Session 6

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

I- Objectives

1. Test the significant difference between means of

independent data.
2. Test the significant difference between means of
correlated data.

3. compute analysis of variance.

4. Make a decision model

EFFECT SIZE

A = [Ue- Uc]Sc
Section A= 34.5
Section B = 39.2
S=4
A= [39.2-34.5]/4
4.7/4= 1.175 effect size
0.5 or higher significant

II- Activating Prior Learning

1. Hypothesis Testing

In making statistical inferences it is customary to make and follow a decision model.

Four elements of this model include:
i. The null hypothesis, Ho
Example: There is no significant difference in the achievement of A and B, or

Ho: Xa = Xb

ii. Research/Alternate hypothesis, H1

Example: Students taught by method A performs better than method B.

H1: : Xa > Xb
iii. Level of significance, alpha: .05, .01, .001

iv. Decision rule, Dr

Ho: A = B
Result 1: computed value > tabular value
Dr: We reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis.

Result 2: computed value ≤ tabular value

 Dr: We accept the null hypothesis

Note: In reading the tabular value, you refer to your hypotheses:

Non-directional or two-tailed test
Ho: u1 = u2
H1: u1 ≠ u2

Directional or one-tailed test

Ho: u1 = u2
H1: u1> u2 or U1 < U2

III- Developmental Activity

2. Testing Hypothesis about means, Independent data

t = X1 - X2
SDx
SDx = Ex21 + Ex2 2 (1/n1 + 1/n2)
n1 + n2 – 2

Ex2 = EX2 - (EX)2

n
Example:
Below are scores of Section A and B in mathematics test.

Section A 26 24 18 17 18 20 18

Section B 38 26 24 24 30 22

Does Section B differ significantly with section A

i. Compute t
ii. Refer tabular value to appendix C
iii. Degree of Freedom is n-2
iv. Make a decision model

3. Testing Hypothesis about means, Dependent or Correlated Data

Example of a Study:
Attitudes of a group of subjects before and after seeing a film on a controversial subject.

X 18 16 18 12 20 17 18 20 22 20 10 8 20 12 16
Y 20 22 24 10 25 19 20 21 23 20 10 12 22 14 12
D=y-x, 2
D-
Sum of D
Sum of D2

In testing the hypothesis about the data, we go through the following steps:
1. Set up column 3, which is the difference between column 1 and 2.
2. Sum column 3, which is the difference between col 1 and col 2.
3. Square all the values in col 3 and enter the squares in col 4. Then sum col 4.
4. Compute the sum of the squares for d.

Ed2 = ED2 – (ED)2

N

5. Find the Standard Deviation of these differences

s.d. = Ed2
N

6. Find the standard error of the mean differences

SD = s.d.

N-1

7. Compute t ratio
X2 - X1
t =
SD

i. Refer tabular value to appendix C.

ii. Degree of freedom= n-1
iii. Make a decision model

Exercise 12

12.1 Below are scores of the members of the groups on a short spelling test. Do the groups
differ significantly?

X 16 14 12 12 10 8 6 4

Y 14 8 7 6 4 4 12

12.2 The following set of scores were made by 16 individuals in a laboratory experiment on
perception. Is there a significant difference between the means of the two distributions? Use
alpha =.05
 Test 1 18 12 8 6 3 16 7 8 12 15 7 5 12 3 11

Test 2 16 14 8 8 8 10 8 14 2 8 14 6 6 0 7

12.3. Consider the following data obtained for two samples selected at random from two
populations that are independent and normally distributed with equal variances. Is there a
significant difference between group 1 and group 2?

Sample 1 Sample 2
32 27
26 37
31 33
29 36
27 38
34 31
12.4. A group of subjects was given An attitude test on a controversial subject . Then they were
shown a film favorable to the subject and the attitude test was then readministered. Make a
directional test with alpha .01.

X1 16 18 20 24 24 22 20 18 10 8 20

X2 24 20 24 28 30 20 24 22 18 18 24

5.)The following sets of scores were made by 16 individuals in a laboratory experiment on

perception: Is there a significant difference between the means of the two distributions? Use
alpha .05.

Test 1 18 12 8 6 3 12 16 7 8 12
eTest 216 14 8 8 8 10 8 14 2 8
continuation. . .
Test 1 15 7 5 12 3 11
Test 2 14 4 6 6 0 7

4. ANALYSIS OF VARIACE (ANOVA)

Learning Targets:
At the end of this session, the participants should be able to:
a. explain why and when the F-test is used in the analysis and interpretation of
data;
b. compute F-test

What is ANOVA?
 - The analysis of variance is a technique which is more general form of the t-test and
involves the means of more than two groups.
- It yields an F-value which is checked in a statistical table to find out if it is statistically
significant.
- It is a parametric statistical test.
- It divides the variation observed in experimental data into different parts with each part
having a known source.

Why do we apply the analysis of variance?

- It is applied to determine whether there are significant differences between the means, X,
of more than two groups.

When do we apply the analysis of variance?

- The analysis of variance is applied when more than two groups of subjects are involved
in an experimental research.
- It is also used when more than one independent variable is investigated, as factorial
designs.

How do we apply the analysis of variance?

- The individuals in the various sub-groups should be selected on the basis of random
sampling from normally distributed populations.
- The variance of the sub-groups should homogeneous (Ho: Q1 = Q2).
- The samples are independent and thereby yield independent variance estimates.

Example:
Three groups of students are tested. Is there a significant difference between A and B, A and C,
B and C?

Group A Group B Group C

12 18 6
18 17 4
16 16 14
8 18 4
6 12 6
12 17 12
10 10 14
_____ ______ _____

Mean
EX
EX2
nx
Xt =
EXt=
EX2t =

The total Sum-of-Squares

SSt = EX2 t – (Ext)2

N

Between Sum-of –Squares

The sum of the squares between the various groups can be found by taking the mean of each
group, getting its deviation from the total mean, squaring this deviation, and then multiplying
each of these by the number of individuals in each group (n) , as follows:

SSb= E( X - Xt)2 n

= (Xa –Xt)2n + (Xb-Xt)2n + (Xc – Xt)2n . . . .

The Within Sum-of –Squares

Obtain the sum-of-squares in A, B, and C. Add the sum of squares.

SS = EX2 – (EX)2
n

SSw = SSa + SSb + SSc

Enter sum of squares in the matrix.

Source of Variation df Sum of Mean Square F value

Squares (col 3 -:- col 2) MSb/MSw
Between groups _2_ 163.7_____ 81.85___ _____
Within groups __18_ 293_____ 16.3_______ __5.___
Total

Decision Model
1. Ho: Xa=Xb=Xc
2. H1: Xa>/<b/c
3. alpha level= .05, TV = 4.56
5 > 4.56
4. decision rule:
We reject Ho and accept H1. There is a significant difference among the three.
When the decision is to reject Ho and accept H1, you conduct Scheffe’ Test using the following
formulas:
F = [u1 – u2]2 _____ TV = F at .05 (k-1)
MSw[n1+n2] 4.56[3-1]= 9.12
n1n2
A vs B
= [ 11.71- 15.43]2 = 13.84 =2.9
[16.28(14) 4.7
49

2.9 < 9.12

Not significant
B vs C
F = [15.43- 8.56]2
= 47/4.7
= 10
10 > 9.12
Dr. : There is a significant difference between B and C.

A vs C

F = [11.71- 8.56]2
= 9.92/4.7
=2.11
2.11 < 9.12
Dr.: There is no significant difference between A and C.

Exercise 11.1

The following represent the test scores of three groups of students

A B C
10 4 5
9 6 2
8 4 8
7 8 7
12 6 10
10 4 2
11 5 1
12 7 4
9 10 3
8 11 4
Do the mean of the three groups differ?
11.2. A pig farmer wants to test three different diets designed to maximize weight gain. The
farmer randomly selects 12 pigs and divides them randomly into three groups, four pigs each.
Each group is given one of the diets. The weight gain, in kilograms, after a three-wee period are
shown below.
Diet A Diet B Diet C
10.5 11.5 9.8
10.9 10.9 10.5
10.7 11.8 10.4
10.3 11.8 10.5
At @= 0.05, is there a significant difference in the mean weight gains of the pigs in each diet?