Yeong Wei Chung 200561

Test 2 Applied Engineering Mathematics and Statistics (EMM3132-1)

Diameters of phalanges:

(1.3, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.7, 1.7, 1.7, 1.7, 1.7, 1.8,
1.8, 1.8, 1.8, 1.8, 1.8, 1.9, 1.9, 2.3, 2.5, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.1, 1.5, 1.6, 1.2, 1.6, 1.7, 1.5. 1.6, 1.7,
2.4, 2.6, 1.4, 1.5, 1.8, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.5, 1.5, 1.7) cm

(a)

Mean diameters of phalanges, 

= (1.3+1.4+1.4+1.4+1.5+1.5+1.5+1.5+1.5+1.6+1.6+1.6+1.6+1.6+1.6+1.7+1.7+1.7+1.7+1.7+
1.8+1.8+1.8+1.8+1.8+1.8+1.9+1.9+2.3+2.5+1.3+1.5+1.7+1.1+1.5+1.6+1.2+1.6+1.7+1.5+1.6
+1.7+2.4+2.6+1.4+1.5+1.8+1.3+1.4+1.6+1.2+1.4+1.6+1.5+1.5+1.7) / 56

= 1.632 cm

(b)

Standard deviation of diameters of phalanges

=√{ [(1.1-1.632)2 + 2(1.2-1.632)2 + 3(1.3-1.632)2 + 6(1.4-1.632)2 + 11(1.5-1.632)2

+ 11(1.6-1.632)2 + 9(1.7-1.632)2 + 7(1.8-1.632)2 + 2(1.9-1.632)2 + (2.3-1.632)2 + (2.4-1.632)2 +

(2.5-1.632)2 + (2.6-1.632)2] / 56 }

= 0.28729

(c)

The population distribution is assumed normal.

n = 14
σ N−n
μ x́ =μ
n 14
= =0.25>0.05
N 56
∴ σ x́ =
√n √ N −1

μ x́ =1.632 cm 0.28729 56−14

σ x́ =
√14 √
56−1
=0.0671
 - The sampling distribution of x́ for n=14 is normal since the population distribution of
diameters of phalanges is assumed normal.

n = 28
σ N−n
μ x́ =μ=1.632 cm n 14
= =0.5>0.05
∴ σ x́ =
√n √ N −1
N 56
0.28729 56−28
σ x́ =
√ 28 √
56−1
=0.03874

- The sampling distribution of x́ for n= 28 is normal since the population distribution of

diameters of phalanges is assumed normal.
- The spread of the sampling distribution of n=28 is smaller than that of n=14 as
sample size increases.
- This is because as sample size increases, the standard deviation of x́ decreases.
- Hence, the sample size of 28 is larger, causing smaller standard deviation and
smaller spread of sampling distribution.

σ N−n
n = 42

μ x́ =μ=1.632 cm
n 42
= =0.75>0.05
N 56
∴ σ x́ =
√n √ N −1

0.28729 56−42
σ x́ =
√ 42 56−1√=0.02237

- The sampling distribution of x́ for n= 42 is normal since the population distribution of

diameters of phalanges is assumed normal.
- The spread of the sampling distribution of n=42 is the smallest among n=14 and
n=28 as its sample size is the largest.
 - This is because as sample size increases, the standard deviation of x́ decreases.
- Hence, the sample size of 42 is the largest, causing smallest standard deviation and
smallest spread of sampling distribution.

(d)

Stem Leaves

1.1 0

1.2 00

1.3 000

1.4 000000

1.5 00000000000

1.6 00000000000

1.7 000000000

1.8 0000000

1.9 00

2.3 0

2.4 0

2.5 0

2.6 0

Frequency
12

10

0
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

∴The population distribution is skewed to the right.

(e)

The population distribution is not normal.

σ N−n
n = 30

μ x́ =μ=1.632 cm
n 30
= =0.54>0.05
N 56
∴ σ x́ =
√n √ N −1

0.28729 56−30
σ x́ =
√ 30 56−1 √
=0.03606

- The sampling distribution of x́ for n= 30 is approximately normal, irrespective of the

shape of the population distribution.
- This is because based on the central limit theorem, when the sample size is
sufficiently large (larger or equal to 30), the shape of sampling distribution is
approximately normal regardless of the shape of population distribution (not normal).
- Hence, the sample size of 30 is sufficiently large to apply central limit theorem and to
acquire an approximately normal sampling distribution.

σ N −n
n = 50

μ x́ =μ=1.632 cm
n 50
= =0.89>0.05
N 56
σ x́ =
√
√ n N −1
0.28729 56−50
σ x́ =
√ 50 √
56−1
=0.01342

- The sampling distribution of x́ for n= 50 is approximately normal, irrespective of the

shape of the population distribution.
 - This is because based on the central limit theorem, when the sample size is
sufficiently large (larger or equal to 30), the shape of sampling distribution is
approximately normal regardless of the shape of population distribution (not normal).
- Hence, the sample size of 50 is sufficiently large to apply central limit theorem and to
acquire an approximately normal sampling distribution.
- The spread of the sampling distribution of n=50 is the smaller than that of n=30 as its
sample size is larger.
- This is because as sample size increases, the standard deviation of x́ decreases.
- Hence, the sample size of 50 is the larger, causing smaller standard deviation and
smaller spread of sampling distribution.

(f)
The population distribution is assumed normal.
(i)
n = 15 n 15 x́−μ
= =0.27>0.05 z=
μ x́ =μ=1.632 cm N 56 σ x́
0.28729 1−1.632
x́ 1=1 cm σ x́ = =0.07418 z 1=
√ 15 0.0 6405
x́ 2=1.5 cm
0.28729 56−15
σ x́ =
√ 15 √ 56−1
=0.0 6405¿−9.87

z 2=
1.5−1.632
0.0 6405
¿−2.06

P( x́ 1 < x́< x́ 2 )

¿ P ( z1 < z < z 2 )

¿ P (−9.87< z ←2.06 )

¿ P ( z ←2.06 )−P ( z ←9.87 )

¿ 0.0 197−0.0001
¿ 0.0 196
(ii)

P ( z 1< z < z 2 )=1−0.1=0.9

P ( z> z2 ) =0.05 P ( z< z1 ) =0.05

x́ 1−μ
¿ 1−P ( z < z 2 ) z 1=−1.645=
σ
P ( z< z2 ) =0.95 x́ 1=−1.645 ×0.28729+1.632

x́ 2−μ ¿ 1.159 cm
z 2=1.645=
σ
x́ 2=1.645 ×0.28729+1.632

¿ 2.105 cm

∴The range of ring diameter that suits is from 1.159 cm to 2.105 cm.
(iii)

P ( z 1< z < z 2 )=1−0.034=0.966 1 ( z< z 1 ) =0.017

P ( z> z2 ) =0.017 x́ 1−μ
z 1=−2.12=
σ
¿ 1−P ( z < z 2 )
x́ 1=−2.12 ×0.28729+1.632
P ( z< z2 ) =0.983
¿ 1.023 cm
x́ 2−μ
z 2=2.12=
σ
x́ 2=2.12 ×0.28729+1.632

¿ 2.241 cm

∴The range of ring diameter is from 1.023 cm to 2.241 cm.