ATOMIC STRUCTURE

INDEX:
Theory: ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1–5

Simulator: ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 – 13

Answer Key: ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 14

Solutions: ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 – 20
ATOMIC STRUCTURE

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

THEORY:

1. Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1.1 Postulates:

Neither be created x – number of atoms

Nor destroyed before the reaction

made up of takes part in

Matter Atoms Chemical reaction
Chemical reaction
(Rearrangement of aoms)

Atoms of same element Atoms of different element have x – number of atoms

identical in size, shape & mass different size, shape & mass after the reaction
Combine in fixed ratio of
whole numbers

Molecules
Limitations:
•Isotopes: Same element but differ in mass.
•Isobars : Different atoms but same mass.
•Complex organic compounds – e.g. Sugar  C12 H22O11   12 : 22 :11 (Not a whole number)
•Failed to explain the existence of allotropes

1.2 Cathode Ray – Discovery of e:

Experiment:
Applies very high potential (1000V) at the ends of discharge tube at very low pressure (10-
atm) & passed electricity.

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Observation:
Glass begins to glow faintly.

Results:
•Cathode rays travel in straight line, thus produces shadow of the object.
•Rays rotates paddle wheel – material particles.
•Rays are invisible and negatively charged(e).
•Rays penetrate through sheets of aluminium and metals.
•e/m ratio (same for all the gases) =1.758 × 1011 C/kg
•From millikan’s experiment: e = -1.6 × 10-19 C, Me = 9.1 × 10-31 Kg

1.3 Anode Ray – Discovery of (P):

Experiment:
Goldstein repeated the same experiment with discharge tube filled with a perforated cathode.

Observation:
New type of rays came out through the hole in cathode.
Faint red glow is observed on the wall behind the cathode.

Results:
•Anode rays travel in straight line and produce shadow of object.
•Rays rotates paddle wheel – material particles.
•Rays are invisible and positively charged (p).
•e/m ratio different for different gases (maximum for hydrogen)
•Particle obtained from hydrogen is lightest and called proton.

1.4 Discovery of (n):

Experiment:
Chadwick bombarded a thin sheet of beryllium with alpha particles.

Results:
Electrical neutral particles were emitted – named neutrons.

Properties of Subatomic Particles:

•Atomic No. (Z) = No. of (p) = No. of (e)
•Mass of atom ~ Mass of (p) + Mass of (n)
•1 amu = mass of 1 (p) = mass of 1 (n)
•Mass of atom (amu) = No. of (p) + No. of (n)
•Mass No. (A) = No. of (p) + No. of (n)

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Isotopes:
Atomic No: Same
Mass No: Different

Isobars:
Atomic No: Different
Mass No: Same

Isotone:
Atomic No: Different
No. of (n): Same

Isoelectronic:
Same No. of (e)

1.5 Thomson’s Model of Atom:

Atom is a uniform sphere of positive charge with electrons embedded in it.

1.6 Rutherford’s Model:

Experiment:
Narrow beam of  particle was allowed to fall on Au foil and its path was determined with
ZnS screen.

2. Planck’s Quantum Theory

•Radiant energy is emitted or absorbed discontinuously in the form of small discrete packets
of energy.
• E   or E  h
• E  nh

3. Photoelectric Effect


• e are ejected only if the radiations striking the surface of the metal has at least a
minimum frequency (v0).

•The velocity (and hence the K.E.) of the e ejected depends upon the  of the incident
radiation and is independent of its intensity.
1 1 1
m 2  hv  hv0 or hv  hv 0  m 2  W0  m 2
2 2 2
•The number of photoelectrons ejected is proportional to the intensity of incident radiations.

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

n2
Radius of Bohr’s Orbit  r  52.9  pm
Z
Z 1
Velocity of electron in Bohr’s Orbit  v  2.18  106 
ms
n
18 Z2
Energy of electron in Bohr’s Orbit  E  2.18 10  2 J / atom
n
Z2
E  13.6  2 eV / atom
n
1  1 1 
Rydberg’s Equation:    109677  Z2  2  2  cm 1
  n1 n 2 
h
de-Broglie’s Equation:  
m
h

2mKE
h
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: x.p 
4
      82 m
2 2 2
Schrodinger equation:    2 E  V  0
x 2 y 2 z 2 h

Orbital: The locations in space at which the probability of finding the electron is maximum.
The set of four numbers required to define an electron completely in an atom are called
quantum numbers.
1.Principal Quantum Number (n)
2.Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
3.Magnetic Quantum Number (m)
4.Spin Quantum Number (ms)

Number of orbitals present in nth shell = n2

The maximum number of electrons in any shell = 2n2
Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2   1
Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell = 2   2  1
h
Orbital angular momentum L    1
2
Spin magnetic moment s  n  n  2
n = no. of unpaired electrons

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Pauli’s Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of all the
four quantum numbers.

3.1 Atomic Orbitals

Region around the nucleus where probability of finding electrons is zero.

Number of radial nodes = n   1
Number of angular nodes =
Total number of nodes = n  1

Aufbau’s Rule: Electrons are added progressively to the various orbitals in their order of
increasing energy starting with the orbital of lowest energy.

Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity: Electrons never pair until no available empty
degenerate orbitals (orbitals of same subshell) are left to them.

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

EXERCISE: PRACTICE QUESTIONS

76
1. An isotone of 32 Ge
77 77
(a) 32 Ge (b) 33 As
77 78
(c) 34 Se (d) 74 Se

2. Atomic number and mass number of an element M are 25 and 52 respectively. The
number of electrons, protons and neutrons in M2+ ion are respectively
(a) 25, 25 and 27 (b) 25, 27 and 25
(c) 27, 25 and 27 (d) 23, 25 and 27

3. The incorrect statement regarding cathode rays is

(a) They travel in straight line.
(b) They depend on the nature of the gas.
(c) They are deflected by magnetic as well as electric files.
(d) They produce mechanical effects.

4. The ion that is isoelectronic with CO is

(a) CN  (b) N 2
(c) O 2 (d) N 2

5. The threshold energy is given as E0 and radiation of energy E falls on metal, then K.E. is
given as
E  E0
(a) (b) E  E 0
2
E
(c) E 0 E (d)
E0

6. The fundamental particles present in the nucleus of an atom are

(a) Alpha particles and electrons (b) Neutrons and protons
(c) Neutrons and electrons (d) Electrons, neutrons and protons

7. Which of the following has the same mass as that of an electron

(a) Photon (b) Neutron
(c) Positron (d) Proton

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

8. Proton was discovered by

(a) Chadwick (b)Thomson
(c) Goldstein (d) Bohr

9. The nucleus of the element having atomic number 25 and atomic weight 55 will contain
(a) 25 protons and 30 neutrons (b) 25 neutrons and 30 protons
(c) 55 protons (d)55 neutrons

10. If W is atomic weight and N is the atomic number of an element, then

(a) Number of e 1 = W – N (b Number of 0 n1 = W – N
(c) Number of 1 H1 = W – N (d) Number of 0 n1 = N

11. The total number of neutrons in dipositive zinc ions with mass number 70 is
(a) 34 (b) 40
(c) 36 (d) 38

12. Which of the following are isoelectronic with one another

(a) Na+ and Ne (b) K+ and O
(c) Ne and O (d) Na+ and K+

13. The number of electrons in one molecule of CO2 are

(a) 22 (b) 44
(c) 66 (d) 88

14. Chlorine atom differs from chloride ion in the number of

(a) Proton (b) Neutron
(c) Electrons (d) Protons and Electrons

15. CO has same electrons as or the ion that is isoelectronic with CO is

(a) N 2 (b) CN 
(c) O 2 (d) O 2

16. The mass of an atom is constituted mainly by

(a) Neutron and neutrino (b) Neutron and electron
(c) Neutron and proton (d) Proton and electron

17. The atomic number of an element represents

(a) Number of neutrons in the nucleus
(b Number of protons in the nucleus
(c) Atomic weight of element (d) Valency of element

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

18. When  -particles are sent through a thin metal foil, most of them go straight through
the foil because (one or more are correct)
(a) Alpha particles are much heavier than electrons
(b) Alpha particles are positively charged
(c) Most part of the atom is empty space
(d) Alpha particles move with high velocity

19. When an electron jumps from L to K shell

(a) Energy is absorbed (b) Energy is released
(c) Energy is sometimes absorbed and sometimes released
(d) Energy is neither absorbed nor released

20. When beryllium is bombarded with a-particles, extremely penetrating radiations which
cannot be deflected by electrical or magnetic fields are given out.
These are
(a) A beam of protons (b) a-rays
(c) A beam of neutrons (d) X-rays

21. Which one of the following is not the characteristic of Planck’s quantum theory of
radiation
(a) The energy is not absorbed or emitted in whole number or multiple of quantum
(b) Radiation is associated with energy
(c) Radiation energy is not emitted or absorbed continuously but in the form of small
packets called quanta
(d) This magnitude of energy associated with a quantum is proportional to the frequency

22. The spectrum of He is expected to be similar to

(a) H (b) Li+
(c) Na (d) He+

23. The radius of which of the following orbit is same as that of the first Bohr’s orbit of
hydrogen atom
(a) He+(n =2) (b) Li2+(n =2)
2+
(c) Li (n =3) (d) Be3+(n =2)

24. The frequency of radiation emitted when the electron falls from n = 4 to n=1 in a
hydrogen atom will be (Given ionization energy of H = 2.18 x 10 -18 J atom-1 and h =
6.625 × 10-34Js)
(a) 3.08 1015 s1 (b) 2.00 105 s1
15 1 15 1
(c) 1.54 10 s (d) 1.03 10 s

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

25. The ionisation potential of a hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. What will be the energy of the
atom corresponding to n = 2
(a) -3.4 eV (b) -6.8 eV
(c) -1.7 eV (d) -2.7 eV

26. The energy of electron in hydrogen atom in its grounds state is -13.6 eV. The energy of
the level corresponding to the quantum number equal to 5 is
(a) -0.54 eV (b) -0.85 eV
(c) -0.64 eV (d) -0.40 eV

27. The positive charge of an atom is

(a) spread all over the atom (b) Distributed around the nucleus
(c) Concentrated at the nucleus (d) All of these

28. Which one of the following explains light both as a stream of particles and as wave
motion
h
(a) Diffraction (b) 
p
(c) Interference (d) Photo electric effect

29. In which one of the following pairs of experimental observations and phenomenon does
the experimental observation correctly account for phenomenon experimental
observation phenomenon.
(a) X-ray spectra Charge on the nucleus
(b) a-particle scattering Quantized electron orbit
(c) Emission spectra The quantization of energy
(d) The photo electric effect The nuclear atom

30. Which of the following expressions gives the de-Broglie relationship

 h
(a) h (b)  
mv mv
m v
(c)   (d)  
hv mh

31. de-Broglie equation is

(a) n  2dsin  (b) E = hv
h
(c) E = mc2 (d)  
mv

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

32. The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle with mass 1gm and velocity 100m/sec is
(a) 6.63 × 10-33 m (b) 6.63 × 10-34 m
(c) 6.63 × 10-35 m (d) 6.65 × 10-35 m

33. Minimum de-Broglie wave length is associated with

(a) Electron (b) Proton
(c) CO2 (d) SO2 molecule

34. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with a material particle is

(a) Directly proportional to its energy
(b) Directly proportional to momentum
(c) Inversely proportional to its energy
(d) Inversely proportional to momentum

35. An Electron has kinetic energy 2.8 × 10-23 J. de-Broglie wavelength will be nearly
(me =9.1 × 10-31 kg)
(a) 9.28 × 10-4 m (b) 9.28 × 10-7 m
(c) 9.28 × 10-8 m (d) 9.28 × 10-10 m

36. What will be de-Broglie wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 1.2 × 10 5
ms-1
(a) 6.068 × 10-9 (b) 3.133 × 10-37
(c) 6.626 × 10-9 (d) 6.018 × 10-9

37. The uncertainty in the position of a moving bullet of mass 10 gm is 105 m . Calculate
the uncertainty in its velocity
28
(a) 5.2 10 m / sec (b) 5.2 1022 m / sec
22 22
(c) 5.2 10 m / sec (d) 3 10 m / sec

38. Which one of the following is not the characteristic of Planck’s quantum theory of
radiation
(a) Principal (b) Azimuthal
(c) Magnetic (d) Spin

39. Uncertainty in position of a 0.25 g particle is 10 -5. Uncertainty of velocity is

 h  6.6 10 34
Js 
(a) 1.2 1034 (b) 2.11029
(c) 1.6 1020 (d) 1.7 109

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

h
40. The equation x, p  shows
4
(a) de-Broglie relation (b) He is Enberg’s uncertainly principle
(c) Aufbau principle (d) Hund’s rule

41. Uncertainly in position of a 0.25 g particle is 10–5. Uncertainly of velocity is (h = 6.6 ×

10–34Js)
(a) 1.2 × 1034 (b) 2.1 × 10–29
(c) 1.6 × 10–20 (d) 1.7 × 10–9

42. The uncertainty in momentum of an electron is 1 × 10 –5 kg m/s. The uncertainty in its

position will be (h = 6.63 × 10–34Js)
(a) 5.28 × 10–30 m (b) 5.25 × 10–28 m
(c) 1.05 × 10–26 m (d) 2.715 × 10–30 m

43. According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, the product of uncertainties in potion

velocities for an electron of mass 9.1 × 10–31 kg is
(a) 2.8 × 10–3 m2s–1 (b) 3.8 × 10–5 m2s–1
(c) 5.8 × 10–5 m2s–1 (d) 6.8 × 10–6 m2s–1

44. The correct ground state electronic configuration of chromium atom is

(a) [Ar]3d5 4s1 (b) [Ar]3d4 4s2
(c) [Ar]3d6 4s0 (d) [Ar]4d5 4s1

45. 2p orbitals have

(a) n = 1, l = 2 (b) n = 1, l = 0
(c) n = 2, l = 1 (d) n = 2, l = 0

46. Electronic configuration of H– is

(a) 1s0 (b) 1s1
(c) 1s2 (d) 1s12s1

47. The quantum numbers for the outermost electron of an element are given below as n = 2,
l = 0, m = 0, s = +1/2. The atoms is
(a) Lithium (b) Beryllium
(c) Hydrogen (d) Boron

48. Principal quantum number of an atom represent

(a) Size of the orbital (b) Spin angular momentum
(c) Orbital angular momentum (d) Space orientation of the orbital

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

49. An element has the electronic configuration 1s2, 2s22p6, 3s2 3p2, Its valency electrons are
(a) 6 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4

50. For d electrons, the azimuthal quantum number is

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3

51. For p-orbital, the magnetic quantum number has value

(a) 2 (b) 4, –4
(c) –1, 0, +1 (d) 0

52. For n = 3 energy level, the number of possible orbitals (all kinds) are
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 9

53. Which of the following ions is not having the configuration of neon
(a) F– (b) Mg+2
(c) Na+ (d) Cl–

54. Elements up to atomic number 103 have been synthesized and studied. If a discovered
element is found to have an atomic number 106, its electronic configuration will be
(a) [Rn]5f14,6d4,7s2 (b) [Rn]5f14,6d1,7s2,7p3
(c) [Rn]5f14,6d6,7s0 (d) [Rn]5f14,6d5,7s1

55. Ions which have the same electronic configuration are those of
(a) Lithium and sodium (b) Sodium and potassium
(c) Potassium and calcium (d) Oxygen and chlorine

56. When the azimuthal quantum number has a value of = 0, the shape of the orbital is
(a) Rectangular (b) Spherical
(c) Dumbbell (d) Unsymmetrical

57. The magnetic quantum number for valency electrons of sodium is

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0

58. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is correct for an electron in 4f orbital
(a) n = 4, = 3, m = +1, s = +1/2
(b) n = 4, = 4, m = –4, s = –1/2
(c) n = 4, = 3, m = +4, s = +1/2
(d) n = 3, = 2, m = –2, s = +1/2

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

59. Consider the ground state of (Z = 24). The numbers of electrons with the azimuthal
quantum numbers, = 1 and 2 are, respectively
(a) 16 and 4 (b) 12 and 5
(c) 12 and 4 (d) 16 and 5

60. The four quantum numbers of the valence electron of potassium are
(a) 4, 1, 0 and ½ (b) 4, 0, 1 and ½
(c) 4, 0, 0 and +1/2 (d) 4, 1, 1 and ½

61. Which of the following electronic configuration is not possible according to Hund’s rule
(a) 1s22s2 (b) 1s22s1
2
(c) 1s
2
2s2 2p1x 2p1y 2p1x (d) 1s 2s 2 2p 2x

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

ANSWER KEY

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (c)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (d) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (c)
61. (d)

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

SOLUTIONS

1. Isotone means same number of neutrons

Number of neutrons = Mass number-Atomic number
Number of neutron in Ge = 76 – 32 = 44
Number of neutron in As = 77 – 33 = 44.

2. Atomic number = 25
Mass number = 52
Number of proton = Atomic number = 25
Number of neutron = (Mass number – Atomic number)
52 – 25 = 27
Number of electron = Number of protons but M2+ ion means 2e are remove
 Number of e = Number of protons -2
= 25 – 2 = 23

3. (b)
4. Isoelectronic means same number of electrons
CO = Number of electrons = 14
CN  = 6 + 7 + 1 = 14.

5. E = Incident energy
E0 = Threshold energy
E = E0 +K.E.
K.E. = E  E0

6. Neutron and proton are found in Nucleus.

7. Positron (+1e0) has the same mass as that of an electron (-1e0).

8. Proton is represented by p having charge +1 discovered in 1988 by Goldstein.

9. No. of protons Atomic no. 25 and no. of neutron 55 – 25=30.

10. No of neutrons = mass number –no. of protons. = W – N

11. 30Zn
70
, Zn2+ has no. of Neutrons = 70 – 30= 40.

12. Na+ and Ne are isoelectronic whichcontain 10 electrons.

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

13. One molecule of CO2have 22 electrons.

14. Cl and Cl differs in number of electrons. Cl has 17 e while Cl has 18 e .

15. Co and CN  are isoelectronic.


CO = 6 + 8 = = 14 and CN = 6 + 7 + 1 = 14.

16. Mass of an atom is due to nucleus (neutron+proton).

17. Atomic number is defined as the number of protons in the nucleus.

18.  -particles pass through because most part of the atom is empty.

19. An electron jumps from L to K shell energy is released.

20. Neutron is a charge less particles, so it does not deflected by electric or magnetic field.

21. Energy is always absorbed or emitted in whole number or multiples of quantum.

22. Both He and Li+ contain 2 electrons each.

n2
23. rH  0.529 Å
z
For hydrogen; n = 1 and z = 1 therefore
rH  0.529Å
For Be3 : z = 4 and n = 2 therefore
0.529  22
rBe3   0.529Å
4

2
13.6 Zeff
24. Eionisation  E   E n  eV
n2
13.6 Z2 13.6 Z2 
 
 n 2
2 n12 
13.6  12 13.6  12
E  hv   ; hv  13.6  0.85
1  4
2 2

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

 h 6.625  1034
13.6  0.85
v 34
 1.6  1019
6.625  10
 3.08 1015 s1

E 0
25. Energy of an electron E
n2
For energy level (n = 2)
13.6 13.6
E   3.4eV
 2
2
4

26. Energy of ground stage (E0) = -13.6eV and energy level = 5

13.6 13.6 13.6
E5  2
eV   2   0.54eV
n 5 25

27. Positive charge of an atom is present in nucleus.

h h h
28.  or or de-Broglie equation.
p mv mc

29. Emission spectra of different  accounts for quantization of energy.

30. According to de-Broglie equation

h h h
 , p  mv,   ,  
mv p mc

 h 
31. According to de-Broglie   
 mv 

h 6.63 1034
32.   3  6.63 1033 m
mv 10 100

h 1
33.  , For same velocity  
mv m
SO2 molecule has least wavelength because their molecular mass is high.

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

h
34. de-Broglie equation is  .
p

35. Formula for de-Broglie wavelength is

h h 1 2eV
 or    eV  mv 2 or v 
p mv 2 m
h 6.62 1034
 
2meV 2  9.11031  2.8 1023
  9.28 108 meter

h 6.62 1034
36.  
mv 9.11031 1.2 105
  6.626 109 m

37. Uncertainty of moving bullet velocity

h 6.625 1034
v  
4 m  v 4  3.14  0.1105
 5.2 1028 m / sec

38. Spin quantum number does not related with Schrodinger because they always show
1 1
 , value.
2 2

39. (b)
h
40. x, p  This equation shows Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. According to
4
this principle the product of uncertainty in position and momentum of particle is
h
greater than equal to .
4

h h
41. According to x  m  v  ; v 
4 x  m  4
6.6 1034
 5 = 2.1 × 10–29 m/s
10  0.25  3.14  4

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

h
42. Uncertainty in position x 
4 p
6.63  1034
 = 5.28 × 10–30 m.
4  3.14(1 10 )–5

43. Given that mass of electron = 9.1 × 10–31 kg

Planck’s constant = 6.63 × 10–34 kg m2s–1
h h
By using x  p  ; x  v  m 
4 4
Where; x = uncertainty in position
v = uncertainty in velocity
h
x  v 
4 m
6.63 1034
 31
= 5.8 × 10–5 m2s–1
4  3.14  9.110

44. 3d subshell filled with 5 electrons (half-filled) is more stable than that filled with 4
electrons. 1, 4s electrons jumps into 3d subshell for more stability.

45. In 2p – orbital, 2 denotes principal quantum number (n) and p denotes azimuthal
quantum number (l = 1).

46. Electronic configuration of H–is is 1s2. It has 2 electrons in extra nuclear space.

47. The electronic configuration must be 1s2 2s1. Hence, the element is lithium (z = 3).

48. Principal quantum no. tells about the size of the orbital.

49. An element has the electronic configuration 1s2,2s22p6,3s23p2,(Si). Its valency

electrons are four.

50. For d orbital =2

51. m=  to  including zero.

52. When n = 3 shell, the orbitals are n2 = 32 = 9.

No. of electrons = 2n2

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

2n 2
Hence no. of orbital = n
2

53. Configuration of Ne = 1s22s22p6

F– = 1s22s22p6
Na+ = 1s22s22p6
Mg++ = 1s22s22p6
Cl– = 1s22s22p63s23p6

54. Unh = 106 = [Rn]5f14, 6d5,7s1

55. K+ and Ca++ have the same electronic configuration (1s2,2s22p6,3s23p6)

56. For s-orbital, = 0.

57. 3s1 is valency electrons of Na for this n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = +1/2

58. For 4f orbital electron, n = 4

= 3 (Because 0, 1, 2, 3)
s, p, d, f
m = +3, +2, +1, 0, –1, –2, –3

59. 24 Cr  1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2 p6 ,3s 2 ,3p 6 ,3d 5 , 4s1

l1 l1 l2

(We know that for p the value of I = 1 and for d, I = 2)

For I = 1 total number of electron = 12
For I = 2 total number of electron = 5.

60. Atomic number of potassium is 19 and hence electronic configuration will be

1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s1
Hence for 4s1 electron value of Quantum number are
Principal quantum number n = 4
Azimuthal quantum number = 0
Magnetic quantum number m = 0
Spin quantum number S = +1/2

61. According to Hund’s rule electron first fill in unpaired form in vacant orbital then fill
in paired form to stabilized the molecule by which 1s2, 2s2, 2p 2x is not possible.
According to Hund’s rule. Because 2px, py, pz have the same energy level so electron
2
first fill in unpaired form not in paired form so it should be 1s , 2s 2 , 2p1x , 2p1y .

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