Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Lateral either wind load or earth quake is need a contious load path to transfer safely to ground.
In broad classification,
 Rigid frame
 Braced frame
 Rigid frame
 Shear walls
 Concrete Systems
 Structural Steel Systems
 Mixed systems
Lateral Load Resisting Systems
Lateral Load Resisting Elements
Vertical Elements
 Moment-Resisting Frames
 Walls
 – Bearing walls / Shear Walls / Structural Walls
 Gravity Frame + Walls
 “Dual” System (Frame + Wall)
 Vertical Truss
 Tube System
 Bundled-Tube System
 Floor/Diaphragm
 Foundation – various types

 
Concrete Rigid Frame Lateral wind or
floor seismic loads
diaphragm

 Rigid frames which consist of

building beams and columns
work well for buildings up to
20 to 25 stories
 Most common system utilized
during the recent commercial
office market construction

lateral load
resisting frame
Concrete Shear Walls Lateral wind or
floor seismic loads
diaphragm

 Shear walls are

typically introduced
for buildings greater
than 25 stories

lateral load
resisting shear
walls
 Structural Steel Systems

Field welded
beam-column
connections

Rigid Frame Elevation Knee-braced Frame

ExpensiveElevation
Inefficient
Structural Steel Systems

X-braced Frame Elevation K-braced Frame Elevation

Efficient
Most commonly used
Mixed Systems

Steel braced Frame

Steel Rigid Frame

Mixed Systems

Concrete Shear Walls

Concrete or Steel Rigid Frame

Development of Building Design

Steel
Development of Building Design

Concrete
Tall Buidings
 Tall buildings have fascinated humans from the beginning of
civilization as evidenced by the pyramids of Giza,
Egyp,Ethiopia Axum , China etc
 The motivation behind their construction was primarily for
creating monumental rather than human habitats.
 By contrast, in now a day contemporary tall buildings are
primarily a response to the demand by commercial activities,
often developed for corporate organizations as prestige
symbols in city centers.
Tall Buidings
 Tall buildings have fascinated humans from the The feasibility
of tall buildings has always depended upon the available
materials and the development of the vertical transportation
necessary for moving people up and down the buildings.
Tall Buidings
Structural Concepts
 The adoration that skyscrapers command lies in their apparent
freedom from gravity loads: they do no just stand tall; they do
so effortlessly.
 The key idea in conceptualizing such a bewildering and yet
efficient structural system is to think of the building as a beam
cantilevering from the earth.
 The laterally directed force generated due to either
 wind or seismic action tends both to snap it (shear) and to push
it over (bending). Therefore,a building must have a system to
resist shear as well as bending.
Tall Buidings
Structural Concepts
 The adoration that skyscrapers command lies in their apparent
freedom from gravity loads: they do no just stand tall; they do
so effortlessly.
 The key idea in conceptualizing such a bewildering and yet
efficient structural system is to think of the building as a beam
cantilevering from the earth.
 The laterally directed force generated due to either
 wind or seismic action tends both to snap it (shear) and to push
it over (bending). Therefore,
 a building must have a system to resist shear as well as
bending.
Tall buidings
Tall buidings
Tall buildings
 A perfect structural form to resist effects of bending,
shear, and excessive vibration is a system with vertically
continuous elements ideally located at the farthest
extremity from the geometric center of the building.
Tall buildings
Tall buildings
Summary of Buildings Systems
Design for seismic
 Structural design of buildings for seismic loading is primarily
concerned with structural safety during major earthquakes, but
serviceability and the potential for economic loss arealso of
concern. Seismic loading requires an understanding of the
structural behavior under large inelastic, cyclic deformations.
 Behavior under this loading is fundamentally different

from wind or gravity loading, requiring much more detailed

analysis, and application of a number of stringent detailing
requirements to assure acceptable seismic performance beyond
the elastic range.
Summary of Buildings Systems
 Some structural damage can be expected when the
building experiences design ground motions because
almost all building codes allow inelastic energy
dissipation in structural systems.
Summary of Buildings Systems
 In general, most earthquake code provisions implicity require
that structures be able to resist
 1. Minor earthquakes without any damage.
 2. Moderate earthquakes with negligible structural damage and
some nonstructural damage.
 3. Major earthquakes with some structural and nonstructural
damage but without collapse. The structure is expected to
undergo fairly large deformations by yielding in some
structural members.
Summary of Buildings Systems
SEISMIC DESIGN CONCEPT
 Structural Response
 Load Path
 Demands of Earthquake Motions
 Response of Elements Attached to Buildings
 Adjacent Buildings
 Irregular Buildings
SEISMIC DESIGN CONCEPT
Irregular Buildings
The seismic design of regular buildings is based on two
concepts
1. Linearly varying lateral force distribution
2. The cyclic inelastic deformation demands are reasonably
uniform in all of the seismic force-resisting elements.
SEISMIC DESIGN CONCEPT
 Typical building configuration deficiencies include an
irregular geometry, a weakness in a story, a concentration
of mass, or a discontinuity in the lateral-force-resisting
system
SEISMIC DESIGN CONCEPT
 Vertical irregularities are defined in terms of strength,
stiffness, geometry, and mass. Although
 these are evaluated separately, they are related and may occur
simultaneously. For example,
 a building that has a tall first story can be irregular because of a
soft story, a weak story, or
 both, depending on the stiffness and strength of this story
relative to those above.
Building Irregularity
Building Irregularity
Building Irregularity
Building Irregularity
Building Irregularity
Building Irregularity