ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

- Study of ​organic compounds

↳ compounds that contain​ c ​ arbon atoms​ excluding CO₂ ,

carbonates CO₃​-2 ​ , and carbonates C​-4

Properties

- Characteristics / attributes used to describe organic compounds

Properties based on the ​amount​ of organic compounds:

⭒ Intensive
- Does not depend on the amount of organic compound
- Eg​. temperature, color, density
⭒ Extensive
- Depends on the amount of organic compound

Based on the changes on the ​composition​ of organic compounds:

⭒ Physical
- Does not change the composition upon measurement
- Eg​. temperature, color, density, height, weight, volume
⭒ Chemical
- Changes the composition of the organic compound upon measurement
- Eg​. combustibility, biodegradability, biochemical oxygen bond

Composition

Refers to the study of the components that make an organic compounds

↳ elemental
↳ molecular

⭒ Qualitative
- Involves the study of the identity of the components of the organic
compound
⭒ Quantitative
- Involves the study of the relative amounts of the components

Transformation

Refers to the study of changes that the organic compound undergoes

⭒ Physical
- Change in state
 ⭒ Chemical
- Change in the way atoms are connected to each other
⭒ Nuclear
- Changes in the number of nuclear components (neutrons, ​protons​)
↳ equal to the atomic number
(determination of the identity of
elements)

History of Organic Chemistry

1800 Jacob Berzelius

- He classified substances according to organic and inorganic

Organic
- Substances found in living organisms
Inorganic
- Substances found in nonliving organisms
Eg​. metals, stone, minerals

Vitalism Theory
- Living organisms are necessary to make organic compounds

1816 Michael Chevruel

- Studied soap making and found out he can make many different
types of soap from one source of ​fatty material
↳ he was able to produce NEW
organic compounds without the
presence of living organisms

1828 Friedrich Wohhler

- Synthesized urea from ammonium cyanate
Ammonium Cyanate ⟶ Urea
​ O
​ ।
​ ​ (NH​4)​ ​+​ C ≡ N - O-​ ​ NH2​ ​ - C = NH​2
Inorganic
​ Organic
 1858 Auguste Kekule
- Discovered the structure of benzene
- He developed the structural theory

Classes of Organic Compounds

Functional Groups
- A collection of atoms that is responsible for specific reactions of a group of
organic compounds

1. Hydrocarbons R-H
↳ alkyl group

2. Alkyl Halides R-X

↓
​ Halogens / group VIIA ; X = F ; Cl, Br, I

3. Alcohol R - OH ​Water Derivative

Methanol Ethanol
4. Phenol ​Water Derivative

Benzene Ring

5. Ether R-O-R ​Water Derivative

Glucose

6. Aldehydes ​O ​Carbonyl Compounds

​ ‖
R-C-H

7. Ketones ​O ​Carbonyl Compounds

​ ‖
R-C-R

8. Amines R - NH​2 ​ ​Basic Organic Compounds

 9. Carbonyl Acid ​ O ​Basic Organic Compounds
​ ‖
R - C - OH

Lewis Structures

Lewis Gilbert (1916)

- Lewis Symbols
Representation of atoms using chemical symbols and dots around it to
represent valence electrons
- “The Atom and the Mole”

Bohr Model
- An atom consists of a magnetic center called ​nucleus​ a ​ nd electrons revolve around
it in fixed circular paths (the farther from the nucleus, the greater the e​- ​ energy)

- For representative elements (Group IV - Group VIIIA), the number of dots

corresponds to the group number
Lewis Structure
- Structures of compounds drawn using lewis symbols

Steps:
1. Calculate the total number of valence electrons
2. Connect the atoms making up the molecule
a. Fewer atoms are usually the center atoms (A)
b. Metals and more electropositive atoms are the central atoms (A)
c. Hydrogen and halogens are at the periphery
3. Count the number of valence electrons used in connecting the atoms
together and subtract the value from the total number of valence electrons
4. If there are excess electrons, distribute them to the atoms evenly
5. Count the electrons around each atom, and whether an octet of electrons is
satisfied

Octet Rule
- Atoms combine to have 8 electrons in their outermost shell
- Exemptions:
H 2 electrons

Be holds 4 electrons

B 6 electrons

Types of Chemical Bonds

1. Sigma Bond (σ)

- A bond that results from a ​head-on​ overlap
 2. Pi Bond (π)
- A bond that results from a ​side-to-side​ overlap

Orbital ​- space around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are found

Methane (1) C = 4e
CH​4 (4) H = 4e
-------
​ ​ 8e

Ethylene (2) C = 8e
C​2​H​4 (4) H = 4e
-------
​ 1​ 2e

Acetylene (2) C = 8e
C​2​H​2 (2) H = 2e
-------
​ ​10e

Carbon (1) C = 6e
Dioxide (3) O = 18e
CO​3​2- -------
​22e ​+ 2e
​ Total​ = 24e
 Resonance

- refers to the existence of 2 or more lewis structures for a chemical formula

- The true structure is a ​hybrid​ of the possible lewis structures

Formal Charges
- Charge of the atom in a molecule assuming that they have the same
electronegativity

VSEPR Theory
- Va​ lence ​Sh
​ ell E
​ l​ ectron​ ​P​air ​Re​ pulsion ​Theory

Methane
CH​4
AX​4

Ethylene
C​2​H​4
AX​3

Acetylene
C​2​H​2 AX​2
 Carbon
Dioxide AX​3
CO​3​2-

Ammonia
NH​3 AX​3

Propane
C​3​H​8
AX​4

Carbon atom
Atomic number = Number of protons
- A neutral carbon atom has 6 electrons

Electron Configuration
- Distribution of the electrons of atoms among the orbitals in the
ground state
↳ lowest electron state
​2 2 6 2 6
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

Increasing

Period
1 1s
2 2s 2p
3 3s 3p 3d
4 4s 4p 4f 4f
 Maximum Occupation

2 = ​s​ - 1 orbital 2px

6 = ​p​ ​ - 3 orbital 2py

10 = ​d​ - 5 orbital 2pz

6​C 1s 2s 2p

C + 4H = CH​4

1​ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
C 1s​2 2s​2 2px 2py 2pz
↳ capable of reacting with CH​4

- Excite electrons by heating of electrocuting the compound.

THIS DID NOT MAKE SENSE.

Hybridization of Atomic Mass

- Spherical in shape

Number of orbitals mixed = Hydrogen orbitals

1e​- 1e​- 1e​- 1e​- 1e​- 1e​- 1e​- 1e​-

⟹
2s 2px 2py 2pz sp​3 sp​3 sp​3 sp​3

1e​- 1e​- 1e​- 1e​- 1e​- 1e​- 1e​- 1e​-

⟹
sp sp 2p 2p sp​3 sp​3 sp​3 sp​3
Hybrid # of s # of p # of orbitals # of hybrid # of sigma
Orbital orbitals orbitals unused orbitals bonds
used used

sp​3 1 3 0 4 4

sp​2 1 2 1 3 3

sp​1 1 1 2 2 2

Hybrid # of pi Molecular Bond angle % of s Example

Orbital bonds geometry character

sp​3 0 AX​4 109.5° 25% CH​4

Tetrahedral

1 AX​3 120° 33% C​2​H​4

2
sp​ Trigonal
planar

sp​1 2 AX​2 180° 50% C​2​H​2

linear