Francis Prince S.

Artiaga BSCE IV

Subject:
Hydrology
- Study of water on earth's surface and beneath it.
- The earth's oceans and movement of water, physical and chemical properties of
water.
- Study of the relationship of the living and its environmental compositions.

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1
Hydrologic Cycle begins with evaporation of water from the oceans and
from plants through transpiration. The vapor is transported by the moving air
masses. It will then form clouds in which can be seen in the sky, this stage is called
condensation. If certain conditions are met, the clouds will precipitate. This stage is
also known as raining. The water will then be back to the ocean and in the plants,
and the cycle starts all over again.

Precipitation Evaporation and Transpiration Condensation.

Hydrologist is a person that studies the way groundwater moves through soil and
rock.
- Research the distribution and circulation and physical properties of the
earth's underground and surface water.

1.2
History

King Scorpion, Egypt (3000 BC) –

-evidence of irrigation canals existed.

King Mines, Egypt (3000 BC) –

-constructed a diversion dam to redirect the flow of Nile
River, so that his capital could be constructed in the fertile
riverbed.

2850 BC - Sadd El Kafara Dam was built.

 Construction of Kanats in Persia

Critias -essay by Plato (427-347 BC)

- To advocate the pluvial origin of rivers and springs.

Tartarus
-Great underground sea source of all water surface idea of Plato.
Aristotle, (350 BC) suggest that cold converted air into water.

Theophrastus (320 BC) wrote a number of treatises on meteorological

subjects.
Marcos Vitrivius Pollio (100 BC) attribute to Theophrastus' views.

Gages to measure the stage of the Nile were installed as early as 3000
BC.

Rain Gages existed in India by 300 BC.

Pierre Perrault (1608-1680) - compared measured rainfall with the

estimated flow of the Seine River.

Halley (1656-1742) measured an estimated evaporation from the

Mediterranean sea.

Frontinus, water commissioner of Rome (AD 97) - based estimates of flow

on cross-sectional area alone without regard to velocity.

In the United States organized measurement of precipitation started

under the Surgeon General of the army in 1819, was transferred to the Signal
Corps in 1870, and finally in 1891, to a newly organized US Weather Bureau,
renamed as the National Weather Service in 1970.

Scattered Stream flow measurements

- were made on the Mississippi River as early as 1848.
- US Geological Survey undertook this work by 1888.
Early 20th century
- Horton, Mead, and Sherman began to explore the field of
quantitative work in hydrology.

The great expansion of activity in flood control, irrigation, soil conservation,

and related fields which began about 1930.

1.3 Hydrology in Engineering

-is the planning, design, and operation of projects for the control and use of
water.

1.4 Subject Matter of Hydrology

The subject matter as represented in this book can be broadly classified into
data collection and methods of analysis.

Typical hydrologic problems:

1. Involved estimates of extreme rarely observe in a small data sample.

2. Hydrologic characteristics at location where no date have been collected.
3. Estimates on human actions on the hydrologic characteristic of an area.