ONE-WAY ANALYSIS

OF VARIANCE
Recall: In the test of differences
(Part I), we have constructed
confidence intervals concerning a
single population mean. We also
showed how to compare two
population means.
 In this lesson, we will
discuss how one investigates
the question of whether
several population means are
equal.
The hypothesis to be tested will be as
follows:
Ho: There is no significant difference in the
means of three (or more) groups.
H : There is a significant difference in the
1

means of three (or more) groups.

The method used to test these hypotheses
is called analysis of variance (ANOVA).
The term analysis of variance comes
from the fact that the statistical
technique compares two variances:
1. the variance among the means of
the different categories (also
called groups or treatments)
2. the variance among the individual
values in the group
If the researcher wants to know if the difference
in sample means is enough to conclude that the
means do in fact differ among two or more
groups, the answer depends on:
1. the size of the difference between the
means of the groups or treatments
2. the sample sizes in each group – larger
sample sizes are more reliable
3. the variance of the variables
When ANOVA or F-test is used, the following
assumptions should be met:
1. The individual in each subgroup should be
selected on the basis of random sampling from
normally distributed populations. Each score is
sampled randomly and independently.
2. The variance of the subgroups should be
homogeneous (homogeneity of variance).
3. The samples comprising the groups should be
statistically independent.
One-Way ANOVA
This test is also known as
univariate ANOVA, simple ANOVA,
single classification ANOVA, or one-
factor ANOVA.
One-way ANOVA tests
differences in a single interval
dependent variable among two,
three or more groups formed by
the categories of a single
categorical independent
variable.
One-way ANOVA tests whether the
groups formed by the categories of
the independent variable seem
similar. If the groups seem
different, then it is concluded that
the independent variable has an
effect on the dependent variable
(Abao, et.al.).
One-way ANOVA examines the
question: Do different categories
of a nominal variable differ
significantly in the mean values
of some interval or ratio-level
variable? (Reynoso, et.al.)
Case I: Equal sample sizes (n1 = n2 = n3 = ….. = nk = n)
ANOVA Table:

Sources of Sum of Degrees of Mean Square Computed

Variation Squares Freedom F-value
Between SSB k–1 S12 = SSC/k-1
Means

Within SSW N–k S22 = SSE/N – k F = S12/S22

Means

Total SST N–1

Case II: Unequal sample sizes (N = n1 + n2 + n3 + … + nk)
ANOVA Table:

Sources of Sum of Degrees of Mean Square Computed

Variation Squares Freedom F-value
Between SSB k–1 S12 = SSC/k-1
Means

Within SSW N–k S22 = SSE/N – k F = S12/S22

Means

Total SST N–1

Sample Problems
1. Complete the following Case I ANOVA table. Consider the null
hypothesis that the mean of the six groups are equal.
Sources of Variation Sum of Degrees of Mean Computed F
Squares Freedom Square

Between Means 250

Within
Means
Total 400 30

Using a 5% significance level, would you reject Ho?

2. Complete the following Case II ANOVA
table where n1 = 25, n2 = 13 and n3 = 8.
Sources of Variation Sum of Degrees of Mean Computed F
Squares Freedom Square

Between Means 100

Within
Means
Total 260

Using a 1% significance level, would you reject Ho?

3. Four storage procedures of milk are
under study. The index of bacteria
count after 60 hours of storage were
tabulated. The data are shown below:
Storage Treatment
S1 S2 S3 S4
3 4 4 5
6 7 13 6
4 9 10 8
3 2 6 7
1 5 7 3
4. A college administrator claimed that there was no
difference in (population) mean college weighted point
averages for students coming from three high schools
X, Y and Z. Use the following data to test her claim
with a 5% significance level.
X Y Z
1.9 2.3 2.8
2.3 2.7 2.8
2.8 3.2 2.9
2.4 2.8 3.5
2.5 2.9 3.0
2.5 2.9
5. Twelve students enrolled in Statistics course were
randomly assigned to three instructional models: 5
students were assigned to traditional lecture, 4 to
multimedia instruction and 3 to group discovery method.
At the end of the course, each student was given the
same achievement test.
Lecture Multimedia Discovery
90 82 90
88 78 95
86 85 92
88 79
85
6. A toy manufacturer is testing 3 versions of a toy that is under
development. Among other things, the manufacturer would like to
see which version of the toy attracts the most attention. A
psychologist allows a child to play with all 3 toys and records the
amount of time (in minutes) spent playing with each. A sample of n
= 5 children is used. Use the following data to determine whether
there is a significant preference among the three toys. Use the .05
level of significance.
Toy 1 Toy 2 Toy 3
0 2 4
2 2 8
3 1 5
0 3 6
0 2 7
 Please refer to additional reference: ANOVA module for a more
detailed explanation of this lesson