happen and that was not
radical for their demand However, Chaudhri Rehmat Ali insisted for his plans to be taken as
manifesto of their independence.

1948: He visited Pakistan at the time of Jinnah’s death in September. Later, he proceeded to
England to champion the cause of Kashmir through the United Nations.

1951: On 3rd February, he died in Cambridge, England due to influenza and was buried there.

SAMPLE ANSWERS:

Q: Who was Cahudhri Rehmat Ali? [4] (S/2012)

Chaudhry Rahmat Ali, founder of the Pakistan National Movement, was born in 1895. On
January 28, 1933, he issued his first memorable pamphlet "Now or Never; Are we to live or
perish forever?" He coined the word "Pakistan" for 30 million Muslims who live in the five
northern units of India; Punjab, North West Frontier (Afghan) Province, Kashmir, Sindh and
Baluchistan. The pamphlet also gave reasons for the establishment of Pakistan as a separate
nation. He spoke of an independent homeland for Muslims, Pakistan, in the northern units of
India, "Bang-i-Islam" for Muslims in Bengal, and "Usmanistan" for the Muslims in Hyderabad-
Deccan. He died in 1951 at Cambridge, England.

Q: Who was Dr. Allama Iqbal? [4] (W/2010)

Allama Iqbal was the greatest philosopher and poet of the subcontinent who was born on 9 th
November 1877 at Sialkot. He remained famous for his books and poems in Persian and Urdu
and earned the title, Poet of the East. He was also knighted with the title of ‘Sir’ in 1923. He
delivered his famous speech at Allahabad on 30th December 1930 in which he shared the idea
of an independent country. He later passed on 21st April 1938.

Q: What was Allahabad Address? [4]

It was the Presidential Address by Allama Iqbal to the Session of the All-India Muslim League on
29th and 30th December 1930 at Allahabad. In that address Iqbal said that he would like to see
NWFP, Punjab and Baluchistan as a separate state for Muslims. Thus, Iqbal demanded a
sovereign independent Muslim state even before the Muslim League demanded it in Pakistan's
Resolution.

Q: Did Allama Iqbal contribute more to the Pakistan Movement than Rahmat Ali? Explain
your answer. [14] (S/2011) (W/2016)

Ans:

Pakistan Movement which was formed in 1906 has been contributed by a number of great
leaders however, Dr Allama Mohammad Iqbal has more contribution that Chaudhri Rehmat Ali
for a number of reasons.

Firstly, Iqbal’s thoughts and poetry contributed to a great level in the cause of achieving
Pakistan. He wrote many books in Persian and Urdu and awakened the spark for independence
amongst Muslims. He was also knighted with the title of Sir for his contribution.
It was mainly Iqbal’s poetry that led a great movement within itself and every Muslim of the
subcontinent praised him for his contribution.

Secondly, he also played an important role during the 25th annual session of the All-India
Muslim League, on 29th and 30th December 1930, at Allahabad as the President of Punjab
Muslim League. He gave the idea and concept about a separate homeland in the north-east of
India because the Muslim were a nation and had a right that they got the identification and
passed their lives in order to the Islamic principles. This served as a soul of struggle in the
people of Punjab and they contributed actively on the road to independence.

Thirdly, he represented Muslims at the time of Round Table Conferences. He played a very
important role in uniting Muslims with his poetry and representing the cause of Muslims in the
absence of Jinnah particularly at the time of the Second and Third Round Table Conferences. He
convinced the British for separating Sindh from Bombay Presidency at the Second RTC and
continued Jinnah’s mission and objective. He also wrote letters to Jinnah during his voluntary
exile and convinced him to come back to India.

On the contrary, Chaudhri Rehmat Ali also had a major contribution. He was in England when
the three RTCs 1930-32 were held and he attended as an observer. He was deeply hurt and felt
agitated with the outcomes of the conferences and decided to run a campaign to strengthen
Muslim cause. He started to campaign for Muslims in England.

In the same way, he remained the highlight after writing a famous pamphlet, Now or Never in
1933 in which he coined the name Pakistan. His pamphlet marked as his greatest achievement
as the name Pakistan became well known and millions of Muslims got awakening for that.
Although there were other claimants for the pamphlet, but Chaudhri Rehmat Ali was the leader
of the group. He also initiated the idea of Continent of Dinia which became a controversy and
many Muslim leaders including Jinnah disagreed for it.

Therefore, with the help of the given statements, it can be proven that despite of the fact that
Rehmat Ali gave the word Pakistan, Allama Iqbal’s contribution and struggle made the country
come true and his poetry and philosophy is still regarded as a source of motivation.

Q: Why was Dr Allama Iqbal an important influence on the struggle for a separate homeland
for Pakistan? [7] (Q3b/W/14)

Ans:

Dr. Allama Mohamamd Iqbal keeps a reputed position and importance on the struggle for a
separate homeland. He is often called as the dreamer of Pakistan. He contributed for the
struggle of Pakistan in a number of ways.

Iqbal’s poetry, philosophy and writing of books strengthened the struggle for a separate
identity and country was unmatched. He worked on several books and awakened the sleeping
passion of Muslims. He wrote many books in Persian and Urdu and awakened the spark for
independence amongst Muslims. He was also knighted with the title of Sir for his contribution.
It was mainly Iqbal’s poetry that led a great movement within itself and every Muslim of the
subcontinent praised him for his contribution.

Similarly, his famous speech of Allahabad in December 1930 ignited the struggle when he
shared his dream and wish of an independent Muslim State. He gave the idea and concept
about a separate homeland in the north-east of India because the Muslim were a nation and
had a right that they got the identification and passed their lives in order to the Islamic
principles. This served as a soul of struggle in the people of Punjab and they contributed
actively on the road to independence.

Likewise, his participation in the Muslim League Conventions with Jinnah and other leaders and
meeting the youth also played an important role. He represented Muslims at the time of Round
Table Conferences. He played a very important role in uniting Muslims with his poetry and
representing the cause of Muslims in the absence of Jinnah particularly at the time of the
Second and Third Round Table Conferences. He convinced the British for separating Sindh from
Bombay Presidency at the Second RTC and continued Jinnah’s mission and objective. He also
wrote letters to Jinnah during his voluntary exile and convinced him to come back to India.

Q: Was the introduction of Jinnah’s 14 Points in 1929 the most important factor in the
development of the Pakistan Movement between 1928 and 1935? Give reasons for your
answer. [14]

Ans:

The Pakistan Movement became relatively stronger with Jinnah’s Fourteen Points of 1929 and
Muslims got a clear vision for the future line of action despite of the fact that there were many
events during 1928 and 1935.

The Nehru Report of 1928 was produced in response to demands for future constitutional
reforms and the committee, which drew it up, had minimal Muslim representation. It reported
on the future of the sub- Continent by looking to dominion status with no need for separate
electorates. This totally alienated the Muslims and marked the end of any future co-operation
between them and the Congress. Jinnah made one final attempt to preserve the relationship in
his Delhi Proposals of 1927 in which he proposed three amendments to the report. These
proposals were met with refusal and marked what he called – the parting of the ways.

The Fourteen Points set out the demands of any future negotiations with either Congress or the
British Government. The demands were also to form the basis of the Muslims demands for a
separate homeland. It also convinced them that the Hindus and Muslims were two separate
nations which was to be further developed by Allama Iqbal in 1930.

The Fourteen Points safeguarded the rights of Muslims as well as other minorities which were
dominated by the Hindus. By demanding One-third Muslim representation in Central Assembly,
Muslims rights to education, jobs and provincial government were safeguarded by Jinnah.

Similarly, these points asked for bringing a point of unity for the future Pakistan when Jinnah
demanded for same reforms to be brought in NWFP and Balochistan as these provinces were
not developed and Muslims of north-west India were away from politics.
However, there were other events too which made the foundation of Pakistan Movement. The
three RTCs overall remained unsuccessful however, proposal a federal system for India was
approved and Sind was to be given a separate identity and a govt. Since, Congress boycotted it
and there was deadlock on the federal system and the minorities sub-Committee couldn’t reach
a conclusion.

In the same way, the Government of India Act of 1935 introduced a federal system of
government which was disappointing to the Muslim League who had expected more
concessions from the British. The period of the Congress Rule and the associated atrocities
ensured that the Muslim League became the focal point for all Muslims. The chief ministers of
Punjab, Bengal and Assam all joined the Muslim League. However, the Indians rejected it and it
did not serve the purpose.

Therefore, it can be said that in the light of Pakistan Movement, Jinnah’s Fourteen Points
played the most successful and concrete role and it lead to the establishment of Pakistan in
1947.

Prepared and Compiled by:

Sir Adnan Qureshi

0333-2248681

adnanqureshi8096@gmail.com

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