1] In an examination, 30% of the students have failed in P(M) 0.

3
Mathematics, 20% of the students have failed in chemistry and P(C) 0.2
10% have failed in both Mathematics and Chemistry. A student is
selected at random. P(M and C) 0.1

(i)What is the probability that the student has failed in P(M | C) 0.5
Mathematics if it is known that he has failed in Chemistry? :
Answer = 0.5 P(M OR C) 0.4

(ii)What is the probability that the student has failed either in

Mathematics or in Chemistry? Answer = 0.4

2)The personnel department of a company has records which

show the following analysis of its 200 engineers: Bachelors
If one engineer is selected at random from the company, find:
a) The probability that he has only a bachelor’s degree. Age degree only
Answer = 0.75 Under 30 90
b) The probability that he has a master’s degree, given
30 to 40 20
that he is over 40. Answer = 0.2 Over 40 40
Total 150
c)The probability that he is under 30, given that he has only a
bachelor’s degree. Answer = 0.6
Masters
degree Total
10 100 a 0.75
30 50 b 0.2
10 50 c 0.6
50 200
3] A problem in statistics is given to three students, A, B,
C, whose chances of solving it are 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 P(Solve)
respectively. If they try it independently, what is the A 0.5
probability that the problem will be solved?
B 0.33333333333
Answer 0.75 C 0.25
Togeter

P(Solve) 1-P(Not Solve)

4] Two sets of candidates are competing for the positions Teams P(Victory)
on the Board of Directors of Company. The probabilities A 0.6
that the first and second sets will win are 0.6 and 0.4
respectively. If the first set wins, the probability of B 0.4
introducing a new product is 0.8, and the corresponding
probability, if the second set wins, is 0.3. What is the
probability that the new product will be introduced?
Ans) Probability that new product is introduced given A New Product
wins: 0.8
Probability that new product is introduced given A wins:
0.2
P(Not Solve)
0.5
0.6666666667
0.75
0.25

0.75

P(E/Ti) joint Posterior

0.8 0.48 0.8
0.3 0.12 0.2
0.6

E
5] In a bolt factory, machines M1, M2, M3 manufacture
respectively 25, 35 and 40 per cent of the total output. P(Mi) E/Mi
Of their output, 5, 4 and 2 per cent respectively, are M1 0.25 5
defective bolts. One bolt is drawn at random from the
product and is found to be defective. What is the M2 0.35 4
probability that it is manufactured in the machine M 2? M3 0.4 2
Answer = 0.4

6] One card is drawn from a standard pack of 52. What P(K) 0.08
is the probability that it is either a king or a queen? P(Q) 0.08
Answer = 0.16
P(K OR Q) 0.16
joint Posterior
1.25 0.362319
1.4 0.405797
0.8 0.231884
3.45
 7] The Managing Committee of Vaishali
Welfare Association formed a sub-committee
of 5 persons to look into electricity problem. Gender Age
Profiles of the 5 persons are: Male 40
1. male age 40 Male 43
2. male age 43
3. female age 38 Female 38
4. female age 27 Female 27
5. male age 65
If a chairperson has to be selected from this, Male 65
what is the probability that he would be either
female or over 30 years?
Answer = 1

8] Calculate the probability of picking a card that P(heart) 0.25

was a heart or a spade. Comment on your answer. P(spade) 0.25
Answer 0.5
P(heart OR spade) 0.5
Sample 5
p(female) 0.4
p(over30) 0.8
p(female and over 30) 0.2
p(either female or over 30 ) 1
9] What is the probability of picking a card that
was red or black?
P(Red) 0.5
Answer = 1 P(Black) 0.5
P(R OR B) 1

10] A man wants to marry a girl having P P'

qualities: white complexion – the probability Complexion 1/20 19/20
of getting such a girl is one in twenty;
handsome dowry – the probability of getting Dowry 1/50 40/50
this is one in fifty; westernized manners and Manners 1/100 99/100
etiquettes – the probability here is one in None 0.752
hundred. Find out the probability of his
getting married to such a girl when the All 0.248
possession of these three attributes is
independent. Answer = 0.248
11] A problem in statistics is given to five
students A, B, C, D and E. Their chances of
solving it are 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6 . What is P P'
the probability that the problem will be solved? A 0.5 0.5
Answer = 0.83
B 0.333333 0.666667
C 0.25 0.75
D 0.2 0.8
E 0.166667 0.833333
Not solve by
any 0.166667

Solved by all 0.833333

12] Find the probability of drawing a queen, a

king and a knave in that order from a pack of P(Q) 0.076923
cards in three consecutive draws, the cards
drawn not being replaced. Answer = 0.0004 P(K) 0.078431
  P(J) 0.08
P(Q n K n J) 0.000483
13] Assume that a factory has two machines. Past Machine P(Mi)
records show that machine 1 produces 30% of the M1 0.3
items of output and machine 2 produces 70% of the M2 0.7
items. Further, 5% of the items produced by
machine 1 were defective and only 1% produced by
machine 2 were defective. If a defective item is
drawn at random, what is the probability that the P(PM1 OR PM2) 1
defective item was produced by machine 1 or
machine 2?
Answer = 1

14] A company uses a ‘selling aptitude test’ in the Mood P(Mood)

selection of salesmen. Past experience has shown Satisfactoy 0.3
that only 70% of all persons applying for a sales
position achieved a classification “dissatisfactory” in Dissatisfactory 0.7
actual selling, whereas the remainder were
classified as “satisfactory”, 85% had scored a passing
grade on the aptitude test. Only 25% of those
classified unsatisfactory, had passed the test on the
basis of this information. What is the probability
that a candidate would be a satisfactory salesman
given that he passed the aptitude test?
Answer = 0.593
P(E/Mi) joint Posterior
0.05 0.015 0.681818
0.01 0.007 0.318182
0.022

P(Pass/Mood) joint Posterior

0.85 0.255 0.593023
0.25 0.175 0.406977
0.43
15] A manufacturing firm produces units of a product
in four plants. Define event Ai : a unit is produced in Plants
plant i, i = 1,2,3,4 and event B : a unit is defective.
From the past records of the proportions of 1
defectives produced at each plant the following 2
conditional probabilities are set : 3
P(B/ A1 ) = 0.05,
4
P(B/ A2 ) = 0.10,
P(B/ A3 ) = 0.15,
P(B/A4 ) = 0.02
The first plant produces 30 per cent of the units of
the product, the second plant 25 per cent, third plant
40 per cent and the fourth plant 5 per cent. A unit of
the product made at one of these plants is tested
and is found to be defective. What is the probability
that the unit was produced in plant 3? Answer =
0.594

16] A market research firm is interested in surveying

certain attitudes in a small community. There are 125
households broken down according to income, TV set
ownership of a telephone and ownership of a TV.
No TV set
(i)What is the probability of obtaining a TV owner in Total
drawing at random. Answer = 0.6

(ii) If a household has income over Rs. 8,000 and is a

telephone subscriber, what is the probability that he
has a TV? Answer = 0.6 Income
above 8000
(iii) What is the conditional probability of drawing a all
household that owns a TV, given that the household is a
telephone subscriber? Answer = 0.6

(iv)Are the events ‘ownership of a TV’ and ‘telephone

subscriber’ statistically independent?
Comment.

Answer = Yes they are Independent because

P(TV n Tele) = P(TV) * P(Tele)
P(Ai) P(B/Ai) joint Posterior
0.3 0.05 0.015 0.14851485149
0.25 0.1 0.025 0.24752475248
0.4 0.15 0.06 0.59405940594
0.05 0.02 0.001 0.0099009901
0.101

Income 8000 or less Income above 8000 Total

Telephone No Telephone Telephone No Telephone
27 20 18 10 75
18 10 12 10 50
45 30 30 20 125

P(TV) 0.6
P(TV| Tele) 0.6

P(TV| Tele) 0.6

P(Tele) 0.6
P(TV n Tele) P(TV) * P(Tele)
0.36 0.36
 17] A construction firm has submitted a bid for large
research project. The firm’s management initially felt
that they had 50-50 chance of getting the project. P(Prior)
However, the agency to which the bid was submitted has Successful 0.5
subsequently requested additional information on the Unsuccessful 0.5
Bid. Past experience indicates that that only 75% of the
successful bids and 40% of the unsuccessful bid the
agency requested the additional information.
a) What is the priori probability of the bid being
successful (that is prior to the request for the additional
information). Answer = 0.5
b) What is the conditional probability of a request for
additional information given that the bid ultimately be
successful? Answer = 0.75
c) Compute a posterior probability that the bid will be
successful given that the request for additional
information has been received. Answer = 0.65
 

18] The probability that a boy will get a scholarship is 0.9 P

and that a girl will get is 0.8. What is the probability that Boy 0.9
at least one of them will get the scholarship?
Answer = 0.98 Girl 0.8

Atleast one 1-both do not get the scholarshi

0.98
 P(Add/Prior) Joint Posterior
0.75 0.375 0.652174
0.4 0.2 0.347826
0.575

P'
0.1
0.2

1-both do not get the scholarship

 19] A manufacturing firm produces steel pipes
in three plants with daily production volumes
of 500, 1,000 and 2,000 units respectively.
According to past experience, it is .005, .008 plants P(Pi) P(E/Pi) joint
and .010. If a pipe is selected from a day’s total A 0.142857 0.005 0.000714
production and found to be defective, find out
(i)from which plant the pipe comes? B 0.285714 0.008 0.002286
Answer = From the Third plant with high C 0.571429 0.01 0.005714
probablty of 0.65 0.008714
(ii)What is the probability that it came from
the first plant? Answer = 0.08

20] In a bolt factory machines A, B and C Machines P(Mi) P(E/Pi) joint

manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and A 0.25 0.05 0.0125
40%. Of the total of their output 5, 4 and 2 B 0.35 0.04 0.014
per cent are defective bolts, A bolt is drawn
at random from the product and is found to C 0.4 0.02 0.008
be defective. What is the probability that it 0.0345
was manufactured by machines A, B and C?
Answer =
A = 0.36
B = 0.40
C = 0.23
Posterior
0.081967
0.262295
0.655738

Posterior
0.362319
0.405797
0.231884
21] The probability that a contractor will get a P(Yes)
plumbing contract is 2/3 and the probability that he
will not get an electric contract is 5/9. If the probability Plumbing 0.67
of getting at least one contract is 4/5, what is the Electric 0.44
probability that he will get both the contracts? At least one 0.80
Answer = 0.31
Both 0.31

22] A husband and wife appear in an interview for P(Selected)

two vacancies in the same post. The probability of Husband 0.14
husband’s selection is 1/7 and that of wife’s selection
is 1/5. What is the probability that Wife 0.20
(a) both of them will be selected Answer = 0.028 Both Selcted 0.028571429
(b) only one of them will be selected, Answer = 0.28 Only one 0.285714286
(c) none of them will be selected. Answer = 0.68
None 0.685714286
P(No)
0.33 0.666667
0.56 0.444444
0.8
0.311111

P(Not Selected)
0.86
0.80
23] The personnel department of a company Age
has records which show the following analysis
of its 200 engineers: Under 30
If one engineer is selected at random from the 30 to 40
company, find: Over 40
(a)the probability he has only a bachelor’s
degree; Ans) Total
(b)the probability he has a master’s degree
given that he is over 40; Ans)
(c )the probability he is under 30 given that he a
has only a bachelor’s degree. Ans) b
 
c

24] The data for the promotion status and

academic qualification regarding 100
employees of a company is as follows: Promotional status
At random one employee is picked up. What
is the probability that Promoted
(i)he is an MBA, Ans) Not promoted
(ii)he is promoted, Ans)
(iii)he is promoted given that he is an MBA, Total
Ans)
(iv)he is an MBA given that he is promoted? i
Ans)
ii
iii
iv
Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Total
90 10 100
20 30 50
40 10 50
150 50 200

0.75
0.25
0.6

MBA Non- MBA Total

12 48 60
18 22 40
30 70 100

0.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
 Score B.A. B.Sc.
25] If an examinee is selected from this
group of examinees, find Below 50 90 30
(i)the probability that he is a commerce Between 50 and 60 20 70
graduate. Answer = 0.375
Above 60 10 30
(ii)the probability that he is a science Total 120 130
graduate, given that his score is above
60. Answer = 0.088235
i 0.375
(iii)the probability that his score is below ii 0.088235
50, given that he is a B.A. Answer = 0.75
iii 0.75

26] You note that your officer is happy in P(Hi) P(A/Hi)

60% cases of your calls. You have also Happy 0.6 0.4
noticed that if he is happy, he accedes to
your requests with a probability of 0.4, Not Happy 0.4 0.1
whereas if he is not happy, he accedes to
your requests with a probability of 0.1.
You call on him one day and he accedes to
your request. What is the probability of
his being happy? Answer = 0.067
B.Com. Total
60 180
70 160
20 340
150 400

joint posterior
0.24 0.0672
0.04 0.0112
0.28
27] A company has two plants to manufacture
scooters. Plant I manufactures 70% of the scooters
and Plant II manufactures 30%. At plant I, 80% of
scooters are rated standard quality and at plant II, Plants P(Pi)
90% of scooters are rated standard quality. A P1 0.7
scooter is picked up at random and is found to be P2 0.3
of standard quality. What is the chance that it has
come from plant I, or Plant II?
 

28] In a post office, three clerks are assigned to

process incoming mail. The first clerk, A, processes Clerks P(Ci)
40 per cent; the second clerk, B, processes 35 per A 0.4
cent; and the third clerk, C, processes 25 per cent B 0.35
of the mail. The first clerk has an error rate of 0.04,
the second has an error rate of 0.06, and the third C 0.25
has an error rate of 0.03. A mail selected at random 1
from a day’s output is found to have an error. The
postmaster wishes to know the probability that it
was processed by clerk A or clerk B or clerk C.
P(A OR B OR C)
P(S/Pi) joint Posterior
0.8 0.56 0.674699
0.9 0.27 0.325301
0.83

P(E/Ci) joint Posterior

0.04 0.016 0.359551
0.06 0.021 0.47191
0.03 0.0075 0.168539
0.0445 1
29] From a computer tally based on employer P(Sup) P(CG)
records, the personnel manager of a large
manufacturing firm finds that 15 per cent of 0.15 0.25
the firm’s employees are supervisors and 25 a 0.05
per cent of the firm’s employees are college b 0.65
graduate. He also discovers that 5 per cent are
both supervisors and college graduates.
Suppose an employee is selected at random
from the firm’s personnel records, what is the
probability of:
(a)Selecting a person who is both a college
graduate and a supervisor?
(b)Selecting a person who is neither a
supervisor nor a college graduate?
 

30] The probability that a new marketing

approach will be successful is 0.6. The P(S) P(EX)
probability that the expenditure for 0.6 0.5
developing the approach can be kept within
the original budget is 0.50. The probability
that both of these objectives will be achieved P(S OR EX) 0.8
at 0.30. P(S)*P(EX) 0.3
What is the probability that at least one of
these objectives will be achieved. For the two
events described above, determine whether
the events are independent or dependent.
P(Sup AND CG) P(Sup OR CG) - P(None)
0.05 0.35

P(S AND EX)

0.3
31] In a bolt factory machines A, B, and C
manufacture respectively 25 per cent, 35 Machine P(Mi) P(E/Mi) joint
per cent and 40 per cent of the total A 0.25 0.05 0.0125
output. Of the total of their output 5, 4, B 0.35 0.04 0.014
and 2 per cent are defective bolts, A bolt is
drawn at random and is found to be C 0.4 0.02 0.008
defective. What is the probability that it 0.0345
was manufactured by machines A, B, or C?
 

32] A company has two plants to manufacture Plants P(Pi) P(S/Pi) Joint
scooters. Plant I manufactures 80 per cent of the
scooters and Plant II manufactures 20 per cent. P1 0.8 0.85 0.68
In plant I only 85 out of 100 scooters are P2 0.2 0.65 0.13
considered to be of standard quality. In Plant II, 0.81
only 65 out of 100 scooters are considered to be
of standard quality. What is the probability that
a scooter selected at random came from plant I,
if it is known that it is of standard quality?
Posterior
0.362319
0.405797
0.231884

Posterior
0.839506
0.160494
1
33] The probability that a trainee will remain
with a company is 0.6. The probability that an P( T ) P( E)
employee earns more than Rs. 10,000 per 0.6 0.5
month is 0.5. The probability that an employee
who is a trainee remained with the company or
who earns more than Rs. 10,000 per month is P(E|T) 0.6666666667
0.7. What is the probability that an employee
earns more than Rs.10,000 per month given that
he is a trainee who stayed with the company?

34] A certain production process produces items 10

per cent of which defective. Each item is inspected P(defective) 0.1
before supplying to customers but 10 per cent of
the time the inspector incorrectly classifies an item.
Only items classified as good are supplied. If 820 P(wrong Classification) 0.1
items have been supplied in all, how many of them
are expected to be defective?
Ans- 10 Particulars

P(defective) 0.1

P(NOT DEFECTIVE) 0.9

ANSWER 0.012195
*820
P( T OR E) P(T AND E)
0.7 0.4

P(NOT DEFECTIVE) 0.9

P( Right Classificatio 0.9

P(Good)Classified as defective 0.1

P(Good)Classified asGood 0.9

10
35] A market survey was conducted in four cities to
find out the preference for brand A soap. The
responses are shown below: Brand A Delhi Kolkata Chennai
Yes 45 55 60
(a)What is the probability that a consumer selected
at random, preferred brand A? No 35 45 35
(b)What is the probability that a consumer No opinion 5 5 5
preferred brand A and was from Chennai?
85 105 100

a 0.538462
b 0.285714

36] There are three brands, say X, Y, and Z of an item

available in the market. A consumer chooses exactly P(X) 0.2
one of them for his use. He never buys two or more
brands simultaneously. The probabilities that he buys P(Y) 0.16
brands X, Y, and Z are 0.20, 0.16, and 0.45. P(Z) 0.45
(a)What is the probability that he does not buy any of 0.81
the brands?
(b)Given that a customer buys some brand, what is
the probability that he buys brand X? a 0.19
b 0.246914
Mumbai
50 210
45 160
5 20
100 390
37] Assume that a factory has two machines. Past Machines P(Mi)
records show that machine 1 produces 30 per cent of M1 0.3
the items of output and machine 2 produces 70 per
cent of the items. Further 5 per cent of the items M2 0.7
produced by machine 1 were defective and only 1 per
cent produced by machine 2 were defective. If a
defective item is drawn at random, what is the
probability that the defective item was produced by
machine 1?

38] An article manufactured by a company consists of Parts

two parts A and B. In the process of manufacture of
part A, 9 out of 100 are likely to be defective. Similarly, A
5 out of 100 are likely to be defective in the B
manufacture of part B. Calculate the probability that ANS
the assembled part will not be defective.
P(E/Mi) Joint Posterior
0.05 0.015 0.681818
0.01 0.007 0.318182
0.022 1

P'(Pi) P(Pi)
0.09 0.91
0.05 0.95
0.8645
39] A product is assembled from three P(X) 0.01
components X, Y, and Z, the probability P(Y) 0.02
of these components being defective is
respectively 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05. What P(Z) 0.05
is the probability that the assembled 0.08
that the assembled product will not be
defective? Ans) 0.92

40] Machines have equal capacity and are

operated at the same rate. It is known that P(X) 0.02
the percentages of defective items P(Y) 0.07
produced by X, Y, and Z are 2, 7, and 12 per
cent respectively. All the items produced P(Z) 0.12
by X, Y, and Z are put into one bin. From 0.21
this bin, one item is drawn at random and ANS 0.333333
is found to be defective. What is the
probability that this item was produced on
Y?