Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AND MEASUREMENTS
Ch. 4
Linear Measurement
Seungchang Han
Vernier instruments
• This instrument until now can be called as non precision instrument due to
the lack of precision, but for their lack of amplification.
• A Vernier scale comprises two scales: the main scale and the vernier scale
Forward Vernier
: the value of one VSD is less
than one MSD
10 VSDs = 9 MSDs
Backward Vernier
: the value of one VSD is more
than that of one MSD
10 VSDs = 11 MSDs
Vernier Depth/Height Gauge
• The main scale is lowered into the hole or recess,
which is being measured
• One should avoid exerting force while pushing the
scale against the surface of the job being measure,
because this will not only result in the deformation of
the scale resulting in erroneous measurements, but
also accelerate the wear and tear of the instrument
Types of Micrometers
• Disk micrometer
• Dial micrometer
• Slip gauges are classified into grades depending on their guaranteed accuracy.
• Slip gauges are designated into five grades :
1. Clean slip gauge surfaces with a fine hairbrush and a dry pad
2. Overlap gauging surfaces by about one-fourth of their length
3. Slide one block perpendicularly across the other by applying moderate pressure
4. Gently rotate one of the blocks until it is in line with the other block
Manufacture of Slip Gauges
• A micrometer can provide better least counts and accuracy than a vernier calliper. Better
accuracy results from the fact that the line of measurement is in line with the axis of the
instrument, unlike in a vernier calliper, which does not conform to this condition. This fact is
best explained by Abbe’s principle, which states that maximum accuracy may be obtained
only when the standard is in line with the axis of the part being measured.
• Slip gauges provide the most practical standard for linear measurement. They are readily
available and a small number of them, in a standard set, can be used to build thousands of
dimensions. The errors involved with them are known and therefore predictable.