02 - Atomic Structure and Periodicity

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
AND PERIODICITY
NELSON M. PANAJON
Department of Chemistry
Central Luzon State University
ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER
Early theories on atomic structure:
Democritus (460–370 BC) – proposed that the
world was made of two things: (1)
empty space and (2) fine but indivisible
particles called atomos
Atomic Structure and

Periodicity I 2
Aristotle (384-322 BC) – proposed that matter
is a continuum and not made up of
smaller particles like atomos
– further proposed that nature is
composed of earth, air, fire and water

Periodicity I 3
Ludacris (95-55 BC) – described matter as
bodies composed of empty space that
allows movement
Robert Boyle – pushed on the
discontinuous view of matter made up
of particles
Periodicity I 4
John Dalton (1766–1844 AD) –
refined the atomic view of
matter thru his Dalton’s
Atomic Theories
John Dalton Atomic Structure and

Periodicity I 5
Dalton’s Atomic Theories
1. Each element is composed of
extremely small particles called
atoms.

Periodicity I 6
2. All atoms of a given element are
identical but they differ from
one element to another with
different properties.

Periodicity I 7
3. Atoms of one element cannot be
changed into atoms of a
different element

Periodicity I 8
4. A given compound always has
the same relative number and
kind of atoms.

Periodicity I 9
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
– explains several simple laws of chemical
combinations (Basic Laws of Matter):
 Law of Definite (or Constant)
Composition
 Law of Conservation of Matter
 Law of Multiple Proportions
Periodicity I 10
BASIC LAWS OF MATTER
 Law of Definite (or Constant)

Composition
– states that in a given compound, the
kinds and relative numbers of atoms are
constant

Periodicity I 11
 Law of Conservation of Mass*

– states that the total mass of the
materials present after a chemical
reaction is the same as the total mass
before the reaction

* Based on the works of Antoine Lavoisier Periodicity I 12
 Law of Multiple Proportions*

– states that when two or more elements
combine to form more than one
compound, they combine in a ratio of
small whole numbers

* Based on the works of Joseph Proust Periodicity I 13
EXERCISE 01
Illustrating the Law of Conservation of Mass
A 455mg sample of magnesium is allowed

to react with 2.315g of oxygen gas. If the sole
product is magnesium oxide and the mass of
the unreacted oxygen is 2.015g, how many
grams of magnesium oxide is produced?

Periodicity I 14
EXERCISE 02
Illustrating the Law of Definite Composition
A 100mg sample of magnesium yields

166mg of magnesium oxide when combined
with oxygen. How many milligrams of
magnesium oxide will be produced from the
reaction of 144mg magnesium with oxygen?

Periodicity I 15
EXERCISE 03
Illustrating the Law of Multiple Proportions
The following data were collected for several

compounds of nitrogen and oxygen:
Show how these

data illustrate the
law of multiple
proportions.
Periodicity I 16
EXERCISE 04
Illustrating the Law of Multiple Proportions
Hydrazine, ammonia, and hydrogen azide all

contain only nitrogen and hydrogen. The mass of
hydrogen that combines with 1.00 g of nitrogen for
each compound is 0.144g, 0.216g, and 0.0240g
respectively. What are their empirical formulas?

Periodicity I 17
EARLY RESEARCH ON ATOMIC PARTICLES
– early atomic theories didn’t have direct
evidence on the existence of atoms;
based only on experimental results done
in the laboratory
An image of the surface of silicon.

The image was obtained by a
technique called scanning tunneling
microscopy.
Periodicity I 18
– during the mid-1800s, scientists began
to study electrical discharge through a
glass tube pumped almost empty of air
– when a high voltage was applied to the

electrodes in the tube, radiation (known
as the cathode rays) was produced
between the electrodes
Periodicity I 19
A simple cathode ray setup.
The first cathode ray tube was made by Michael Faraday in 1830.
A B

Periodicity I 20
– subsequent experiments using the
cathode ray tube lead to the discovery of
the following:
 protons – in 1896 by Eugene Goldstein
 electrons – in 1897 by JJ Thomson
 neutrons – in 1932 by James Chadwick
 X-rays – in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen
 radioactivity – in 1896 by Antoine
Henri Becquerel Atomic Structure and
Periodicity I 21
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
A. The Plum-pudding Atomic Model
– proposed by JJ Thompson, states that an
atom is made up of negatively-charged
electrons (or e-) embedded in a nebulous
cloud of positive charges of protons (or p+)

A classic English plum pudding Periodicity I 22
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
A. The Plum-pudding Atomic Model
The Plum-pudding Theory

A classic English plum pudding Periodicity I 23
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
B. The Nuclear Atomic Model
– proposed by Ernest Rutherford,
disproves the Plum-pudding theory
through his alpha (α)-scattering
experiment in gold foil
The alpha-scattering
experiment Atomic Structure and
Periodicity I 24
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
B. The Nuclear Atomic Model
The alpha-scattering
experiment
– states an atom has a dense center of

positive charge (the nucleus) from which
electrons move around Atomic Structure and
Periodicity I 25
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
C. The Planetary Model of the Atom
– proposed by Neils Bohr, suggests that
the electrons move in a path of definite
amount of energy around the center
known as the nucleus
– the nucleus is composed of the

positively-charged protons and
neutral neutrons (nO) Atomic Structure and
Periodicity I 26
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
C. The Planetary Model of the Atom
Mass and Charge of the sub-atomic particles

The nuclear atom
Periodicity I 27
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
D. The Quantum Mechanical Model
- developed by Erwin Schrodinger,
Werner Heisenberg and Louis de Broglie,
further enhances the planetary model by
stating that electrons move at various
energy levels with definite amount of
energy or quanta

Periodicity I 28
ATOMIC AND MASS NUMBERS
- characterizes each atom of element
Atomic number, Z
- fingerprint of an atom; gives the
element’s unique number of protons
Mass number, A
- gives the total number of protons and
neutrons Atomic Structure and
Periodicity I 29
ATOMIC AND MASS NUMBERS
M.N. = A.N. + nO
For 12C;
6 p+ = 6, e- = 6, nO= 6
Periodicity I 30
EXERCISE 05
How many protons, neutrons, and

electrons are in
(a)an atom of 197Au, and
79
(b)a Sr ion?
90 +2
38

Periodicity I 31
EXERCISE 06
Complete the table given below assuming

each column represents a neutral specie (or
atom):
24

Periodicity I 32
ISOTOPES
- atoms with the same number of protons
(or same atomic number) but different
number of neutrons
The different isotopes of hydrogen

Periodicity I 33
ISOTOPES
- atoms with the same number of protons
(or same atomic number) but different
number of neutrons
The different isotopes of carbon

Periodicity I 34
ISOTOPES
The different isotopes of sodium

Periodicity I 35
ATOMIC MASS
– the average atomic mass of each element
in the periodic table is the sum of the
exact individual isotopes and their
corresponding abundance
atomic massave = Ʃ (atomic massisotope x relative abundanceisotope)

Periodicity I 36
ATOMIC MASS
– expressed either in atomic mass unit
(amu) or grams per mole (g/mol) and is
equal to:
amu = 1.66054 x10-24 g
or 1 g = 6.02214 x1023 amu

Periodicity I 37
EXERCISE 07
Chlorine has two isotopes: chlorine-35

and chlorine-37 with corresponding relative
abundance and atomic masses as follows:
isotopic mass (in amu) % abundance
chlorine-35 34.968 75.53
chlorine-37 36.965 24.46
Calculate the average atomic mass of
chlorine.
Periodicity I 38
EXERCISE 08
Three isotopes of argon contributed to its

average atomic mass of 39.948 amu. Given the
following:
isotopic mass (in amu) % abundance
Ar-40 39.9624 ???
Ar-38 37.96272 0.064
Ar-36 35.96755 0.337
Calculate the relative abundance of Argon-
40.
Periodicity I 39
EXERCISE 09
A hypothetical element Nemopi, denoted with

Nm, has an average atomic mass of 16.1981 amu. It
has only two isotopes, Nm-15 and Nm-17, with
isotopic masses equal to 15.0330 and 16.9578 amu
respectively. Calculate the relative abundance of
each isotopes of Nm.

Periodicity I 40
QUANTUM NUMBERS
– describes the designation of how

electrons are distributed among various
orbitals in principal shells and
subshells

Periodicity I 41
QUANTUM NUMBERS
shell – each division of space around the

nucleus where electrons travel; also
called the main energy levels (n)
orbital – a particular region in space

around the nucleus where the
probability of finding the electron is
greatest Atomic Structure and
Periodicity I 42
QUANTUM NUMBERS
– set of numbers composed of:

 Principal Quantum Number, n
 Azimuthal Quantum Number, l
 Magnetic Quantum Number, ml
 Spin Quantum Number, ms

Periodicity I 43
QUANTUM NUMBERS
Principal Quantum Number, n

– gives the main energy and the size of an
orbital
– directly proportional to the energy of the
orbital and the distance of the electron to
the nucleus
– has the integral values 1, 2, 3, etc
Periodicity I 44
QUANTUM NUMBERS
The different main energy levels
Principal Quantum Number, n
n=7
n=1
Energy levels

Periodicity I 45
QUANTUM NUMBERS
Azimuthal Quantum Number, l

– also called as the angular momentum
number, defines the shape of the atomic
orbital and comprises the sublevels of
the principal quantum number

Periodicity I 46
QUANTUM NUMBERS

– has values related to n by the equation:
l<n–1
and can be 0, 1, 2, etc. (for n = 1, 2, 3, etc)

Periodicity I 47
QUANTUM NUMBERS

– has values designated by letters s, p, d
and f for l values equal to 0, 1, 2, and 3
respectively
Letter designations for azimuthal quantum number

Periodicity I 48
QUANTUM NUMBERS
The different shapes of an orbital ( Azimuthal Quantum
Number, l )
s orbital
p orbital
d orbital f orbital
Periodicity I 49
QUANTUM NUMBERS
Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

– describes the orientation of the
degenerate orbitals and has values from
–l to +l including zero

Periodicity I 50
QUANTUM NUMBERS

– ml values would be one for l = 0 (s
orbital)
(that is ml = 0;
one possible orientation)
one orientation
(s orbital) Atomic Structure and
Periodicity I 51
QUANTUM NUMBERS

– ml values would be three for l = 1
(p orbital)
(since ml = –1, 0 , +1;
three possible orientations)
three orientations
(p orbital)

Periodicity I 52
QUANTUM NUMBERS

– ml values would be five for l = 2 (d orbital)
(since ml = –2, –1, 0 , +1, +2)
five possible orientations!

Periodicity I 53
QUANTUM NUMBERS
five orientations
(d orbital)
Periodicity I 54
QUANTUM NUMBERS

– ml values would be seven for l = 3 (f orbital)
(since ml = –3, –2, –1, 0 , +1, +2, +3)
seven possible orientations!

Periodicity I 55
QUANTUM NUMBERS
seven orientations
(f orbital) Periodicity I 56
QUANTUM NUMBERS
Spin Quantum Number, ms

– defines the orientation of the electron in
an orbital
– values can either be +1/2 (for clockwise
or upward spin) or – 1/2 (for
counterclockwise or downward spin)

Periodicity I 57
EXERCISE 09
Which of the following set of quantum

numbers is plausible?
a. n = 3, l = 3, ml = 0, ms = -1/2
b. n = 4, l = 3, ml = +2, ms = -1/2
c. n = 4, l = 1, ml = -1, ms = +1/2
d. n = 3, l = 1, ml = +2, ms = -1

Periodicity I 58
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
– a designation of how orbitals are filled
with electrons
– gives the total number of electrons in a
completely-filled main energy level given
by the equation;
total electrons = 2n2

Periodicity I 59
– shows the valence and the core
electrons
valence electrons – outermost
electrons or those electrons on the
highest energy level (or n-value)
core electrons – the rest of the electrons

other than the valence electrons
Periodicity I 60
– shows the valence and the core
electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s2
core electrons = 18 e_s valence electrons = 2 e_s

Periodicity I 61
– can be written through the expanded or
the abbreviated form
expanded form – identifies all the
electrons of the atom

Periodicity I 62
abbreviated form – shows only the
noble gas element that is
isoelectronic with the configuration
of the core electrons and the valence
electrons
Periodicity I 63
expanded form: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
core electrons = 18 e_s valence electrons = 2 e_s
40[Ar] = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

since 18
40[Ar]
abbreviated form: 18 4s2
Periodicity I 64
– guided by the following principles
 Aufbau (or building block) Principle

 Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
 Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

Periodicity I 65
Aufbau (or building block) Principle
– in filling orbitals with electrons, orbitals
with the lowest energy is filled first
– guided by the (n + l) rule; where lower

sum is prioritized

Periodicity I 66
Aufbau (or building block) Principle
– the subshells contain different maximum
number of electrons depending on the
shape
no. of orientation total electrons
s orbital 1 (s) 2 e-s
p orbital 3 (px, py, pz) 6 e-s
d orbital 5 10 e-s
f orbital 7 14 e-s
Periodicity I 67
Hunds Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
– in filling degenerate orbitals with
electrons, each orbital is “half-filled”
with one electron each before they are
filled with any electrons in excess

Periodicity I 68
Hunds Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
– stability decreases from fully-filled to
half-filled orbitals to vacant orbitals

Periodicity I 69
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
– in filling orbitals with electrons, each
orbital is filled with electrons of opposite
spins
– implies that no two electrons can have
exactly the same set of quantum
numbers
Periodicity I 70
1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s s<2
2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p p<6
3d 4d 5d 6d 7d d < 10
4f 5f 6f 7f f < 14
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2

4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10….. Periodicity I 71
s block p block
(n) (n)
d block
(n-1)
f block
(n-2)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2
4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10….. Periodicity I 72
EXERCISE 10
Identify the set of quantum numbers for

the lone electron of hydrogen atom.
electronic
configuration orbital diagram

Periodicity I 73
EXERCISE 11

each electron of lithium atom.

Periodicity I 74
EXERCISE 12

the sixth electron of fluorine atom.

Periodicity I 75
EXERCISE 13
Write the (a) expanded and (b)

abbreviated electronic configuration of
indium, 49In. (c) How many valence electrons
does Indium have?

Periodicity I 76
EXERCISE 14
Write the (a) expanded and (b)

abbreviated electronic configuration of
phosphorus, 15P . (c) Identify the set of
quantum numbers for its last electron.

Periodicity I 77
EXERCISE 15
What is the set of quantum numbers for the

electron in the given orbital?
a. 2s2
b. 5d5
c. 3f9
d. 4p5

Periodicity I 78
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
Johann Dobereiner (1780–1849)
– the groups of three elements (or triads)
that have similar properties
ex. lithium, sodium and potassium
John Newlands
– expanded the group into eight elements
(or octaves) that have similar properties
Periodicity I 79
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907)
– enhances the work of
Newlands by successfully
proposing an arrangement
based on the increasing
atomic weight
– had similar works with
Lothar Meyer
Dmitri Mendeleev Periodicity I 80
– given much credit for
boldly predicting the
existence of
undiscovered elements
through blanks in his
table
Dmitri Mendeleev Periodicity I 81
Mendeleev’s
periodic table

Periodicity I 82
Henry Moseley (1887–1915)
– developed the concept of atomic number
and used it in arranging the periodic
table, two years after Rutherford’s
Nuclear Model of the atom
– proposed that physical and chemical
properties of elements vary periodically
with increasing atomic number
(Periodic Law) Periodicity I 83
PERIODIC TABLE: REVISITED
GROUPS
Modern
Periodic Table

Periodicity I 84
HALCOGENS NOBLE GASES
ALKALI METALS GROUPS
CHALCOGENS
ALKALINE-EARTH
Modern
Periodic Table

Periodicity I 85
PERIODS
Modern
Periodic Table

Periodicity I 86
TRANSITION
ELEMENTS
Modern
Periodic Table

Periodicity I 87
REPRESENTATIVE
ELEMENTS
Modern
Periodic Table

Periodicity I 88
s -BLOCK
Modern
Periodic Table

Periodicity I 89
p-BLOCK
Modern
Periodic Table

Periodicity I 90
d-BLOCK
Modern
Periodic Table

Periodicity I 91
Modern
Periodic Table
f-BLOCK
Periodicity I 92
PERIODIC TRENDS
– properties that varies through elements
down a group and across a period
A. Atomic Radius
– half the distance between two bonding
nuclei – implies the size of the
atom or molecule;
measured in Angstrom
o
units (A) Atomic Structure and
Atomic Radius Periodicity I 93
PERIODIC TRENDS
A. Atomic Radius
– decreases from left to right across a
period
– increases from top to bottom down a
group
Periodicity I 94
PERIODIC TRENDS
Atomic
Radius
values

Periodicity I 95
PERIODIC TRENDS
A1. Ionic Radius
– radius when an atom loses electron/s to
become a cation or accepts electron/s to
become an anion

Periodicity I 96
PERIODIC TRENDS
A1. Ionic Radius
– cations are smaller than their atom
counterparts; anion are larger than their
parent atom
– for ions carrying the same charge, ionic
radius increases down a group Atomic Structure and
Periodicity I 97
Ionic Radius
values Periodicity I 98
PERIODIC TRENDS
B. Ionization Energy, IE
– minimum energy required to release an
electron from a gaseous atom or ion to
become a cation
Ca(g) + IE  Ca + e + -
– usually positive since this is an added energy Atomic Structure and

Periodicity I 99
PERIODIC TRENDS
– can be first and second IE
Ca(g) + IE  Ca (g)
+ + e- 1st IE
Ca (g)
+ + IE  Ca (g)
2+ + e- 2nd IE
where 1st IE <<< 2nd IE Atomic Structure and

Periodicity I 100
PERIODIC TRENDS
– first ionization energy increases across a
period and decreases down a group

Periodicity I 101
Ionization Energy, IE
Ionization Energy and
atomic number
Ionization
Energy Values Atomic Structure and
Periodicity I 102
Ionization Energy, IE
Ionization
Energy Values Atomic Structure and
Periodicity I 103
PERIODIC TRENDS
C. Electron Affinity, EA
– energy change associated with the
addition of electron to a gaseous atom
Cl(g) +
e-  Cl(g) + EA
-
– usually negative since this a released

energy Atomic Structure and
Periodicity I 104
PERIODIC TRENDS
C. Electron Affinity, EA
– increases (becomes more negative) from
left to right of a period;
decreases (becomes more positive) from
top to bottom down a group
Periodicity I 105
Electron Affinity, EA
Electron Affinity and
atomic number
Electron Affinity Atomic Structure and

Values Periodicity I 106
PERIODIC TRENDS
D. Electronegativity
– ability of an atom to attract a shared pair
of electrons to itself
– related to an atom’s ionization energy
and electron affinity
Periodicity I 107
PERIODIC TRENDS
D. Electronegativity
– related to bond polarity
– increases from left to right across a
period; decreases from top to bottom
down a group
Periodicity I 108
Electronegativity
Electron Affinity Atomic Structure and

Values Periodicity I 109
PERIODIC TRENDS: Summarized
INCREASING electronegativity
INCREASING Atomic Radius

Periodicity I 110
PERIODIC TRENDS: Summarized
INCREASING Ionization Energy
INCREASING Electron Affinity

Periodicity I 111
EXERCISE 16
Arrange the following in descending ionic

radius: Be+2, Mg+2, Ca+2, and Sr+2?

Periodicity I 112
EXERCISE 17
Arrange the following in increasing

ionization energy: Ne, Na, P, Ar and K?

Periodicity I 113
EXERCISE 18
Arrange the following in increasing

electronegativity: O, Ca, P, F and Fr?

Periodicity I 114
EXERCISE 19
Locate the following hypothetical,
representative elements in the periodic table based
from the description given and arrange them in
ascending electronegativity:
E – a period 2, alkaline-earth metal
Ch – has only one proton
Ry – its atom has the last electron with a set of quantum numbers
2, 1, +1, -1/2
S – needs three more electrons to be isoelectronic with Ry
Mi – needs to lose three more electrons to be isoelectronic with Ry
T – its -1 anion has the last electron with a set of quantum numbers
3, 1, +1, -1/2
Periodicity I 115
REFERENCES
Brown, Lemay, Bursten, Murphy &

Woodward © 2012. Chemistry: The
Central Science (12th edition).
Prentice Hall: USA.
Chang, R. © 2010. Chemistry (10th edition).
McGraw-Hill: USA
REFERENCES
Petrucci, Herring, Madura & Bisonnette ©

2011. General Chemistry: Principles
and Modern Applications (10th
edition). Pearson: Canada.
Zumdahl, S. & Zumdahl, S. © 2012.
Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
(10 edition). Brooks Cole: USA
th

02 - Atomic Structure and Periodicity

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Atomic Structure and

Atomic Structure and

John Dalton Atomic Structure and

John Dalton Atomic Structure and

John Dalton Atomic Structure and

John Dalton Atomic Structure and

John Dalton Atomic Structure and

 Law of Definite (or Constant)

Atomic Structure and

 Law of Conservation of Mass*

Atomic Structure and

 Law of Multiple Proportions*

Atomic Structure and

A 455mg sample of magnesium is allowed

Atomic Structure and

A 100mg sample of magnesium yields

Atomic Structure and

The following data were collected for several

Show how these

Hydrazine, ammonia, and hydrogen azide all

Atomic Structure and

An image of the surface of silicon.

– when a high voltage was applied to the

Atomic Structure and

Atomic Structure and

The Plum-pudding Theory

Atomic Structure and

– states an atom has a dense center of

– the nucleus is composed of the

Atomic Structure and

Atomic Structure and

How many protons, neutrons, and

Atomic Structure and

Complete the table given below assuming

Atomic Structure and

Atomic Structure and

Atomic Structure and

Atomic Structure and

atomic massave = Ʃ (atomic massisotope x relative abundanceisotope)

Atomic Structure and

Atomic Structure and

Chlorine has two isotopes: chlorine-35

Three isotopes of argon contributed to its

A hypothetical element Nemopi, denoted with

Atomic Structure and

– describes the designation of how

Atomic Structure and

shell – each division of space around the

orbital – a particular region in space

– set of numbers composed of:

Atomic Structure and

Principal Quantum Number, n

Atomic Structure and

Azimuthal Quantum Number, l

Atomic Structure and

Azimuthal Quantum Number, l

Atomic Structure and

Azimuthal Quantum Number, l

Atomic Structure and

Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

Atomic Structure and

Magnetic Quantum Number, ml