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the value of the finite population correction factor given the following:

1. N = 40 and n = 2

2. N = 100 and n = 14

3. N = 80 and n = 25

4. N = 90 and n = 22

5. N = 150 and n = 20

Challenge Yourself

Form a group of five members. Get the weight in kilogram of each member of the group. Draw
random samples of size n = 2 from these wights.

1. List all possible samples and compute the mean of each samples.

2. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

3. Find the mean of the population µ.

4. Find the standard deviation of the population σ.

5. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means μ x́.

6. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means σ x́ .

7. Verify the Central Limit Theory by

a. comparing µ and μ x́

b. comparing σ and σ x́

c. constructing the histogram of the sampling distribution of the sample means

The Central Limit Theorem assures us that the sampling distribution of the sample means will
tend to have a normal distribution regardless of the shape of the population. In view of this, we can use
the normal distribution as our mathematical model in solving problems involving sampling distribution
of the sample means.
Example 1

A population of size N = 250 has µ = 76 and standard deviation of σ = 14.

1. What is the probability that a random sample of size n = 35 will have a mean of 79 or more?

2. What is the probability that a random sample of size n = 140 will have a mean between 74 and 77?

3. What is the probability that a random sample of size n = 219 will have a mean of less than 76.5?

Solution For #1

In this problem, the population is the finite because its size is given. We shall use the normal
distribution as our mathematical model for the sampling distribution of sample means as assured by the
Central Limit Theorem.

Step 1

We need to convert the values to standard scores or z-scores. Here we shall use X́ to replace X
and use σ x́ to replace σ in converting the values to standard scores because we are dealing with samples
drawn from the population.

σ N −n
We shall use the fact from Central Limit Theorem that σ x́ =

finite population.
√n
.
√ N −1
because we have a

X́−μ
Thus, we shall use the formula z = to convert the values to z-scores.
σ x́

Given: N = 250, µ = 76, σ = 14, n = 35, and X́ = 79

Find σ 2x́ Convert X́ = 79 to z-scores

σ N −n X́−μ
σ x́ =
√
14
n
.
√
N −1
250−35
z=
σ x́
79−76
= .
√35 250−1
= 2. 19
√ =
2.16
= 1.39
Step 2

We want to get the probability that a random sample of size n = 35 will have a mean of 79 or
more. That is, we shall find P( X́ ≥ 79).

Using the Table for Areas of the Normal

Distribution, we have

P( X́ ≥ 79) = P( z ≥ 1.39)
= P( z ≥ 0 ) - P( 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.39)
= 0.5000 – 0.4177
= 0.0823

Thus, the probability that a random sample of size n = 35 will have a mean of 79 or more is
0.0823 or 8.23%.

Solution For #2

Step 1

We need to convert the values to standard scores or z-scores.

Given: N = 250, µ = 76, σ = 14, n = 140, and X́ = 74 and 77.

2
Find σ x́
Convert X́ = 74 to z-scores

σ N −n X́−μ
σ x́ = .
√ n N −1
14
√
250−140
z=
σ x́
7 4−76
=
√ 140
= 0.79
.
√
250−1
=
0.79
= -2.53

Convert X́ = 77

X́−μ
z=
σ x́
7 7−76
=
0.79
= 1.26
Step 2

We need to get the probability that a random sample of size n = 140 will have a mean of
between 74 and 77. That is, we shall find P( 74 ≤ X́ ≤77 ).

Using the Table for Areas of the Normal

Distribution, we have

P( 74 ≤ X́ ≤77 ) = P( -2.53 ≤ z ≤ 1.26)

= P( -2.53 ≤ z ≤ 0) + P( 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.26 )
= 0.4943 – 0.3962
= 0.8905

Thus, the probability that a random sample of size n = 140 will have a mean of between 74 and
77 is 0.8905 or 89.05%.

Solution For #3

Step 1

We need to convert the values to standard scores or z-scores.

Given: N = 250, µ = 76, σ = 14, n = 219, and X́ = 76.5

Find σ 2x́ Convert X́ = 74 to z-scores

σ N −n X́−μ
σ x́ = .
√ n N −1
14
√250−219
z=
σ x́
7 6.5−76
=
√219
= 0.33
.
√
250−1
=
0.33
= 1.52

Step 2

We need to get the probability that a random sample of size n = 219 will have a mean of
between 76.5. That is, we shall find P( X́ <7 6.5 ).
Using the Table for Areas of the Normal
Distribution, we have

P( X́ <7 6.5 ) = P( z <1.52 )

= P( z ≤ 0 ) + P( 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.52)
= 0.5000 – 0.4357
= 0.9357

Thus, the probability that a random sample of size n = 219 will have a mean of less than 76.5 is
0.9357 or 93.57%.

The Central Limit Theorem is very useful in solving practical problems when a sample size is
selected or drawn from a population. In practice, it is assumed that the population where the sample is
drawn is infinite. When the size of the population is not given, we assume that the population is infinite.

Summary of Key Ideas

To solve problems involving sampling distribution of the sample means, we use the Central Limit
Theorem. The following hints are useful.

1. Use the normal distribution as mathematical model to solve the problem.

X́−μ
2. Use the formula z = to covert scores or values to z-scores when dealing with population only.
σ

X́−μ
3. Use the formula z = to covert scores or values to z-scores when dealing with samples drawn
σ x́
from the population