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Chapter 7
qo B
7.1 Eq. (7.1): Se = A1 A2
Es
Df = 1.2 m; H = 3 m; B = 1.5 m; L = 3 m
H 3 L 3 Df 1.2
= = 2; = = 2; = = 0.8
(150)(1.5)
Se = (0.69)(0.95) = 0.246 m = 246 m
600
L 4.6 H
7.2 m = = = 1.53; n = = =
B 3 B 1.5
2 2
1 − s
s 1 2
1 − 0.3
Df 2 B 3
= = 0.67; = = 0.652 . Table 7.4: If 0.785
55
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B 3 L 4.6
1− s
2
1 − 0.32
S = q (B) I I = (180)(4 1.5) (0.669)(0.785)
e o
Es s f 8500
= 0.0607 m = 60.7 mm
56
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1 − 2s
7.3 Eq. (7.4): S e = qo (B ) I I
Es s f
B 3
B = = = 1.5 m ; qo = 180 kN/m2; s = 0.3; = 4
2 2
L 4.6 H 3
m = = = 1.53; n = = =2
B 3 B 3
2 2
Df 5 B
= = 1.67; = 0.652 . Table 7.4: If 0.62
B 3 L
1− 0.32
Se = (180)(4 1.5) (0.34)(0.62) = 0.024 m = 24 mm
8500
1 − 2s
7.4 Eqs. (7.4) and (7.12): Se = 0.93qo (B) II
Es s f
2 B 1.91 B 1.91
2 2
1 − s 1 − 0.3
s 1 2
Df 0.76
D = 0.76 m; = = 0.4; B = 1.91 = 0.626 . Table 7.4: I 0.848
57
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f f
B 1.91 L 3.05
1.91 1− 0.3
2
S e = (0.93)(144) 4 (0.611)(0.848) = 0.0109 m = 10.9 mm
2 22,080
58
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1 − 2s
7.5 Eqs. (7.4) and (7.12): S e = 0.93qo (B) II
Es s f
2.1 2.1 12
B = = 1.05 m; m = = 1; n = = 12.43
2 2.1 2.1
2
1 − s 1 − 0.4
s 1 2
Df 1.5 B
= 0.4; = = 0.71; = 1. Table 7.4: I 0.74
s f
B 2.1 L
1− 0.42
Se = (0.93)(230)(4 1.05) (0.523)(0.74) = 0.0183 m = 18.3 mm
16,000
qo = 190 kN/m2
Eo 9000
= = = 11.54
kBe (500)(1.56)
H = 2 = 1.28
Be 1.56
From Figure 7.6 for = 11.54 and H/Be = 1.28, the value of IG = 0.68.
Eq. (7.18):
59
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π 1
IF = +
4
fE
2t
3
4.6 + 10
Eo + Be k Be
2
π 1
= + = 0.788
4
15 106 (2)(0.23) 3
4.6 + 10
1.56
9000 + 1.56 (500)
2
Eq. (7.19):
1
IE = 1−
B
3.5exp (1.22 s − 0.4) e + 1.6
D
f
1
= 1− = 0.917
3.5exp[(1.22)(0.4) − 0.4] 1.56 + 1.6
1
Eq. (7.17):
Se =
qo Be I G I F I E
Eo
(
1 − 2s = )
(190)(1.56)(0.68)(0.788)(0.917)
9000
(1 − 0.42 )
= 0.0136 m 13.6 mm
e s
Eo
qo = 150 kN/m2
2
4B 2 = (4)(3) = 3.385 m
Be =
60
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Eo 16,000
= = = 11.82
kBe (400)(3.385)
61
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H 20
= = 5.91
Be 3.385
π 1
IF = +
4
E 2t 3
4.6 + 10
f
Eo + Be k Be
2
π 1
= + = 0.815
4
15 10 6 (2)(0.25) 3
4.6 + 10
16,000 + 3.385 (400) 3.385
2
1
IE = 1−
B
3.5exp (1.22 s − 0.4) e + 1.6
D
f
1
= 1− = 0.923
3.5exp[(1.22)(0.3) − 0.4] 3.385 + 1.6
1.5
1 −0.3 2
S = (150)(3.385)(0.89)(0.815)(0.923) = 0.0193 m = 19.3 mm
e
16,000
z1 L 3.05
Eq. (7.23): = 0.5 + 0.0555 −1 = 0.5 + 0.0555 −1 = 0.533
62
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B B 1.91
63
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qo = q − q = 144 kN/m2
z1 = (0.533)(1.91) = 1.02 m
144
I z(m) = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.71
32.18
z2 L 3.05
Eq. (7.24): = 2 + 0.222 −1 = 2 + 0.222 −1 = 2.13
B B 1.91
z2 = (2.13)(1.91) = 4.07 m
Depth z Es Iz
2 Iz ( z)
(m) (m) (kN/m ) Es
Iz
Eq. (7.20): Se = C1C2 (q − q) (z)
Es
qo = q − q = 144 kN/m2
q 13.74
C = 1 − 0.5 = 1 − 0.5 = 0.952; C 1
q −q
1 2
144
64
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7.9 Iz = 0.2 @ z = 0
B 1.91
Iz = 0.6 @ z = = = 0.955 m
2 2
L 3.05 = 4.596 m
Iz = 0 @ z2 = 2B 1 + log = (2)(1.91) 1 + log
B 1.91
Iz
Depth (m) z (m) Es (kN/m2) Iz (z)
Es
+
0 0.6
0 – z1 = 0 – 0.955 0.955 22,080 = 0.3 0.12976 10-4
2
0.6 + 0
z1 – z2 = 0.955 – 4.596 3.641 22,080 = 0.3 0.4947 10-4
2
∑0.62446 10-4
z2 Iz
Eq. (7.29): Se = Cd (q − q) (z)
0 Es
Df 0.76
= = 0.398 ; Cd 0.89 (Table 7.6)
B 1.91
168
I z(m) = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.653
72
See the figure on the next page for the strain influence factor diagram.
65
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Note: [Es = 3.5qc – Eq. (7.26)].
Iz
Depth (m) z (m) Es (kN/m2) Average Iz Es
(z)
Iz
Se = C1C2 (q − q) (z) = (0.92)(1.4)(195 − 27)(0.000354)
Es
= 0.0766 m = 76.6 mm
Df 1.5
= = 0.6 ; Table 7.6: Cd 0.84
B 2.5
Eq. (7.29):
z2 Iz
Se = Cd (q − q) (z) = (0.84)(168)(0.0002376) = 0.0335 m = 33.5 m
0 Es
Note: qc is in MN/m2.
67
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(qc z) (1.75)(2) +(3.45)(6) +(2.9)(2)
= = 3 M N/m2
z2 10
0.1 365 10
Settlement = (0.02) (10) log = 0.0237 m = 23.7 mm
3 1
B = 1.52 m; Se = 25 mm.
0.91 0.91
Fd = 1 + 0.33 = 1 + (0.33) = 1.198
1.52 1.52
2
12 1.52 +0.3 25
q = (1.198) = 257.63 kN/m
2
net
0.08 1.52 25
0.75
B
z
7.13 Eq. (7.40): = 1.4
BR BR
0.75
1
z = (1.4)(0.3) = 1.036
0.3
2
L
68
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1.25 B q
0.7
S
B
Eq. (7.41): e
=
1 2 3
L
BR 0.25 + BR pa
B
69
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Another random document with
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common task. Under such conditions, and especially when the
utmost expedition was required, the collective work could not help
showing signs of the many and variously skilled hands that had been
employed upon it. Even with the Greeks, and even, which is still
more to the point, with the Athenians of the age of Pericles,
something of the same kind is to be noticed. The frieze of that
temple of Pallas, which is, perhaps, the most carefully wrought
creation of human hands, is not all equally fine in execution. Some
parts show the work merely of a skilful carver, while before others we
feel that here has been the hand of the great master himself, that the
play of the chisel has been governed by the brain that traced the
original sketch and thought out the whole marvellous conception.
And these differences are still more obvious in the great
compositions turned out so rapidly by Assyrian sculptors. Examine at
your leisure the long series of pictures from a single palace that hang
on the walls of the British Museum—the only place where such a
comparison is possible—and you will be astonished at the inequality
of their execution. Among those taken from a single room some are
far better than others. Here and there we find figures that seem to
have been touched upon and corrected by an experienced artist,
while their immediate neighbours are treated in a soft and hesitating
fashion. Curiously enough the figures representing enemies are, as
a rule, very roughly modelled; sometimes they are hardly more than
blocked out. It seems as if they wished, from the beginning, to have
no mistake as to relative dignity between the soldiers of Assur and
those men of inferior race whom they condescended to slay.[122]
Fig. 47.—Sennacherib before Lachish, British Museum.
From an unpublished drawing by Félix Thomas.
A hurried artist repeats himself deliberately. Repetition spares
him the fatigue of reflection and invention. The Assyrians loved to
represent processions. Sometimes these consist of the king’s
servants carrying the ensign of royalty behind him (Vol. I. Figs. 22,
23, and 24); sometimes of priests carrying the images of the gods
(Vol. I. Figs. 13 and 14); but more often of war chariots, cavalry, and
infantry (Fig. 15), or bands of prisoners conducted by foot soldiers
(Fig. 48). To groups and single individuals progressing in long
succession the sculptor gave a certain rhythm that is not without its
dignity, but yet his treatment of such themes is deficient in variety.
The same fault occurs in Egyptian dealings with similar subjects; the
figures seem all to reproduce a single type, as if they had been
stencilled. The designer has made no real effort to avoid monotony;
he has no suspicion of those skilful combinations by which the Greek
sculptor would succeed in reconciling the unity of the whole with
variety of detail; he makes no attempt to make those slight changes
between one group and another that please and amuse the eye
without hurting the general symmetry, or breaking those great
leading lines by which the general character and movement of the
composition is determined.[123]
§ 2. Materials.
From the earliest times of which any remains have come down to
us the Chaldæans understood how to make use of all the different
materials that offer facilities to the artist for the rendering of living
form. Until bronzes dating from the times of the pyramid builders
were found,[136] it was thought that they had anticipated the
Egyptians in the art of making that precious alloy and casting it in
earthen moulds.[137] This conjecture was suggested by the
discovery, near Bagdad, of a metal statuette, which is now in the
Louvre (Fig. 53). It is what the Greeks called a canephoros. A young
woman carries a basket on her completely shaven head, keeping it
in place with her hands. From her waist upwards she is nude, but the
lower part of her figure is wrapped in a kind of narrow skirt, on which
is engraved a votive inscription containing the name of a king
Kourdourmapouk, who is believed to have flourished in the sixteenth
century before our era. The casting is solid.
The bronzes inscribed with the name of Gudea (Vol. I. Figs. 146–
148) are perhaps still more ancient. The motive of one is identical
with that of this canephoros. Metal working cannot have begun with
such objects as these; it is pretty certain that forging metals was
everywhere an earlier process than casting them. Before learning to
prepare the mould and to force the liquid copper into its farthest
recesses, men must have commenced by beating it into plates upon
the anvil. When they had gathered sufficient skill to make these
plates very thin and pliant, the next thing they attempted was to
ornament them, which they first did by hammering one of their sides,
and so producing reliefs on the other which could be brought to
sufficient perfection by repeating the process with varying degrees of
strength and delicacy, and by chasing. This is what is called
repoussé work.
Fig. 53.—Canephoros. Louvre.
Height 10½ inches.
There is no doubt that these processes were invented in the
southern cities. The oldest of the Warka tombs show that metals
were abundant from a very ancient period, and that their use was
well understood; but we do not possess any important examples of
repoussé work dating from the early days of Chaldæa. It is otherwise
with Assyria. The exploration of her palaces has brought to light
numerous fragments of ornamental sheathing in bronze; plaques
and bands, sometimes curved, sometimes straight, according to the
surface to which they were applied, were covered in some cases
with mere ornamental designs, in others with numerous figures. Only
within the last few years have we learnt to how high a pitch the
sculptors of Mesopotamia had carried this art, and how well they
understood that the rough form left by the hammer should be
completed and defined with the burin and chisel. The most important
discovery of the kind was made as recently as 1878, by Mr. Hormuzd
Rassam, who found the bronze gates to which we have already
more than once alluded, in the mound of Balawat.[138] Shalmaneser
II., who built the palace to which these gates belonged, caused his
victorious campaigns and his sacrifices to the gods to be
represented upon them. We have already reproduced many of these
curious reliefs (Vol. I., Figs. 51, 68, 73, 158; and above, Fig. 28); a
last example will help to show the facility of the Assyrian artist and
the boldness of his rendering of animals and men (Fig. 54). He
played with bronze as he did with alabaster; in both his handling was
firm and rapid and his modelling at once broad and strongly felt.[139]
Fig. 54.—Man driving goats and sheep. From the Balawat gates. British Museum.
Drawn by Saint-Elme Gautier.
Fig. 55.—Lion carved in wood. Louvre. Length 4 inches.
Drawn by Saint-Elme Gautier.