Professional Documents
Culture Documents
POLYTECHNIC
LUCKNOW
PROJECT REPORT
SESSION 2019-20
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(SPECIALIZATION IN PORDUCTION)
PROJECT NAME- DESIGN AND MANUFECTURING OF SCREW JACK
GUIDED BY-
INDEX
S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
.
1. CERTIFICATE 3
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
3. PREFACE 5
4. INTRODUCTION 6-10
5. MEANING OF PROJECT 11-16
6. PLANT LAYOUT 17-22
7. DESIGN 23-39
8. ESTIMATION & CASTING 40-44
9. BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS 45-50
10. INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATION 51-68
11. ENTERPRENEURSHIP 69-78
12. ENVOIRNMENTAL POLLUTION 79-88
13. ADVERTISEMENT 89-94
CERTIFICATE
I highly grateful to DR. R.K SINGH our respected principal, who inspired me to take this project. I
am also thankful to Mr. PRADEEP KUMAR, Departmental In-charge of Mechanical Engineering.
And ALL MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STAFF for there active guidance to prepare the project
report.
INTRODUCTION
The current age is the age of engineering and
technology. For the present generation of humans , the
engineering and technology isn’t less than a boon. For the
development of science and humans , the continues development
of engineering and technology is needed. For today’s human ,
the depth of oceans and the heights of space aren’t out of reach.
(1) Character
(2) Capability
(3) Capital
PROJECT REPORT
MEANING OF PROJECT REPORT
The main meaning of project is to make a detailed
planning before executing any idea or work. In any technical
work , we look at different technical expects of it before
conducting detailed study and make an end to end report . The
process to conduct the study and making the report is called
making Project.
P Planning
O Organization or Operation
J Joint effort
E Estimation
C Communication
T Transportation
Ball screw jack: The worm wheel acts on the ball screw (via the
ball nut) which actuates the lead screw. This system offers greater
efficiency between the input and the useful output compared with
a machine screw jack. In addition, it allows for greater actuation
speeds and, due to the low friction, is very durable. However a
ball screw jack is not inherently self-locking and, as a
consequence of its enhanced precision components, the initial
outlay is greater. The resulting improved efficiency however
implies this can be offset against smaller drive train components
and a significant reduction in the necessary power.
Lead Screw
Also known as power screws, lead screws come with several
different types of thread profile which are suitable for different
applications. Acme lead screws are defined by their trapezoidal
thread profile and 29° flank angle and are commonly found in
American Imperial machine screw jacks. An alternative to the
Acme lead screw in a machine screw jack would be a square lead
screw.
European or other international screw jacks utilise a trapezoidal
lead screw with a 30° flank angle and complies to an ISO metric
standard.
Ball screw jacks require the thread of the lead screw to have a
profile that allows for the travel of the balls. To enhance load
distribution and minimise wear, the ball screw track has a gothic
arch profile.
The rotation of the worm wheel acts directly on the lead screw
and the lead screw translates linearly. Unless the end of the lead
screw is fixed (dependent on customer requirements), the lead
screw will tend to rotate due to friction between the screw
threads.
Translating Keyed Screw Jack
As above but the lead screw is keyed such that it cannot rotate.
This is important if the lead screw end is not to be fixed to the
load. Both the keyed and un-keyed translating screws are
commonly used in applications where more than one screw jack
is attached to a common load.
Rotating Screw Jack
Rota
ting Screw Jack System
4x Screw Jack System. The lifting nuts translate. Clearance under
the bottom mounting plane of the jack body is not required but
allowance must be made in the lifting platen design to allow the
platen to pass over or past the lifting screw:
The effort force for a screw jack when neglecting friction can be
expressed as
where
F = effort force at the end of the arm or handle (lb, N)
T = F R (2)
where
COST PER
SR NO EQUIPMENT UNITS UNIT COST
1 RIMMER 10 125/- 1250
2 SAW 10 300/- 3000
3 CHISEL 10 200/- 2000
4 MALLET 10 60/- 600
5 HOLDER 10 1500/- 15000
6 LATHE 3 65000/- 195000
7 GRINDER 5 5000/- 25000
DRILLING
8 MACHINE 10 2000/- 20000
TOTAL COST
261850
COST OF OFFICE MATERIALS
TOTAL 80000
FIXED COST(BLOCK CAPITAL)
TOTAL 92400
LABOUR COST
DIRECT LABOUR
INDIRECT LABOUR
SR. PARTICULAR NO PAYCHECK TOTAL
NO
1 MANAGER 1 SELF
2 WATCHMAN 1 5000 5000
TOTAL 5000
AVC = Rs 12
(Price) P = Rs 15
They include:
(a) The liberation of the individual in our social philosophy and
policies;
These two theories are quite opposite to each other and their
contrast involves the value systems of each position.
Social-Psychological Theory:
The late 1930’s marked the emergence of a revolt against
traditionalism in organisation theory. This revolt came from a
number of sources, movements and schools which were critical of
the narrow and limited concept of organisation held by the
traditionalists. It was a revolt against the dehumanization of
organisation and against the belief of regarding human beings as
cogs in the machine.
They can work most efficiently if they are provided with humane
conditions of work. In the words of Roethlisberger, “Too often
we try to solve human problems with non-human tools and in
terms of non-human data. It is my simple thesis that a human
problem requires a human solution…. A human problem to
be brought to a human solution requires human data and
human tools.”
As Henri Fayol has admirably stated “If we could eliminate the
human factor, it would be easy enough to build up an
organization; any one could do it if they had some idea of the
current practice and had the necessary capital. But we cannot
build up an effective organisation simply by dividing men into
groups and giving them functions; we must know how to adapt
the organisation to the requirement of the case and how to find
the necessary men and put each one in the place where he can be
of most service ….”
Thirdly, they take a career risk in the sense that they leave a
secure job for a venture with highly uncertain future.
Fourthly, they incur family and social risks because the demands
of starting and running a young business take away a major
portion of their time. So, they are left with little time for attention
to family and friends.
Success of Entrepreneurship:
Following aspects are necessary for the successful
entrepreneurship:
1. Regular inflow of information related to buyers, consumers,
distributors, dealers, retailers, transporters etc., about raw
material, quality aspects, government organisations, employees
and competitors.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
6. Maintenance of quality.
8. Be innovative.
iii. Vehicles:
Vehicles that use diesel and petrol emit smoke and also the
smoke that is emitted by cooking coal pollutes our environment.
The exponential growth in the number of vehicles on the roads
has only aided the emission of smoke that when released spreads
and eventually mixes with the air that we breathe. The smoke of
these various vehicles is quite harmful and is the primary cause of
air pollution. There is also the risk of sounds from these vehicles
producing noise pollution.
v. Population Overgrowth:
The rapid population increase especially in developing nations,
the demand for occupation, basic food and shelter has been on the
rise. Due to the high demand, deforestation has become rampant
to help meet the growing demand of the population.
Sulphur oxide is released into the air by the smoke and this makes
the air very toxic. This is primary caused by smoke from factory
stacks, chimneys, vehicles or even something very common like
the burning of a log of wood. The emission of sulphur oxide and
many other gases into the atmosphere leads to global warming
with the capacity to lead to an acid rain. The emission of these
greenhouse gases and the global warming it causes has led to
droughts, erratic rains and increased temperatures worldwide.
Conditions and ailments like Bronchitis, Asthma and the
extremely dangerous case of lung cancer and this occurs majorly
in the cities.
An example of one of the many sad examples of the calamities
that can rise due to air pollution is the 1984 gas tragedy of
Bhopal. The gas tragedy was a result of the release of a gas
(methyl isocyanate) at a gas plant. About 2,000 people lost their
lives in the tragedy and more than 200,000 people suffered from
extensive respiratory problems. Respiratory illnesses, increase in
asthma and cardiovascular diseases can be caused by an irritant
(for example, particulates that are below 10 micrometers in size).
Till this very moment, there are still birth defects in babies born
and this has been attributed to the Bhopal Tragedy.
Water Pollution:
Water is essential for life; every living creature or being depends
on water for survival. About 60% of all species live in water; this
means that the pollution of water is a very important pollution
type that has to be controlled. There are a lot of factors that
contribute to water pollution, one very major contributing factor
is industrial effluent disposed into rivers and seas and causing a
large imbalance in the properties of water and this makes the
bodies of water unfit for live. There are also a lot of diseases that
are caused by water pollution and these diseases affect both non-
aquatic and aquatic species.
Soil Pollution:
This is also called land pollution and it happens due to addition of
chemicals that are not wanted to the soil caused by human
activities. The use of pesticides and insecticides removes all the
compounds of nitrogen from the soil thus making it highly unfit
for the plants to get nutrients from. Deforestation, mining and
waste release from industries also depletes the soil and this will
inhibit the growth of plants and the soil will end up being eroded.
Noise Pollution:
This is caused anytime there is a noise that has intensity higher
than 85db and it reaches the bare ears. Noise pollution causes
different psychological problems (e.g. hypertension and stress). It
sometimes also causes a permanent impairment of hearing which
is a very devastating thing. Noise pollution is largely caused by
loud compressors and pumps in industries.
Radioactive Pollution:
This is believed to be one of the highly dangerous types of
pollution because the effects are permanent. Nuclear waste
disposed carelessly, accidents in nuclear plants, etc are all
examples of radioactive pollution. Radioactive pollution can
cause infertility as a result of exposure, cancer (blood and skin),
blindness and various birth defects. It can also permanently alter
the air, soil and water – which are the major life sources. It has
been found to cause serious mutation in some species that can for
ages propagate.
ADVERTISEMENT
An advertisement is a short feature, usually used in
media for launching and promoting a product or a service. It is a
way to bring the attention of the people as often as possible to the
product or a service that is intended to be sold.
Ways to advertise
1. You can make use of the newspaper. There are lots of pages
that are reserved for advertisements, you can do well to buy
a slot and make your product known.
2. Advertisement can also be achieved by buying little time on
TV programs or radio programs. Advertising on TV adds
visuals and audio to your product.
3. You can also advertise digitally. This is also called digital
marketing. It is the most used form of marketing presently
involving making use of the internet to advertise.
4. Another way of advertising is by distributing printed banners
about your product to people on the street.
5. You can also have your product displayed on billboards.
This type especially makes road users be aware of your
product as billboards are always erected on the highways.
6. You can advertise your product or service by rendering the
best service or selling the best product.
7. You can advertise your product by solving a general
problem in a society where your company is located.
Benefits of advertisement
Conclusion
Advertisement is no doubt a must do activity if you want your
company to grow. Carefully study the forms of advertisement and
select the best fit for your company or product.