Reinforced Concrete Design

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

ENGR. FERNAMEL CHRIS N. VERGARA

Faculty - RMMC Civil Engineering Program
Review Lecturer
ENGR. FCNV
ENGR. FCNV
 Structural Elements
A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load.
Important examples related to civil engineering include buildings, bridges, and
towers. When designing a structure to serve a specified function for public use,
the engineer must account for its safety, esthetics, and serviceability, while
taking into consideration economic and environmental constraints. Often this
requires several independent studies of different solutions before final judgment
can be made as to which structural form is most appropriate. This design
process is both creative and technical and requires a fundamental knowledge of
material properties and the laws of mechanics which govern material response.
Once a preliminary design of a structure is proposed, the structure must then be
analyzed to ensure that it has its required stiffness and strength. ENGR. FCNV
SLABS

Reinforced concrete slabs are large flat plates that are supported by reinforced
concrete beams, walls, or columns; by masonry walls; by structural steel beams or
columns; or by the ground. If they are supported on two opposite sides only, they are
referred to as one-way slabs because the bending is in one direction only—that is,
perpendicular to the supported edges. Should the slab be supported by beams on all
four edges, it is referred to as a two-way slab because the bending is in both
directions. However, if a rectangular slab is supported on all four sides, but the long
side is two or more times as long as the short side, the slab will, for all practical
purposes, act as a one-way slab, with bending primarily occurring in the short
direction. Such slabs are designed as one-way slabs. You can easily verify these
bending moment ideas by supporting a sheet of paper on two opposite sides or on
four sides with the support situation described. When slabs are supported by columns
arranged generally in rows so that the slabs can deflect in two directions, they are
usually referred to as two-way slabs. Two-way slabs can be strengthened by the
addition of beams between the columns, by thickening the slabs around the columns
(drop panels), and by flaring the columns under the slabs (column capitals).
ENGR. FCNV
One-way Slab with Beams Flat Slab

Two-way Slab with Beams Flat Plate

ENGR. FCNV
BEAMS AND GIRDERS

Reinforced concrete beams are structural members that support the transverse load
which usually rest on supports at its end. Girder is a type of beam that supports one
or more smaller beam. Beams are classified as Simple Beam, Continuous Beam,
Semi-Continuous Beam, Cantilever beam, T- beam.
Simple Concrete Beams
Simple concrete beam refers to the beam having
a single span supported at its end without a
restraint at the support. Simple beam is
sometimes called as simply supported beam.
Restraint means a rigid connection or anchorage
at the support.

Continuous Beam
It is a beam that rest on more than
two supports. It can be a single
beam provided for long span
between columns or walls with
intermediate supports of smaller
beams or a single continuous beam
for entire length of the structure
with intermediate column or wall
supports. ENGR. FCNV
 Semi-Continuous Beam
Refers to a beam with two spans
with or without restraint at the
two extreme ends.

Cantilever Beam
Cantilever beams are supported on one end
and the other end projecting beyond the
support or wall.

T – Beam
When floor slabs and beams. are poured
simultaneously producing a monolithic structure where
the portion of the slab at both sides of the beam serves
as flanges of the T-Beam. The beam below the slab
serves as the web member and is sometime called
stem. ENGR. FCNV
COLUMNS

There are several types of columns which are used in different parts of structures. Column
is a vertical structural member that carry loads mainly in compression. It might transfer
loads from a ceiling, floor slab, roof slab, or from a beam, to a floor or foundations.
Commonly, columns also carry bending moments about one or both of the cross-section
axes. In this article, different types of columns used in building construction will be
discussed. Columns are classified based on the several conditions which include:
 Based on Types of Reinforcement
 Based on Types of Loading
 Based on Slenderness Ratio
 Based on Shape
 Based on Construction Material
Based on Types of Reinforcement
Tied Column
This type of column is commonly construction from
reinforced concrete. Longitudinal reinforcement are
confined within closely spaced tie reinforcement. It
is estimated that 95% of all columns in buildings are
tied.
ENGR. FCNV
 Spiral Column
Spiral column is also construction from reinforced
concrete. In this type of column, longitudinal bars
are confined within closely spaced and continuously
wound spiral reinforcement.

Composite column
When the longitudinal reinforcement
is in the form of structural steel
section or pipe with or without
longitudinal bars, it is called as a
composite column.
This type of column have high
strength with fairly small cross
section, in addition to exhibit good
fire performance.

ENGR. FCNV
Based on Types of Loading
Axially Loaded Column
If vertical axial loads act on the center of gravity of
the cross-section of the column, then it is termed as
axially loaded column.
Axially loaded column is rare in construction since
coinciding vertical loads on the center of gravity of
column cross section is not practical.
Interior column of multi-storey buildings with
symmetrical loads from floor slabs from all sides is
an example of this type of column.

Column with Uniaxial Eccentric Loading

When vertical loads do not coincide with center of gravity of
column cross section, but rather act eccentrically either on X
or Y axis of the column cross section, then it is called
uniaxially eccentric loading column.
Column with uniaxial loading are generally encountered in
the case of columns rigidly connected beam from one side
only such as edge columns.
ENGR. FCNV
Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading
When vertical on the column is not coincide with center of gravity of
column cross section and does not act on either axis (X and Y axis),
then the column is called bi-axially eccentric loaded column.
Columns with biaxial loading is common in corner columns with beams
rigidly connected at right angles at the top of columns.
Based on Slenderness Ratio
Short Column
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least
lateral dimension is less than 12, the column is called as
the short column. A short column fails by crushing (pure
compression failure).

Long Column
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least
lateral dimension exceeds 12, it is called as long
column. A long column fails by bending or buckling.

ENGR. FCNV
Based on Shape
Square or Rectangular Column
They are generally used in the construction of buildings. It
is much easier to construct and cast rectangular or square
columns than circular ones because of ease of
shuttering and to support it from collapsing due to
pressure while the concrete is still in flowable form.

Circular column
They are specially designed columns, which are
mostly used in piling and elevation of the
buildings.

ENGR. FCNV
 L-Shape Column
Commonly, L-shaped column is utilized in the
corners of the boundary wall and has similar
characteristics of a rectangular or square
column.

Shape of Steel Column

There are different standard and built up
shape of steel columns. Common shapes of
steel columns include I, channel, equal angle,
and T-shape.
T-Shape column
It is utilized based on design requirements of a structure.
T-Shaped column is widely used in the construction of
bridges. ENGR. FCNV
Shape of Composite Column
The usual shape of composite columns.

Based on Construction Material

Reinforced Concrete, Steel, timber, Brick,
Block, and Stone Column.

ENGR. FCNV