BS Physics

Session 2017-2021
Submitted To:
Sir Ghulam Murtaza

Lab Patner :
NAME ID’s
1. Adnan Ali Babar
BPHF17ME11
2. Shahid Rasool
BPHF17ME21
3. Hassan Shehzad Khan
BPHF16ME31R
4. Habbib Ur Rehman
BPHF17ME33
5. Malik Muhmmad Shakeel
BPHF17ME46
6. Shoiab Ul Hassan Shah
BPHF17ME52

Experiment # 02

Spectrometer
Spectroscopy :
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic
radiation. Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light
dispersed according to its wavelength, by a prism.

Spectrum :
A band of colors, as seen in a rainbow, produced by separation of the components
of light by their different degrees of refraction according to wavelength
Types of spectrum :
i. Electromagnetic spectrum :
The entire distribution of electromagnetic radiation according to frequency or
wavelength, although all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in a
vacuum, they do so at a wide range of frequencies, wavelengths, and photon
energies.[1]
Uses:-
The entire electromagnetic spectrum, from the lowest to the highest frequency
(longest to shortest wavelength), includes all radio waves (e.g.,
commercial radio and television, microwaves, radar), infrared radiation,
visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Nearly all frequencies
and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be used for spectroscopy. [2]
 Nearly all frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be
used for spectroscopy. Radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet
rays, X-rays, and gamma rays are all types of electromagnetic radiation.
Radio waves have the longest wavelength, and gamma rays have the shortest
wavelength.

ii. Mass spectrum :

Mass spectrum is intensity vs. m/z (mass-to-charge ratio) plot representing
a chemical analysis. Hence, the mass spectrum of a sample is a pattern
representing the distribution of ions by mass (more correctly: mass-to-
charge ratio) in a sample.
Uses:-

A mass spectrum is a plot of the ion signal as a function of the mass-to-charge

ratio. These spectra are used to determine the elemental or isotopic signature of
a sample, the masses of particles and of molecules, and to elucidate the chemical
identity or structure of molecules and other chemical compounds.

iii. Energy spectrum :

An arrangement of particle energies (as of alpha particles or photoelectrons) in a
heterogeneous beam that is analogous to the arrangement of frequencies in an
optical spectrum.[3]
Uses:-
In physics, the energy spectrum of a particle is the number of particles or intensity
of a particle beam as a function of particle energy. Examples of techniques that
produce an energy spectrum are alpha-particle spectroscopy, electron energy loss
spectroscopy, and mass-analyzed ion-kinetic-energy spectrometry.

Discrete spectrum :
Classical example of discrete spectrum (for which the term was first used) is the
characteristic set of discrete spectral lines seen in the emission spectrum and
absorption spectrum of isolated atoms of a chemical element, which only absorb
and emit light at particular wavelengths.

Uses:-
In classical mechanics, discrete spectra are often associated to waves and
oscillations in a bounded object or domain and the stridulating organs of
crickets, whose spectrum shows a series of strong lines at frequencies that
are integer multiples (harmonics) of the oscillation frequency.[4]

Spectrogram :
A spectrogram is a visual way of representing the signal strength, or “loudness”,
of a signal over time at various frequencies present in a particular waveform. Not
only can one see whether there is more or less energy at, for example, 2 Hz vs. 10
Hz, but one can also see how energy levels vary over time.

Uses: -
Spectrograms can be used to analyze the results of passing a test signal through a
signal processor such as a filter in order to check its performance [5]
Spectrometer :
A spectrometer is a scientific instrument used to separate and measure spectral
components of a physical phenomenon. Spectrometer is a broad term often used
to describe instruments that measure a continuous variable of a phenomenon
where the spectral components are somehow mixed.[6]

Historical back ground of spectrometer:-

The invention of spectrometers and the science of spectroscopy go back to very
ancient time. Each invention added more knowledge about the nature of light and
mass and its interaction.
Sir Isaac Newton invented a simple spectrometer when he used a prism to
disperse white light into its constituent colors in the late 1600s.In 1801 British
scientists William Wall-stone investigated the dark lines In the solar spectrum that
suggested the absence of certain spectra of light. Germen physicist Gustav
Kirchhoff was able to show the purified substances display the unique light
spectra in 1859.

Aim:
 
1) To determine the angle of the given prism.
2) To determine minimum angle of deviation of prism

Apparatus:
 
Spectrometer, prism.

Principle:
When a beam of light strikes on the surface of transparent material (Glass, water,
quartz crystal etc.), a portion of the light is transmitted and the other portion is
reflected. When a beam of light strikes on a plane surface, the angle of reflection
will be the same as angle of incidence.
 If the angle between two reflected ray is measured as θ, then the angle of the
prism is 
A= θ/2 . [7]

How to set the apparatus:- 

 Focus Telescope on distant object.
 When focus is correct, start button is activated. Then click Start button.
 Switch on the light by clicking Switch on Light button.
 Focus the slit using Slit focus slider.
 Adjust the slit width using Slit width slider.
 Slit Coincides with cross wire in the telescope. 

To determine the angle of the Prism:

 Procedure:
1. Prism table is rotated in which the sharp edge of the prism is facing towards
the collimator.
2. Rotate the telescope in one direction up to which the reflected ray is shown
through the telescope.
3. Note corresponding main scale and vernier scale reading in both vernier
(vernier I and vernier II).
4. Rotate the telescope in opposite direction to view the reflected image of the
collimator from the second face of prism.
5. Note corresponding main scale and vernier scale reading in both vernier
(vernier I and vernier II).
6. Find the difference between two readings, i.e.
7. Angle of prism, A=θ/2 [8]

Observations And Calculation :

ө
Vernier Reading focused on Reading focused on
Ө=ө1-ө 2 A= 2
Left side( ө)
1 Right side( ө)
2

V1 33°6ʹ 272°5ʹ 121°1ʹ 60°31ʹ

V2 213°2ʹ 92°4ʹ 120°58ʹ 60°29ʹ

Result :
By taking mean of V1 and V2 we get the angle of given prism

The angle of the Prism = 60°5ʹ

To determine minimum angle of deviation of prism;

 Procedure:
1. Keep prism such as light from collimator incident at (20°_25°)
2. Start from left side and remove prism take reading V1 and V2.

Observations And Calculation :

Verniers Telescope reading A Direct reading B Dm=A-B Mean:-
V1 40°9ʹ 349°6ʹ 51°3ʹ

V2 220°3ʹ 169°5ʹ 51°58ʹ 51°34ʹ

Result :

Angle of minimum deviation = 51°34ʹ

Applications:-
 Detection of concentration of substances
 Detection of impurities
 Structure elucidation of organic compounds
  Monitoring dissolved oxygen content in freshwater and marine
ecosystems
 Characterization of proteins
 Detection of functional groups
 Respiratory gas analysis in hospitals
 Molecular weight determination of compounds
The visible and UV spectrophotometer may be used to identify classes
of compounds in both the pure state and in biological preparations.

Reference :
[1]
(www.britannica.com › science › electromagnetic-spectrum)
[2]
https://www.britannica.com/
[3]
(www.merriam-webster.com › dictionary › energy spectrum)
[4]
(en.wikipedia.org › wiki › discrete spectrum)
[5]
(en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Spectrogram)
[6]
(en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Spectrometer)

[7]
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=281&sim=1508&cnt=1
[8]
(Angle of the prism using Spectrometer (Procedure): Optics Virtual Lab: Physical
Sciences: Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Virtual Lab)