Design of High Power S-Band MTM

Microwave Source
Presented by Michael Shapiro
MIT

Year 1 Review of the FY12 AFOSR MURI on Transformational Electromagnetics,

Basic Research Innovation Collaboration Center, Arlington, VA;
October 31, 2013
 Research Group
Faculty, Staff, Visitors Grad Students
William Guss Sergey Arsenyev
Sudheer Jawla Jason Hummelt
Ivan Mastovsky Elizabeth Kowalski
Michael Shapiro Xueying Lu
Richard Temkin Brian Munroe
Paul Thomas Samuel Schaub
Paul Woskov Alexander Soane
Zhaoyun Duan Haoran Xu
Jiexi Zhang
 OUTLINE
• Introduction
• MTM Microwave Source Design
• CST Simulation Results
• MTM Structure Cold Test
• Conclusions
 MIT Program Goal

• Goal: to design, build and test a high power microwave source

based on a metamaterial structure, in collaboration with other
members of the MURI team.
• Design Parameters of first experiment:

Frequency 2.6-3 GHz

Output Power 5-10 MW
Beam Voltage 500 kV
Beam Current 80 A
Pulse Length 1.0 μs
 Beam-Powered Negative Index Complementary MTM

Beam-driven power source: CSRR

• Waveguide with perforated εeff<0
walls is used
• TM mode interacts with
electron beam
TM-mode WG
• Negative refraction index
mode μeff<0
• Backward wave oscillator

metal Electron
beam

Shapiro et al., PRB 2012

Also theory work by: Shiffler et al., IEEE T-PS 2010

French et al., PoP 2013
 MIT Accelerator and HPM Lab
MIT Modulator Parameters
Modulator
Voltage 700 kV 25 MW Klystron
Pulsed Power 500 MW
Current 780 A
Pulse Length 1.0 μs Flat-
Linac
top
Repetition Rate 4 Hz
 OUTLINE
• Introduction
• MTM Microwave Source Design
• CST Simulation Results
• MTM Structure Cold Test
• Conclusions
 MTM Based Device Design Considerations

• 500 kV, 80 A electron gun

– 1 μs flat top pulse

Electron Gun

Magnets
Modulator V, I Waveforms
BWO Experiment Schematic
Electrostatically Focused Pierce Gun
CST Ray Tracing

Beam of diameter of
7.5 mm expands due
to space charge
 Electron Beam/Magnetic Field
 Use envelope equation and
CST PIC solver r from
Solenoid Field
SC term
B field term

~I
Mag. Lens Field

In agreement
E-beam
Direction

Focal spot of gun

Beam Trajectory-Free Space (CST PIC particle trajectory)

 S-Band MTMBWO Design Concept

a=2.5 mm

• MTM plates machined with CSRRs put in standard

waveguide
• Small period p for synchronism with electron beam
• Large aspect ratio for S-band design
• Backward Wave Oscillator
• Negative Index Mode
 MTMBWO Dispersion Relation
• HFSS
– Obtain field profile and
Dispersion Relation
Dispersion Relation
• Group velocity at operating point:
vg=0.075c Positive Index TM
– Low group velocity is a major
feature of MTM mode Light
– May cause long start-up time

Negative Index TM Operating point

Field Profile from HFSS: E_z at beam
smaller by a factor of 5 than E_max
Negative Index

Beam line
E-Beam dispersion relation:
 OUTLINE
• Introduction
• MTM Microwave Source Design
• CST Simulation Results
• MTM Structure Cold Test
• Conclusions
CST PIC Model Setup
 CST Results: Electron Bunching

 CST simulation of
beam through
t=400 ns
MTMBWO
I=80 A
 Electron beam
bunches at λz~9 cm
 Agrees with
ω-kz intercept
(kzp=2πp/λz=π/6),
p=8 mm
 CST Results: Fields
 CST Fields indicate growing backward wave, with power going out ports (back)
along MTM plates

Power Flow (direction indicated by arrows)

Power out
E-beam
Direction

t=400 ns

E-beam
Direction
 CST Results: Output Power
 Output power 5.75 MW at  Coupling impedance
current of 80 A  K=46 Ohm
 L=438 mm  Peak field
 Efficiency 14%  Operating max. field E=45 MV/m
for P=5 MW, below breakdown
 Observed long start-up time field
 L/vg=20 ns but observed
start-up time ~200 ns

Saturation Time Stationary

(260 ns) Power
(5.75 MW)
FFT of Stationary Output
 Output Efficiency
 Beam size can be changed using lens
 rbeam=2.2 mm
 Efficiency 14.5% at 80 A
 Typical BWO efficiency <20%
Automodulation
 L=462 mm
 Start current Ist=12.5 A
 rbeam=2.2 mm
 OUTLINE
• Introduction
• MTM Microwave Source Design
• CST Simulation Results
• MTM Structure Cold Test
• Conclusions
 Cold Test
• Design and test of a ‘short’ MTM structure (20 periods): brass
construction
• Test transmission with a vector network analyzer

Simulation

Meas.

Test structure: WR284 and Transmission measurement

CSRR loaded brass plates from port to port
 Future Work
• Finalize detailed drawings of MTMBWO
• Build and install structure at MIT
• Hot test with 80 A, 500 kV beam
• Draft of journal article on simulations and cold test completed
– Preliminary results published in Proceedings of IEEE
North American Particle Accelerator Conference 2013
• Future experiments can be used to try alternate designs
 Conclusions
• Completed design of S-band MTM experiment
– HFSS analysis of dispersion of MTM structure
• 500 kV, 80 A electron beam simulated
• MTMBWO simulated with CST Particle Studio
– 2.6 GHz BWO mode excited
– Frequency agrees with HFSS
– Efficiency ~14%, 5 MW output predicted
– Saturation Time: ~100-200 ns for 46 cm structure
– Compatible with MIT experiment
• Cold test verifies structure design
• Hot test in preparation
 Acknowledgements
• MURI collaborators:

• Work supported by AFOSR