Solution Manual for Chemistry in Focus A Molecular

View of Our World 6th Edition by Nivaldo J Tro ISBN

1305084470 9781305084476
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CHAPTER 6

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS:

1. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds.

2. Carbon is a unique element because it can form four strong covalent bonds. Carbon, unlike
most elements, can also bond to itself repeatedly, as well as to other elements. The combination
of these properties leads to an almost infinite number of variations of different carbon-based
structures based on chains, rings, branches, and even three-dimensional frameworks.

3. Four bonds adopt a tetrahedral geometry round the carbon atom.

4.
a) table salt inorganic
b) sugar organic
c) copper inorganic
d) diamond inorganic
e) gold inorganic f)
vegetable oil organic

5. Vitalism became a popular belief because scientists were unsuccessful in preparing organic
compounds. Thus, it was thought that living systems possessed some mysterious “vital” force
which enabled organisms to synthesize them.

6. The notion of vitalism prevailed until 1828 until Fredrich Wöhler synthesized the organic
compound urea, thereby proving that this mystical “vital” force was not in fact necessary to
synthesize organic compounds.

54 54
7.
a) Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen.
b) Functionalized hydrocarbons are hydrocarbon molecules that contain an atom or group of
atoms of a different element or elements. These functional groups confer very different
properties on the molecule; compounds containing the same functional groups tend to have
similar characteristic properties.

8.
alkane CnH2n+2
alkene CnH2n
alkyne CnH2n–2

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Chapter 6Chemistry in Focus, 6th edition Instructor’s Manual Tro

9.
Stuctural formula for pentane Condensed structural formula

H H H H H
terminal
H C C C C C H carbon CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 methyl group

H H H H H methylene group
interior
carbon

10. Four common fuels are as follows:

methane CH4
propane CH3CH2CH3
butane CH3CH2CH2CH3
octane CH3(CH2)6CH3

11. As the chain length increases, the boiling point of the alkane increases.

12. Saturated means literally saturated with bonds so no more atoms can be added to the molecule.
Saturated hydrocarbons are alkanes, which contain no double or triple bonds. Unsaturated
hydrocarbons are capable of having bonds added to them, and are characterized by containing
multiple bonds. Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated because they contain multiple bonds,
which can be opened up and additional single bonds formed.

13. Two important properties of alkanes are their flammability and nonpolar nature.

14. As a rule, we can say that like molecules attract like molecules, and unlike molecules repel
each other. Water is a very polar molecule and owes many of its properties to hydrogen
bonding. Oil, on the other hand, is a nonpolar molecule. Therefore, water molecules attract each
other strongly but reject oil molecules and, since oil is less dense than water, oil forms a layer
on the surface of the water.

15. 2 C4H10 + 13 O2 = 8 CO2 + 10 H2O

16. propene
H H H
H C C C H
H
propyne
H
H C C C H
H
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Chapter 6Chemistry in Focus, 6th edition Instructor’s Manual Tro

17. Ethylene is a natural ripening agent for fruit. Ethylene is also the most important monomer in
the production of polymers like polyethylene. Acetylene is a fuel used in welding torches.

18. Isomers are molecules having the same molecular formula (i.e. the same atoms), but in
different arrangements. For example, C2H6O is the molecular formula for both ethanol,
CH3CH2OH, and dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3. In ethanol, the O atom is attached to the C as a
hydroxyl (-OH) group, whereas in the ether, the O atom is bonded between two C atoms.
Isomers can have very different properties as a result.

19. The short answer is no, isomers do not have the same properties. Depending on the type of
isomer and the degree of difference in the atomic arrangements, variations in properties can
vary from slight to dramatic. Isomers of hydrocarbons will be characterized by slightly
different boiling points. On the other hand, ethanol and dimethyl ether, which are isomers, (see
question 18), have very different physical and chemical properties.
20.
a) alkane CnH2n+2 CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3

b) alkene CnH2n CH2=CH2

CH33CH=CH
CH CH=CH2
2

c) alkyne CnH2n-2 HC CH
CH3C CH

d) aromatic R C6H6
C6H5CH3

e) chlorinated R-Cl CH3Cl

hydrocarbon CH3CH2Cl

f) alcohol R-OH CH3OH

CH3CH2OH

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Chapter 6Chemistry in Focus, 6th edition Instructor’s Manual Tro

21.
O O O
a) aldehyde
R CH CH3 CH CH3CH2 CH

O O O
b) ketone
R C R CH3 C CH3 CH3CH2 C CH3

c) carboxylic acid O O O
R C OH CH3 C OH CH3CH2 C OH

O O O
d) ester
R C OR CH3 C OCH3 CH3CH2 C OCH3

e) ether R O R CH3 O CH3 CH3CH2 O CH3

R CH3 CH3
f) amine R N R CH3 N H CH3CH2 N H

22.
a) dye aromatics
b) fuel hydrocarbon
c) perfume ester
d) refrigerant chlorofluorocarbons
e) insecticide chlorinated hydrocarbon
f) illicit drug amine

23. DDT, a chlorinated hydrocarbon, is an effective insecticide and is relatively nontoxic to

humans. However, many insects became resistant to DDT rendering it ineffective. DDT’s
excellent chemical stability became a liability. DDT became concentrated in the soil and
eventually moved up the food chain killing fish and birds, including iconic species such as the
bald eagle.

24. Chlorofluorocarbons are hydrocarbons in which all the H atoms have been replaced by Cl and
F atoms. The main commercial applications were as propellants and refrigerants.
Chlorofluorocarbons are characterized by being very stable and unreactive, which made them
extremely attractive for numerous applications. However, this terrestrial stability rendered them
a threat to the stability of the upper atmosphere. CFCs survive the long journey to the upper
atmosphere intact, whereupon the C-Cl bonds were finally broken upon exposure high- energy
UV sunlight. Reactive chlorine atoms released by this process proceeded to catalyze the

58 58
Chapter 6Chemistry in Focus, 6th edition Instructor’s Manual Tro

decomposition of countless ozone molecules, causing holes to appear in the protective ozone
layer.

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Chapter 6Chemistry in Focus, 6th edition Instructor’s Manual Tro

25. Ethanol functions as a depressant on the central nervous system. Excessive alcohol
consumption can lead to loss of coordination, unconsciousness, and even death.

26. One treatment for the ingestion of methanol is the consumption of ethanol. The liver
preferentially metabolizes ethanol while methanol can be removed in the urine.

27. Due to its toxicity to bacteria, formaldehyde is used as a preservative of biological specimens.

28. Acrolein is found in foods. It has a distinctive sharp and biting taste or odor. This flavor is
found in caramelized sugar.

29. Benzaldehyde is found in oil of almond, and cinnamaldehyde is found in cinnamon.

30. Acetone is found in fingernail polish remover.

31. 2-heptanone is found in oil of cloves. Ionone is found in raspberries. Butanedione is found in
butter and body odor. Butanedione is released as a waste product when bacteria attack sweat
fluid.

32. Carboxylic acids have a distinctive sour taste and are typically found in citrus fruits, vinegar
and other foodstuffs with tart flavors. Examples include acetic acid, the active component in
vinegar; citric acid, which causes the sour taste in lemons, limes and oranges; lactic acid, which
gives tartness to pickles and sauerkraut.

33. Ethyl butyrate is found in pineapples. Methyl butyrate is found in apples. Ethyl formate is
found in artificial rum flavor. Benzyl acetate is a component of oil of jasmine.

34. The repellant smell of an amine is associated with rotten fish; amines are found in decaying
flesh.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS:

35.

36.
H H H

H C C C H

H H H

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Chapter 6Chemistry in Focus, 6th edition Instructor’s Manual Tro

37.

38.

39.

40.
There are eighteen isomers for octane. Any three isomers must have the same molecular
formulas but different structures (different IUPAC names.)

H
H H H H H H H H H C H

H C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H

H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C H

H H H H H H H
H
H C H
H H H H H

H C C C C C C H
H H H H H
H C H
H

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Chapter 6Chemistry in Focus, 6th edition Instructor’s Manual Tro

41. n – heptene

Two additional isomers are possible by only shifting the double bond for a total ofthree.

42. n-octyne

Three additional isomers are possible by shifting the triple bond for a total of four.
43.
a) 2-methylbutane
b) 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane
c) 2,4-dimethylhexane
d) 2,2-dimethylpentane

44.
a) 3-ethylhexane
b) 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane
c) 3-methylpentane
d) 2,3-dimethylbutane

45.
a) 2-butene
b) 4-methyl-2-pentene
c) 2-methyl-3-hexene

46.
a) 2-hexene
b) propene
c) 4-methyl-1-hexene

47.
a) propyne
b) 3-hexyne
c) 4-ethyl-2-hexyne

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Chapter 6Chemistry in Focus, 6th edition Instructor’s Manual Tro

48.
a) 2-pentyne
b) ethyne (more commonly known as acetylene)

49.
a) 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane
b) 4,6-dimethyl-1-heptene
c) 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyne
50.
a) 3-ethyl-4-methyloctane
b) 3,3-dimethyl-4-heptene
c) 5-ethyl-6-methyl-2-octyne

51.
a) CH3 b) CH3 c) H3C CH3

CH3CHCH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCHCH3

CH3
d) CH3CHCHCH2CH2CH3
CH2CH3
52.
a) CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 b) CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
CH2CH3 CH3
CH3
c) CH3CHCHCHCH2CH2CH3 d) CH3CHCH2CH2CHCH2CH3
CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3

53.
C2 H5

CH3 CH=CHCH2 CH2 CH3

63 63
Chapter 6Chemistry in Focus, 6th edition Instructor’s Manual Tro

54.

55. Butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3

56. Propane: CH3CH2CH3

57.
a) ether
b) chlorinated hydrocarbon
c) amine
d) aldehyde

58.
a) ketone
b) alcohol
c) ester
d) alkene

59.
a) carboxylic acid
b) aromatic hydrocarbon
c) alcohol
d) amine

60.
a) chlorinated hydrocarbon
b) ester
c) ether
d) carboxylic acid

61. Propanol is a polar molecule due to the presence of the -OH functional group. Propane is a
hydrocarbon, a nonpolar molecule. The attractive forces between polar molecules are stronger
than those between nonpolar molecules, and so polar molecules separate into the gas phase less
easily than nonpolar molecules.

62. Ethanol is a polar molecule due to the presence of the -OH functional group. Ethane is a
hydrocarbon, a nonpolar molecule. The attractive forces between polar molecules are stronger
than those between nonpolar molecules, and so polar molecules separate into the gas phase less
easily than nonpolar molecules.

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Chapter 6Chemistry in Focus, 6th edition Instructor’s Manual Tro

SOLUTIONS TO POINTS TO PONDER

63. – 68. Answers will vary.

69. The formula CH3CH2CH3 cannot mean the structure shown because that would mean that most
of the H atoms are bonded to more than one atom. Since H only forms one bond, this would
be impossible.

SOLUTIONS TO FEATURE PROBLEMS:

70.
a) methanol water soluble
b) pentane insoluble in water
c) hexachloroethane insoluble in water
d) propanol water soluble

71. ethyl alcohol – CH3CH2OH

water – H2O

diisopropylyamine –

65 65
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Kemmercheen, 318
Kerbela, 271
Kerbelai, 387
Kermanshah, 109
cheapness of, 112
Kerman shawls, 162
wine, 235
Kerrij, 27
Kerrind, 126
Khana Zinyūn, 225, 351
Khan Wakeel, 243
Khedkhoda, a, 268
Kherrah, 393
Khona Khora, 260
Khonsar, 131
Khosro Mirza, 203, 205, 217
Khyat, a, 191
“King Panther,” 45
King’s palace, 49
poet, 51
relative, 90
Kishmish wine, 159
Kit for Persia, 3
Knitting socks, 142
Kōhrūd Pass, the, 384
Kola, the, 320
Mūschir, 222
Kolajah, 318
Konar Khora, 356
Koom (or Kūm), 387
Koomishah (or Kūmishah), 268
famine at, 254
Koordi tobacco, 33
Koran reading, 337
Kosh gūzeran, 223
Kossid, a, 355
Kotol, a, 282
Kotul Dokter, 349
Peri Zun, 350
Kotuls, the, 349
Kūh Sufi, 162
Kūm, 387
Kūmishah, 357
Kumrahs, 230
Kūrdi bread, 336
Kurrachee, 344
Kūrsi, 138
Kūrūk, the custom of, 370
Kuttl-i-aum, or general massacre, 272

Lady patients, 38
Shiel, 154
La Fontaine, M., 7
Lake Jeukjar, 18
Lallahs, 326
Law, teachers of the, 338
as to cheques, 239
muleteers, 382
Lawn-tennis, 369
Laying carpets, mode of, 152
Lazarist Fathers, 165
Led horses, 56
Lemur, 343
Letter, a Persian, 289
Lighted charcoal, mode of producing, 390
Lika-ul-Molk, 270
Lilium candidum, 173
Lilliane, 131
Lily, painting the, 173
Linga, 345
Lion and Sun, Order of, 258
country, 351
cubs, 222
the tame, 306
Lioness, story of a, 350
Lisbon, 341
Little bishop, 158
Living, cost of, 186
Lizards, 93
Lodahs, 231
Lost arts, 162
Lottery, Indian, 340
Lutf-Ali-Khan, 264
Lūti-pūti, 239
Lūtis, 306
Lying, 315

Macheelah plain, 347

Madame O⸺, 340
Mad dog, 83
Magazine rifle, 224
Mahomed Ali, 19
Mahomed’s pigeon, 94
Mahommed Ali Khan, 146
Houssein Khan, 19
Major S⸺, 208
Major’s dervish, the, 42
Major St. John, 350
Maker of antiquities, 201
Malek Mahommed Beg, 329
Malekneas Khan, 126
Managing Persians, 179
Man nailed to post, 112
nurse, 276
Manuring, 174
Marching by night, 353
in Persia, 413
March to Shiraz, 206
Mardiros, Kashish, 141
Mare, I buy a, 349
Marg, 269
“Marjahn,” 302
Marnūn, 364
Marriage of Armenian priests, 141
Martyr, a, 154
Mary’s flower, 173
Mashallah, 290
Masreh, 396
Mast, 171
Master of ceremonies, 49
of the mint, 369
Matting, varieties of, 197
Maxūd Beg, 268, 357
Mayar, 357
McGowan, Sergeant, 384
McIntyre, Sergeant, 357
McL⸺, Sergeant, 386
“Meana bug,” the, 26, 217
Medical missionary, 163
practice, 182
Medresseh, 338
at Ispahan, 196
Mehdi, 317
Mejdabad, 388
Melons, 169, 311
Memorial to Sergeant Collins, 295
Merand, 115
Merchants, 188
Meshed carpets, 149
Meshedi, 387
Aga Jan, 224
Mesrop, priest, 140
Milking sheep, 389
Millingen, Dr., 7
Minarets, the Shaking, 361
Minor crops, 174
Mir-achor, the, 103
Mirza Abdul Wahab, 145
Ali Akbar, 244
Hassan Ali Khan, C.I.E., 225, 242
Mahmoud, 271
Naim, 272
Zeynal Abdeen, 125
Missionary, American, 330
church, 165
medical, 163
M⸺, M., 210
Moallim, a, 337
Mob of boys, 393
Mocha coffee, 298
Modakel, 66, 81
Modern college, 338
Mohurrim, 279
Mokhlis caravanserai, 182
Mole crickets, 216
Money table, 63
Mongoose, 303
Monk, the, 159
Monteforte, Count, 371
Month of fasting, 284
mourning, 279
Moollah, Hadji Ali Akbar, 229
Moonshee, the, 81
Mordecai, tomb of, 75
Morning rides, 64
Mortar, blowing from, 203
Mortaza Ali, plane of, 364
Moscow, 211
Mosque, interior of, 197
I put up in a, 131
ruined, 177
sleepers in, 197
tile, 197
Mosquitoes, 340
Mote and beam, picture of, 161
Mother, the, 314
Mothers-in-law, 326
Motummad-ul-Molk, 271
Mouth cloth, 132
M. P⸺, 331
M. Schwab, 401
Mr. Ayrton, 5
Mud as mourning, 126
Muggerpir, 344
Mule-buying, 127
Mules, bargaining for, 381
worn out, 193
Muleteers’ manners, 381
ponies, 347
Mūllas, 198
Mūllavi, the, 380
Mumbar, 197
Munjil, 399
Mūrb ab, 401
Mūrchicah, 374
Murder of a Syud, 265
Mūrghab, 355
carpets, 151
Mūschir, 240, 257
bastinadoed, 271
Mūschir’s coachman, 352
life attempted, 271
Mūschir-ul-Molk, 270
Mūshtaheds, 188
Musical amateur, a, 312
Musicians, 114
and singers, 91
Musjid-i-Shah Ispahan, 135
Mussulman converts, 164
My cornet-playing, 71
Myedesht, 126
My first horse, 62
“hold-all,” 55
house in Julfa, 206
landlord, 360
road, 363
Mystery of a Persian traveller, 225

Naib-ul-Ayalut, 120
Naksh, 131, 325
Naksh-i-Rūstam, 119
Name of God in conversation, 290
Houssein, 281
Nammad carpets, 152
coats, 152
Narghil, 30
Narrow escape, 203
Nastorange, 309
Natanz, 373
Native agents, 71
bits, 54, 329
Natural hot bath, 348
Needlework, 334
New coinage, 371
year, 48
festival, 51
presents, 379
Night marching, 353
Nishan, the, 250
Nose rings, 323
Nawalla, 103
Nude dervish, 43
Nummud, 40
Nun, cruelty to a, 140
expelled, 163
Nunnery, 139, 163
scandals at, 140
school, 140, 163
Nuns, 163
prayers of the, 139

O⸺, Madame, 340

Odd disorders, 65
Odling, Dr., 351
Oil lamps, 75
paintings, 377
Old Woman, pass of the, 350
Omar, ridicule of, 283
Omen, mode of taking, 277
Omens, 277
Opera at Moscow, 211
Opium, 180
adulteration of, 180
collecting the, 173
eater, an, 380
eating, 181
packing, 181
 preparation, 180
Orcheeni, 269
Ordinary executions, 202
Orphanage at Shiraz, 253
Orphans, fate of, famine, 253
Orūssēe, 57
Our cook, 379
telegraph staff, a grievance of, 133
Out-door costume of women, 325
Oysters at Kurrachee, 345

P⸺, Mr., 70, 225

Packing opium, 181
Pah Chenar, 397
Painters, 200
Painting, 333
the eyebrows, 327
the face, 41
the lily, 173
Paintings in cathedral, 160
Palaces, summer, 372
Palgrave, Mr. Gifford, 212
Pane, 302
Paraphrase, a, 285
Partridges sold alive, 221
tame, 308
Pass of the Old Woman, 350
of the Virgin, 350
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Patient, a grandee, 243
Peacocks, 376
Pehliwans, 98
Pera, 8
Perhan, 322
Peri-bazaar, 210, 401
Persepolis, Ussher on, 217
Persian cat, 305
character, 314
cleanliness of the, 316
colonel, 80
consul, 15
costume, 317
court, 49
cuisine, 290
dinner, 91
drunkards, 141
Gulf to Ispahan, 347
justice, 121, 295
letter, 289
lying, 60
medicine, 33
opium, 181
patients, 64
prince, dinner with a, 114
home of a, 113
proverb, 123
Relief Committee, 252
roads, 22
sick-room, 244
singers, 114
tea, 16
woodcut (in facsimile), 287
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Petrovsk, 404
Phantom cheese, tale of the, 172
Pharaoh and the magicians, 378
and the Red Sea, 378
Photography, 331
Pickles, 171
Pictures, the bishop’s, 159
Pierson, Capt. W.H., R.E., 32, 56, 269
death of his horse, 61
Pierson’s house, 57
stud, 61
Pigeon-fanciers, 95
flying, 95
ornaments, 96
shooting, 129
towers, 130
Pigeons, breeds of, 94
in kanāats, 129
Pig, wild, 177
Pig’s flesh, 179
“Pig-sticking,” 176
“Pip,” 347
Pipe at departure, 16
Pipes, details about, 29
Piræus, 212
Plane trees, 196
of Mortaza Ali, 364
Plaster work, 39
“Pocrat,” 82
Poetry, 285
at schools, 338
quoting of, 288, 338
to produce sleep, 286
Pole-buying, 80
Police, new, at Teheran, 371
Politeness of Zil-es-Sultan, 366
Pollak, Dr., 182
Pomegranates, 310
Poosseen Afghan, 319
Poppies, 173
Porcupines in kanāats, 129
Pork as an aphrodisiac, 399
wild, 179
Port Said, 342
Post, a man nailed to a, 112
Post-house, a night in a, 25
Post-houses, interior, 25
Posting, rate of, 328
rules for, 24, 259
Post-stages, length of, 23
Potatoes, a novelty, 170
Potters, 191
Preparation of opium, 180
Presentations at court, 151
Present of an arm-chair, 123
a fig, 179
 sweetmeats, 111
Price of Persian opium, 181
provisions, 187
Prideaux, Colonel, 346
Priests, Armenian, 197, 199, 363
Primitive forms of church, 140
Prince’s flirtations, 280
hakim-bashi, 145
physician, 145
Prison, dispensary over the, 182
Prisoners, 199
Procrastination, 315
Property, 120
Proverb, a Persian, 123
Provincial grandee, 89
Provisions, price of, 187
Pseudo-masonry, 124
Public at a tazzia, 280
Pulad, 332
Pul-i-Dellak, 388
Pul-i-Kojū, 195
Pulpit, 197, 279
Punishment of “the sticks,” 146
Put up in a mosque, 131

Quail-shooting, 90
Quarantine, 4
Quarters at Julfa, 206
Quinces, 170, 310
Quinine, 70
a general taking of, 398
Quotation of poetry, 288

Racecourse at Ispahan, 364

Races at Teheran, 214
Rahim Khan, 73
Railway, Moscow to Petersburg, 211
Rain, 175
Ramazan, fast of the, 284
Rammals, 120
Rams, fighting, 308
Raphael, a suspicious, 161
Rawlinson, Sir H., 109
Reading poetry, 145
Real ancient relic, 80
Red tape, 317
Réflet Métallique, 191
Relations of master and servant, 326
Religion of people, 339
teachers of, 338
Religious affectation, 285
toleration, 339
Removal of ancient building, 364
Repudiation, a, 273
Resht, 210
embroideries, 333
Resht-i-Behesht, 226
Respect to parents, 314
Rev. R. B⸺, 340
Riding-trousers, Persian, 322
Ring, a curious, 376
Ripsimeh, St., 160
Rise of the Zenda Rūd, 194
River Kara Sū, 108
Road-cooking, 107
Road to Shiraz, 217
Roads in Turkey, 213
want of, 248
Robber-chief, 264
Robbers, 263
alarm of, 130
fate of, 269
fight amongst, 265
Rock sculptures, 119
Rodolphe, 162
Roman Catholic Armenians, 166
Rookhnabad, 218
Rookhni, spring of, 241
Room-fellow, a would-be, 246
Roseh-Khana, 283
Rose-water, 309
Ross, Colonel, 346
Rotten Row of Shiraz, 219
Row at the bath, 71
Royal bounty, 51
edict, 63
farrashes, 51
firman, 257
ornaments, 50
Rūbandah, 334
Rūdbar, 399
Rudeness of Zil-es-Sultan, 367
Ruhdesht, 176
Ruined bazaar, 200
mosque, 177
Running footmen, 370
Russian bread, 18
cigarettes, 340
goods, 373 (Appendix D.)
Russian passengers, 10
post-house, 13
steamer, 9
subjects in Persia, 159
wines, 10
Rūstumabad, 209

S⸺, Captain, 179

S⸺, Colonel, 208
S⸺, Mr., 340, 385
Saadi, a moral tale of, 277
at schools, 338
 tomb of, 278
Sacred trees, 364
Sacrifice of an ox, 258
Saddle-bags, 22
Saddle for riding post, 4
St. George’s church, 143
St. J⸺, Captain, 225
St. John, Major, 350
St. Michael, picture of, 158
Saint, shrine of a, 362
Salaam, the, 51
Salt lake, 247
marsh, 393
Samovar, 311
Sana, 108
Sanctuary, 137
Sang, 334
Sangak bread, 334
Sarhang, the, 80
Sau-sau-Rac, 274
Scandals at nunnery, 140
Scars on horses, 61
Scenery in North Persia, 397
School discipline, 337
Schools, 163
Schwab, Mr., 401
Scorpions, 249
stings of, 249
suicide of, 249
varieties of, 249
Sealing, 184
Seals, 184
Securing doors, mode of, 142
Segah, the, 326
Seidūn, 260
Sergeant Collins, 293
Hockey, 127
Sergipatoffski, Mr., 214
Serrum-u-Dowlet, 112
Servants, 67
honesty of, 313
posting, 260
wages, 67
Severe governors, 206
Shah Abbas the Great, 161, 390
bribing the, 271
Paleng, 45
the, 50, 370
Shah’s tower, 402
Shahtirs, 370
Shaking Minarets, the, 361
Sharp ride, a, 208
Shashgird, 389
Shawls, 274
Sheep, 175