Language

What is the Universalist Theory of Language?

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Human cognition shapes Language and

Language is created from a set of universal
semantic distinctions and constructions shape
human language
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What is Weak Linguistic Determinism

(Language Relativity)?
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The idea that language and its structure limit

influences human knowledge or thought, as well
as thought processes such as categorization,
memory, and perception
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What is Strong Linguistic Determinism

(Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis)?
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The idea that language and its structure limit

completely determine human knowledge or
thought, as well as thought processes such as
categorization, memory, and perception
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What is Nativist (Biological) Theory of

Language?
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Humans have an innate capacity for Language

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What is Language Acquisition Device?

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A theoretical Pathway in the Brain that allows

infants to process and absorb Language
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What is the Critical Period?

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Lasts between 2 years of age to puberty, if no

language exposure occurs during this time, later
training is largely ineffective
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What is the Sensitive Period?

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Before the onset of puberty, when environmental

input has maximal effect on the development of
an ability
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What is Transformationalist Grammar?

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The used of defined operations called

Transformations to produce new sentences from
existing ones
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What is the Learning (Behaviorist) Theory of

Language?
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Language Acquisition occurs by Operant

Conditioning
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What is the Social Interactionist Theory of

Language?
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Language Acquisition is driven by the child’s

desire to communicate and behave in a social
manner, such as interaction with caretakes and
other children. This is the interplay between
biological and social processes
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What is a Lexicon?
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A set of vocabulary items

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What is Lexical Access?

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Identifying a word and connecting it to its

meaning
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What are the components of Language?

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Phonology, Morphology, Semantics, Syntax, and

Pragmatics
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What is Phonology?
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The actual sounds of Language

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What is Morphology?
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The structure of Words

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What are Phonemes?

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The speech sounds that make up Language

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What are Semantics?

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The association of meaning with a word

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What is Syntax?
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How words are out together to form sentences

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What are Pragmatics?

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The dependence of Language on context and

preexisting knowledge
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What is Prosody?
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The rhythm, cadence, and inflection of one’s

voice
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What are the Neurological Communication

and Motor Disorders?
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Aphasia, Agraphia, Alexia, and Dysarthria

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What is the function of Broca’s Area?

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Speak and Language expression in the Frontal

Lobe
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What is the function of Wernicke’s Area?

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Sound processing and understanding in the

Temporal Lobe
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What is Aphasia?
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An inability to comprehend and formulate

language because of damage to specific brain
regions
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What are the types of Aphasia?

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Broca’s Aphasia (Expressive or Nonfleunt

Aphasia), Wernicke’s Aphasia (Receptive or
Fluent Aphasia), Global Aphasia, and Anomic
Aphasia
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What is Broca’s Aphasia (Expressive or

Nonfluent Aphasia)?
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Characterized by partial loss of the ability to

produce language (spoke or written), although
comprehensions generally remains intact
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What is Wernicke’s Aphasia (Receptive or

Fluent Aphasia)?
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Characterized by the inability to understand

language in its written or spoken form, despite
being able to use grammar, syntax, rate, and
intonation
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What is Global Aphasia?

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Characterized by a severe form of nonfluent

aphasia that affects both Broca’s and Wernicke’s
Area
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What is Anomic Aphasia?

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Characterized by word retrieval failures and the

inability to express the words they want to say
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What is Agraphia?
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Characterized by the inability to communicate

through writing, either due to some form of
motor dysfunction or inability to spell
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What is Alexia?
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Characterized by trouble with reading despite

normal intelligence
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What is Dysarthria?
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Characterized by poor articulation of phonemes

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What connects Broca’s Area to Wernicke’s

Area?
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Arcuate Fasciculus
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What is Conduction Aphasia (Associative

Apahsia)
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Arcuate Fasciculus is impaired causing difficulty

repeating things, even though they understand
what is being said
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What is the function of Arcuate Fasciculus?

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Conduction between listening and speaking

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What can cause Anomic Aphasia?

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Severing the Corpus Callosum

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What is the function of the Corpus Callosum?

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Connects the right and left hemisphere

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What is Piaget’s Theory of Language and

Cognition?
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Thought influences language

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What is Vygotsky’s Theory or Lange and

Cognition?
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Language and thought are both independent, but

converge through development