Global Environmental Sustainability:

Case Studies and Analysis of the

United Nations' Journey toward
Sustainable Development Choy Yee
Keong
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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
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 GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Case Studies and Analysis of the
United Nations’ Journey toward
Sustainable Development

DR. CHOY YEE KEONG

Faculty of Economics, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
Elsevier
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 Dedication

This book is dedicated to the memory of my beloved father Choy Tuck,

my beloved mother Lee Yong Kan, and my beloved sister Chui Soh Lan
who have been my constant source of great encouragement
and inspiration.
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 Contents

List of Figures xiii 2.9 The postStockholm era: The second wave of
List of Tables xvii United Nations engagement with
environmentally sustainable development 25
List of Boxes xix 2.9.1 The first World Climate Conference
List of Appendixes xxi (1979) 26
Preface xxiii 2.9.2 Stockholm 1 10 (1982) and the
Acknowledgments xxvii Brundtland Report (1987) 26
2.9.3 United Nations Conference on
1. Introduction: Sustainable Environment and Development
development—a preliminary (The Earth Summit, 1992) 28
2.9.4 The Earth Summit II: Review of
reflection 1 Agenda 21 30
1.1 The rise and fall of sustainable development: 2.9.5 United Nations Framework
A historical perspective 1 Convention on Climate Change 31
2.9.6 Convention on biological diversity and
1.2 Reemergence of sustainable development: The
biodiversity conservation 36
United Nations environmental protection
initiatives 1 2.9.7 The United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change and
1.3 The ethics of sustainable development 3
Convention on Biological Diversity:
1.4 Structure of the book 3 Some remarks 42
2.10 The United Nations’ journey to
2. The United Nations’ journey to global environmental sustainability 2001 and beyond:
The third wave 44
environmental sustainability since
2.10.1 The United Nations Millennium
Stockholm: An assessment 7 Summit 44
2.1 Introduction 7 2.10.2 The United Nations World Summit
on Sustainable Development or
2.2 The United Nations’ journey to global
Rio 1 10 (2002) 48
environmental sustainability: The evolution of
the Stockholm green era 8 2.11 United Nations environmental efforts in the
postRio 1 20 51
2.3 The Stockholm impediment and the Founex
2.11.1 World Summit (2005) 51
Report 11
2.11.2 Millennium Development Goals
2.4 The Stockholm Conference and the
Summit (2010) 52
North South greening conflicts 13
2.11.3 United Nations Conference on
2.5 Outcomes of the Stockholm Conference 15 Sustainable Development or the
2.6 The Cocoyoc Symposium 20 Rio 1 20: The next milestone
2.7 The Stockholm Conference and the (2012) 53
emergence of global environmental 2.11.4 Global millennium development goals
regimes 21 conference (GMC) (2013) 55
2.8 The Stockholm environmental impacts: Some 2.11.5 UN Sustainable Development Summit
remarks 23 (2015) 56

vii
viii Contents
2.11.6 The sustainable development goal
Summit (2019) 57
2.12 The United Nations’ journey to
environmental sustainability: Some
comments 58
2.13 Concluding remarks 60
3. The United Nations’ journey to global
environmental sustainability since
Stockholm: The paradox 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Global environmental status since Stockholm:
An overall view 64
3.3 Forest conservation and deforestation: An
empirical assessment 65
3.3.1 Forest conservation: The raison
d’être 65
3.3.2 The United Nations forest protection
initiatives 65
3.4 Global forest tracking: Food and Agriculture
Organization versus Global Forest Watch 73
3.4.1 Forest: Some basic concepts and
definitions 73
3.4.2 Food and Agricultural Organization
forest tracking methodology: Some
basic facts 74
3.4.3 Global Forest Watch forest tracking
methodology: Some basic facts 75
3.4.4 Food and Agricultural Organization and
Global Forest Watch forest trackings:
Some remarks 76
3.5 Global forest loss: An empirical analysis 76
3.6 Country-specific case studies 79
3.6.1 South America—the Big-4 (Brazil,
Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia) 79
3.6.2 Africa: Democratic Republic of
Congo 86
3.6.3 Indonesia: National forest policies 88
3.6.4 Other Southeast Asian countries 94
3.7 Global forest conservation: A bleak
picture 104
3.8 Biodiversity conservation: United Nations’
ecological conservation initiatives in
retrospective 105
3.9 Biodiversity conservation and environmental
degradation: The global reality in
general 107
3.10 Biodiversity conservation in the tropical
rainforest region (specific case study): The
status quo 111
3.10.1 The Brazilian Amazon: The status of
biological diversity 111
3.10.2 Biodiversity conservation in
Brazil 112
3.10.3 The state of biodiversity in
Brazil 113
3.10.4 The Brazilian Atlantic forest
ecosystem dilemma—a human-
induced ecological tragedy 114
3.11 Africa 115
3.11.1 The Democratic Republic of Congo:
The status of biological diversity 115
3.11.2 Democratic Republic of Congo
biodiversity conservation
policies 116
3.11.3 The state of biodiversity in
Democratic Republic of Congo 117
3.11.4 The African status of biological
diversity in general 118
3.11.5 The African biodiversity protection
initiatives in brief 118
3.11.6 The state of biodiversity in Africa in
general 119
3.12 Southeast Asia 125
3.12.1 The United Nations environmental
protection initiatives and its
implications on the ASEAN-5’s
environmental conservation
efforts 125
3.12.2 Indonesia: Biodiversity conservation
efforts 129
3.12.3 Indonesia: The state of biological
diversity 130
3.12.4 Malaysia: Biodiversity conservation
efforts 132
3.12.5 Malaysia: The state of biological
diversity 133
3.12.6 The Philippines: Biodiversity
conservation efforts 134
3.12.7 The Philippines: The state of
biological diversity 135
3.12.8 Thailand: Biodiversity conservation
efforts 136
3.12.9 Thailand: The state of biological
diversity 137
 Contents
3.12.10 Vietnam: Biodiversity conservation
efforts 138
3.12.11 Vietnam: The state of biological
diversity 139
3.12.12 ASEAN transboundary regional
environmental protection initiatives:
The Heart of Borneo 140
3.12.13 The Heart of Borneo: The state of
environment 142
3.13 China’s environmental protection and
biodiversity conservation 144
3.13.1 China’s environmental protection
initiatives 144
3.13.2 The paradox of China’s environmental
sustainability: Water pollution 145
3.13.3 The Three Gorges environmental
dilemma 147
3.14 Global biodiversity outlook: Some
comments 148
3.15 The United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change, carbon dioxide emissions,
and atmospheric concentration: A global
assessment 150
3.16 Carbon emission country-specific case studies:
China versus the United States 157
3.17 China’s decarbonization initiatives: The road
to Paris Accord 158
3.18 China’s pathways to decarbonization: The
arduous journey 161
3.18.1 China’s journey to becoming the
carbon dioxide emission
monster 161
3.18.2 The Mao era of economic
transformation and carbon dioxide
emission 163
3.18.3 Economic performance during Deng
Xiaoping’s reform period and
post-Deng era 165
3.18.4 Industrialization and carbon dioxide
emission in the Post-Deng era 167
3.18.5 China: The paradox of climate change
policies 172
3.18.6 The reversal of China’s climate
change paradox? President Xi Jinping’s
green factors 173
3.19 Carbon dioxide emissions and climate change:
The American “carbon curse” and Donald
Trump’s anti- environmental attitudes and
practices 177
ix
3.19.1 The American carbon dioxide
emission trends 177
3.19.2 The breaking of the American carbon
curse: The Barack Obama
decarbonization legacy and the
Donald Trump environmental
syndrome 184
3.19.3 The return of the American carbon
curse: Donald Trump’s environmental
protection rollback 185
3.19.4 Donald Trump’s environmental
philosophy: The contemporary Francis
Bacon 196
3.20 The United Nations’ road to global
environmental sustainability: Some United
Nation success stories 197
3.20.1 Mauritania—environmental
mainstreaming, sustainable resource
management and poverty
reduction 198
3.20.2 Project Predator and policing the
global illegal wildlife trade—
Tiger 200
3.20.3 Sustainable forest management in
Nepal: Community Forestry
Development Programmes 204
3.21 The United Nations’ success stories: Some
remarks 208
3.22 Global environmental sustainability,
biodiversity conservation and climate
protection: The missing links 209
3.23 Concluding remarks 211
4. Greening for a sustainable future: The
ethical connection 213
4.1 Introduction 213
4.2 Environmental ethics and environmental
sustainability: A theoretical assessment 214
4.2.1 Anthropocentrism: A conceptual
analysis 215
4.2.2 Biocentrism 216
4.3 Ecocentrism and Aldo Leopold’s land
ethic 227
4.4 Albert Schweitzer’s reverence for life ethic: The
Leopold connection and its implication for a
pragmatic unification of environmental
ethics 230
x Contents
4.4.1 The anthropo bioecocentric
ethics 232
4.5 Environmental ethics and de-ethics in a real-
world system: Some empirical reflections 234
4.5.1 The United Nations road to global
environmental sustainability: The
environmental paradox revisited 234
4.5.2 Anthropocentrism: The Baiji tragedy
and the African common Zebra
ecological quagmire 236
4.5.3 The Asian environmental philosophy in
a human-centered world system 237
4.5.4 The American world of utility
maximization: Donald Trump’s
anthropocentric decimation of nature 238
4.6 The Canadian “anthropocentric conquest” of
nature: The power of anthropocentrism 239
4.6.1 Tar sands mining: Irreversible
environmental transformation, global
warming, and biodiversity
impoverishment 240
4.6.2 The politics of anthropocentrism: The
Canadian libricide 243
4.6.3 The politics of anthropocentrism:
Transboundary environmental
degradation 244
4.6.4 The Canadian anthropocentric conquest
of nature: Rounding up 245
4.7 Sustainable environmental governance and the
ethics of sustainability: The Nexus 246
4.8 Concluding remarks 251
5. The nexus of environmental ethics and
environmental sustainability: An empirical
assessment 253
5.1 Introduction 253
5.2 Environmental philosophy—the
epistemological disputes 253
5.3 Indigenous land culture in brief 255
5.4 Targeted areas of study—some basic
facts 256
5.5 Field trip physical environmental conditions
in brief 259
5.6 Fieldwork and interviews 261
5.7 Empirical findings and the indigenous land use
philosophy: Some conceptual
underpinnings 272
5.8 The indigenous duty-based moral principle:
The Kantian categorical imperative 274
5.9 Indigenous bioecocentric environmental
worldview: The nexus of values,
environmental attitudes, and moral
actions 276
5.10 The ethics of sustainability (bio-ecocentrism):
The nonindigenous people versus the
“urbanized” indigenous communities 281
5.10.1 The urban nonindigenous people’s
view of nature 281
5.10.2 Rural indigenous people and urban
mainstreaming: The changing
environmental face? 283
5.11 Concluding remarks 287
6. The United Nations environmental
education initiatives: The green education
failure and the way forward 289
6.1 Introduction 289
6.2 Environmental education: The raison
d’être 291
6.3 Environmental education and environmental
literacy: The United Nations/UNESCO
initiatives 292
6.3.1 Environmental literacy: Some basic
concepts 292
6.3.2 The United Nations’ environmental
education initiatives in the 1970s and
1980s 293
6.3.3 United Nations’ environmental
education initiatives in the 1980s 295
6.3.4 The evolution of the United Nations/
UNESCO Environmental Education
discourse in the 1990s 295
6.3.5 The United Nations’ environmental
education initiatives in the 2000s: The
emergence of the Decade of Education
for Sustainable Development 300
6.3.6 The Decade of Education for
Sustainable Development and
beyond 306
6.4 The United Nations/UNESCO EE discourse:
The changing face 308
6.5 The United Nations/UNESCO environmental
education initiatives: Some critical
remarks 310
 Contents xi
6.6 The United Nations/UNESCO’s global 6.16 Why moral education can lead to
environmental education efforts: Some success proenvironmental behavior and actions? 339
stories 313 6.16.1 Social facts: The moving force behind
6.7 The United Nations’ environmental education Leopold-Schweitzer environmental
initiatives: Other success stories 314 philosophy 340
6.7.1 Environmental and sustainable 6.16.2 Collective conscience, duality of
development success stories—some humans and moral education: The
remarks 321 nexus 341
6.8 The United Nations/UNESCO education for 6.17 Environmental education framework: A
sustainable development revisited: The return suggested model 343
of Émile Durkheim’s philosophical principle of 6.18 Concluding remarks 347
simplicity 324
6.9 The foundation of environmental
education 326 7. Summary and conclusion 351
6.9.1 The first ring of predominance
7.1 The United Nations striving for global
mechanism 326
environmental sustainability since
6.9.2 The impact-oriented maxim 327
Stockholm 351
6.10 From the first ring of environmental
7.2 From the United Nations’ journey to global
predominance to the second ring of moral
environmental sustainability to the emergence
essentiality 328
of an anthropocentric world of environmental
6.10.1 The first ring of environmental
destruction 352
education: Where do we start from
7.3 The United Nations ethical dilemmas 353
here? 329
7.4 Environmental ethics 356
6.10.2 The first ring of education: Weak
7.5 United Nations environmental education
anthropocentric inducement 329
framework: The changing face 357
6.11 Environmental education in practice: An
7.6 The United Nations’ environmental education
illustration 330
programs: Where do we go from here? 358
6.11.1 Nature study and conservation
7.7 Environmental sustainability: The current state
practice 330
and future outlook 361
6.11.2 Environmental education in practice:
7.7.1 The world as it is 361
A step-by-step approach in nature
7.7.2 Future outlook: Mapping the way
study and conservation practice 331
forward—the Covid-19 way 364
6.12 Environmental education: Outdoor education
7.8 Concluding thoughts 367
programmes 334
6.13 Environmental education for children 337
6.14 Environmental education: Some remarks 338 Bibliography 369
6.15 Moral education 339 Index 425
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 List of Figures

Figure 3.1 Tree cover loss between 2001 and 2016. 78

Figure 3.2 Massive burning of forest in Indonesia for monocultural land conversion. 90

Figure 3.3 Transboundary haze pollution from Indonesian forest fires. 91

Figure 3.4 Deforestation in Borneo Island. 92
Figure 3.5 Rate of deforestation in Malaysia between 2000 and 2012: a global comparison. 95
Figure 3.6 Deforestation and oil palm plantation development in the forest interiors in Sarawak. 96
Figure 3.7 Deforestation and planned oil palm plantation development near the UNESCP World 97
Heritage Site in Mulu, Sarawak.
Figure 3.8 Widespread and irreversible forest destruction caused by unrestrained logging activities and 98
oil palm plantation development in Kelantan, Malaysia.
Figure 3.9 Forest conversion/lost in the Philippines since 1934. 99
Figure 3.10 Growth of nationally designated protected areas (1838 2017). 106
Figure 3.11 Growth of nationally designated protected sites (1838 2017). 107

Figure 3.12 Number of rhinos poached in South Africa and across Africa. 121
Figure 3.13 WAP Parks Complex (IUCN Protected Area). 125
Figure 3.14 Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use and cement production. 151
Figure 3.15 Historical CO2 emissions (selected countries). 153
Figure 3.16 Sources of CO2 emissions. 154
Figure 3.17 Total emissions of fossil fuels by sector from 1972 to 2018. 155

Figure 3.18 Global atmospheric CO2 concentration from 1972 to 2020 (April). 156
Figure 3.19 CO2 emission during Mao’s economic reform era from the First Five-Year Plan (1953 57) to 164
the Great Leap Forward period (1958 62) and beyond.
Figure 3.20 Economic growth during Deng’s reform era. 166
Figure 3.21 CO2 emission trend during Deng’s reform era spurred partly but significantly by iron and 166
steel output.
Figure 3.22 CO2 emission trend from the iron and steel industry in the post-Deng reform era. 167
Figure 3.23 China’s steel production at a glance. 167
Figure 3.24 China’s coal consumption trends: a global comparison. 169
Figure 3.25 Energy mix in China. 170

xiii
xiv List of Figures

Figure 3.26 China cement production. 171

Figure 3.27 CO2 emission from cement industry in China. 171
Figure 3.28 China’s ecological footprint: a global comparison. 174
Figure 3.29 Per GDP CO2 emission reduction in 2018 from 2015 levels. 177
Figure 3.30 Cumulative CO2 emission from fossil fuel burning and cement production, 1950 2018. 178

Figure 3.31 Cumulative CO2 emission from fossil fuel burning and cement production: a historical 178
perspective.

Figure 3.32 Per capita CO2 emission from fossil fuel burning and cement production in 2018 (selected 179
countries).
Figure 3.33 Average per capita CO2 emission from fossil fuel burning and cement production between 180
1970 and 2018 (selected countries).
Figure 3.34 Per capita fossil fuel consumption: a global comparison. 180

Figure 3.35 Average per capita fossil fuel consumption in figures. 181
Figure 3.36 Per capita primary energy consumption (fossil fuels, nuclear energy, hydroelectric, and 181
renewables): a global comparison.

Figure 3.37 Average per capita primary energy consumption. 182

Figure 3.38 Composition of the “Mainstreaming local environmental management in the planning 198
process” Programme.
Figure 3.39 Programme mainstreaming success story. 200
Figure 3.40 The structure of INTERPOL’s Predator Project. 201
Figure 3.41 Some grassroot members of CFUG at a general meeting. 205
Figure 3.42 CFUGs forest resource rights and governance. 206
Figure 3.43 CFUGs rights to forest management and utilization. 206

Figure 3.44 CBF-green economy effects. 207

Figure 3.45 The CBF-green economy effects—increased forest cover and improved livelihoods of the 208
local communities (a picturesque representation).

Figure 4.1 A simple structure of environmental governance. 248

Figure 4.2 Environmental governance: a diagrammatic representation. 250
Figure 5.1 Geographical indication of targeted areas of study. 257
Figure 5.2 Field trip—unexpected event (an illustration). 260
Figure 5.3 Field work environmental conditions at a glance. 260
Figure 5.4 Physical environmental conditions at site (some picturesque photographs). 261

Figure 5.5 Indigenous land use patterns in Long Lawen. S indicates shifting cultivation; arrows 264
indicate rotation; and, the land under shifting cultivation.
 List of Figures xv

Figure 5.6 Indigenous land use patterns in Long Lawen (photographic representation). Picture 1: land 264
use pattern of the local community in Long Lawen; Picture 2: durian fruit trees by the river
bank; Picture 3: the longhouse Chief with a durian fruit picked from the river bank; and
Pictures 4 and 5: environmental degradation caused by oil palm plantation development in
the surrounding area of the local community in Long Lawen.
Figure 5.7 Indigenous and commercial land use patterns: a comparison. 266
Figure 5.8 Long Dungun: river pollution and mud accumulation. 267
Figure 5.9 Oil palm plantation development in the forest interiors: some evidence. 269
Figure 5.10 Environmental degradation caused by oil palm plantation development. 269

Figure 5.11 The indigenous adat, anthtropo-bioecocentric environmental worldview and sustainable 280
environmental behavior—the connections.
Figure 5.12 Anthropocentric view of nature by the urban nonindigenous people. 282

Figure 5.13 Rural and urban scenes: Sungai Asap and Bintulu town. 286
Figure 6.1 Environmental education mainstreaming—some entry barriers. 313
Figure 6.2 Projects launched under FTZ-ALS. 316
Figure 6.3 RECO Baltic 21 TECH: academic and research consortium. 317
Figure 6.4 Action-oriented programme and environmental education—some practical applications. 321

Figure 6.5 The United Nations-led environmental education—a proposed framework. 324
Figure 6.6 The parable of the bees and human existence: interconnectedness of bees, ecosystem, and 332
human beings.

Figure 6.7 Ocean’s CO2 absorption through atmosphere-ocean surface exchange. 336
Figure 6.8 A suggested environmental education framework. 344
Figure 6.9 Environmental Education in practice—a diagrammatic representation. 346
Figure 7.1 The evolution of Covid-19 force of collective consciousness. 365
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 List of Tables

Table 3.1 Collaborative Partnership on Forests member list. 68

Table 3.2 Brief summary of UNFF-1 to UNFF-14. 69

Table 3.3 United Nation Global Forest Goals. 71

Table 3.4 Total tree cover loss between 2001 and 2016. 78
Table 3.5 Tree cover loss in Brazil between 2012 and 2016. 82
Table 3.6 National environmental laws in Southeast Asia (selected countries). 127
Table 3.7 ASEAN-5 participation in international treaties and conventions. 128
Table 3.8 ASEAN environmental agreement. 129

Table 3.9 Number of threatened species in Southeast Asia (ASEAN-5 region) as of 2017. 140
Table 3.10 HoB member countries’ environmental laws and instruments. 141
Table 3.11 Trilateral strategic plan of action programmes. 141
Table 3.12 China’s latest water pollution policy, regulation, and law. 146
Table 3.13 CO2 emissions between 1972 and 2018 (selected countries). 152
Table 3.14 Index of industrial output during the cultural revolution (1966 5 100). 165

Table 3.15 A reflection of Donald Trump’s anthropocentric view of nature and the “rolled back of 188
environmental protection”: a timeline of events.

Table 3.16 INTERPOL investigative, analytical and collaborative partnership support. 202
Table 3.17 The evolution of sustainable community forests management system. 204
Table 5.1 Targeted areas of study in the state of Sarawak. 257
Table 5.2 Values subscribed by the indigenous people. 278
Table 5.3 Summary of value and ethical orientations of the indigenous people. 279
Table 6.1 World Environmental Education Congress (WEEC). 304

Table 6.2 ACES Network University Consortium. 315

Table 6.3 FTZ-ALS—some major achievements. 316
Table 6.4 INSPIRE project: Some basic information. 317
Table 6.5 CALESA’s major achievements. 319

xvii
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 List of Boxes

Box 4.1 Tar sands—the most environmentally destructive form of fossil fuel. 241 243
Box 6.1 EE in practice—some notes. 347 347

xix
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 List of Appendixes

Appendix 2.1 United Nations engagement with environmental sustainability in the post- 16 20
Stockholm era (1974 2000 period).
Appendix 2.2 United Nations Climate Conference (COP1 COP25). 32 35
Appendix 2.3 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (COP1 COP14). 38 40

Appendix 2.4 United Nations engagement with environmental sustainability (2001 onwards). 44 47

xxi
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 Preface
Looking back on the world’s first inter-
national environmental conference, the
Stockholm Conference held by the United
Nations in 1972, which brought leaders
across the globe together to facilitate global
consensus on the urgency to address the
challenges of global environmental degra-
dation, we wonder what has been achieved
so far. We know that the United Nations,
committed to addressing this challenge, has
made continuous and unrelenting efforts at
convening a host of international environ-
mental meetings and conferences to
advance its core mandate of bringing about
a wiser use of our natural environment.
Hundreds of international declarations,
agreements, regulations, protocols, agen-
das, and action plans were adopted at these
conferences to facilitate and guide the
global community to efficaciously address
the challenges of balancing its three core
values of sustainable development, namely,
environmental protection, economic
growth, and social equity. Thus a new
world order was presented on the horizon
held together by these three pillars of sus-
tainable development. Since then, this has
been the raison d’être for framing develop-
ment discourse across the globe. Virtually
all the countries in the world have endeav-
ored to streamline their development path
for sustainable use of the natural environ-
ment deemed critical to the wellbeing and
livelihood of not only the present but also
the future generations.
Yet, more than 45 years later, it has
turned out that the United Nations’ canoni-
cal formula for a sustainable world has
xxiii
unfortunately resulted in chaotic develop-
ment. It may well be that in a neoliberal
economic world order dominated by the
imperative of keeping up with progress,
unrestrained expropriation of environmen-
tal resources spurred by ever-increasing
scales of production and consumption has
become the norm. Anthropogenic transfor-
mation of our Earth system such as irre-
versible habitat destruction, unprecedented
scale of ecosystem disintegration, and per-
sistent level of greenhouse gas emissions
are some of the notable examples. The stark
truth is that humans are exerting heavy
pressure on our Earth system at an unprec-
edented rate.
Today the threat of environmental doom
driven by the increasingly widening gap
between economic growth and environ-
mental protection, and unsustainable
resource use is making itself felt. Not too
long ago in 2017, a perfect storm of life-
threatening environmental disasters hit
many countries affecting millions world-
wide. Extreme hurricanes such as
Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria swept
across the United States with devastating
consequences. The year 2017 was also
ranked second hottest worldwide on record
by NASA, just behind a sizzling 2016, and
the hottest year on record without the
short-term warming influence from El
Niño. While temperature soared to 53.7 C
(128.7 F) in the Southwestern Iranian city
of Ahvaz, one of the Earth’s hottest tem-
peratures ever recorded, Shanghai experi-
enced its hottest day in 145 years with
temperatures soaring to a record 40.9 C
xxiv
(105.62 F). Drought in Eastern and
Southern Africa has put 38 million people
at risk of food shortage and malnutrition.
Heavy snow in Northern Afghanistan
resulted in a deadly avalanche which bur-
ied towns in up to 10 feet of snow, crush-
ing, or freezing hundreds of people to
death. In addition, sea ice both in the Arctic
and Antarctic continue its declining trend
due to rapid ice melt caused by global
warming which could trigger polar “tip-
ping points” and uncontrollable climate
change at global level.
In the year 2018, even a stronger risk of
environmental catastrophe surfaced on the
global sphere of “sustainable development”
as a rude awakening. More precisely, a
series of extreme weather conditions was
wreaking havoc around the globe in the
same year, from prolonged heat waves in
the northern hemisphere with very extreme
conditions near the Artic, unprecedented
wildfires in Sweden, to life-threatening
floods and landslides in China, India, and
Japan. Super Typhoon Mangkhut, the
strongest storm observed on Earth in 2018
battered across the Philippines, Hong
Kong, Macau, and China, causing massive
flooding and devastation in the regions.
Japan witnessed its exceptionally brutal
year in 2018 with a cascade of extreme
events hitting the country. These included
the historic rainfall pattern with a 72-hour
precipitation record, deadly temperature
spikes, and super typhoons. Similarly the
record-breaking hurricanes, Hurricanes
Michael and Florence in the Atlantic, and
Typhoons Jebi and Trami in the Pacific
were wreaking havoc around the world in
the same year.
These summary statements are by no
means exhaustive but they suffice for the
present purpose of emphasizing that things
are getting worse and harder to deal with
now than they have been in the past. They
Preface
also underscore the fact that the United
Nations’ concept of sustainable develop-
ment embraced by the global community
has ended in nature exacting revenge on us
in cruel and unusual ways. This leads us to
conclude that after more than 45 years of
promoting environmental sustainability,
the United Nations has apparently failed to
prepare the global community to contain
worldwide environmental threats. The per-
ilous environmental status quo also points
to the direction that humans are increas-
ingly losing touch with nature.
All these are clearly indicative of the
emergence of a new economic order,
cemented by the anthropocentric world-
view of development in which humans
regard themselves as separate from, inde-
pendent of, and superior to the natural
world, and that resources may be rightly
and justifiably exploited for human benefit.
In this dominant anthropocentric para-
digm, nature is a horn of plenty and a bot-
tomless sink, and there is no sense of
interconnection between humans and
nature. This sounds the death knell for the
United Nations’ overarching environmental
mandate which has turned into a false
hope of a sustainable future. Equally obvi-
ous is the fact that sustainable development
as embraced by the global community
firmly holds to the dictum that sustainable
development is economic growth and
material progress ad infinitum.
Thus the iron rule of the biophysical lim-
its to economic expansion was hard to
exhibit as a model of sustainable develop-
ment across the anthropocentrically dic-
tated global economic system. Developed
and developing countries alike continue
their self-interested focus on tapping exces-
sively into the patrimony of nature without
constraint. Conceivably, sustainable devel-
opment has ended in a plunder of our
planetary system. Against the backdrop of
 Preface
this anthropocentric paradigmatic change,
the environmental controlling and manage-
ment systems across the globe are simply
not functioning effectively as they have
expected to. In many instances they are
broken. The consequence is that our planet
is at breaking point more than four decades
later and sustainable development has
moved into an impasse. This raises the
most pertinent question: With the present
dire environmental conditions, can our
Planet still be saved? This will be the gist
of my analysis.
My intention here is to allow readers to
conceptualize the concrete reality of the
United Nations environmental protection
efforts and their implications for a sustain-
able future in the interests of all humanity.
While this United Nations environmental
conundrum has been considerably and
extensively discussed among academics
and scholars from various perspectives and
in a host of disciplines, each advocate
mostly confine his/her argument within a
particular discipline or concept, or isolated
for separate study in accordance to its spe-
cific objective. This makes it difficult for
researchers, environmentalists, NGOs, pol-
icy makers, or students alike to gain a
holistic view of the global environmental
sustainability issues in their entirety. This,
in turn, hampers the articulation of proper
modes of control and policymaking. In an
attempt to make headway in the urgent
task of containing this critical problem, this
book seeks to develop more adequate per-
spectives and concepts for an analysis of
the complex process which has led to the
present environmental conundrum, and to
offer a way out of it.
At the outset, I present a critical analysis
of the efforts undertaken by the United
Nations to decisively break the vicious cir-
cle of environmental degradation for the
past 45 years. I further show how the
xxv
United Nations’ grand schemes of environ-
mental protection were too much in disso-
nance with the dynamics of the ethical link
between the economy and the environment.
To enable the readers to understand clearly
the economy environment dilemmas, I
shall present the United Nations’ environ-
mental protection discourse over the past
few decades alongside a rich and complex
account of contemporary global environ-
mental trends.
This urgent reality calls for solutions to
circumvent the economy environment pre-
dicament. The upshot is that the prevailing
looming environmental crisis is a crisis of
the human heart: only humans can save
our planet. For a start, we have to shed our
anthropocentric skin to view ourselves as
custodians of nature. To be sure, even the
most cursory examination of the prevailing
environmental trends in the human-
centered world reflects that this is an
extraordinarily formidable task.
Nonetheless, it is not impossible if we
frame our sustainable development dis-
course from a different angle.
We must embark on a bold new direc-
tion guided by the prism of the ecumenical
disciplines of environmental philosophy.
We have to take the leap to view sustain-
able development as a never-ending pro-
cess of environmental improvement which
underpins human long-term existence.
Taking cognizance of the legitimate view
that the real looming crisis lies not in our
Earth system but in our heart, we must
reconstruct our mental representations of
the natural world based on the moral
beliefs on the rightness and wrongness of
our actions toward it. The quintessence of
the argument is that humans are the major
destructive force of Mother Nature, so it is
humans themselves who can turn the tide
of environmental impoverishment around.
Clearly how we think about and how we
xxvi Preface
view our Earth system matter; it bespeaks
what we value and shapes what we do.
Simply put, our values serve as a strong
guiding force in our dealings with nature.
I believe that the classical foundations of
philosophical studies contribute immensely
to understanding this important debate.
More specifically, Aldo Leopold, Albert
Schweitzer, Jeremy Bentham, Immanuel
Kant, Émile Durkheim, René Descartes,
and Francis Bacon’s conceptual insights are
a remarkable tour de force in that they col-
lectively provide a persuasive scholarly
line of argument in this complex
discussion.
In undertaking this ambitious and ardu-
ous academic task, I acknowledge that it is
unrealistic for any single concept to fully
capture the complexity of sustainable
development. Hence, this book takes a mul-
tidisciplinary study and interdisciplinary
approach, embracing such branches as sci-
ence, environment, ecology, economics,
politics, philosophy, anthropology, and
empirical studies. I certainly do not claim
to be a specialist in all these fields, but
years of research have enabled me to glean
from them the perspectives of a hopeful
sustainable future.
This study is considered to be authorita-
tive because its findings are supported by
unusually rich concepts with semantic pre-
cision, empirical analysis, and actual field
research. The book also serves to supple-
ment many books and articles in sustain-
able development, environmental ethics,
and environmental value systems written
from philosophical perspectives. It also
reinforces many of their armchair theoreti-
cal analyses with empirical verification
based on solid evidence gathered from an
extensive field study.
I hope this book will serve as a wake-up
call to the United Nations, the world lea-
ders, the global community, environmental-
ists, and the public at large of the urgency
to recast the hitherto all-encompassing,
politically versatile, and anthropocentric
concept of sustainable development and
reorient our way forward on a genuine
course of sustainable future. Those who
staunchly believe that the international envi-
ronmental negotiations, treaties, declara-
tions, and agreements of the past few
decades have enabled us to rescue our plun-
dered planet need to realize that the goals
of sustainability are not attainable by those
means alone. Sustainability will not be
achieved without putting environmental
ethics and moral philosophy at the forefront
of development discourse. This book is
intended to serve as a therapeutic solution
to morally heal the ethical wound of sus-
tainable development.
It is also my sincere hope that the book
will fuel human collective moral conscious-
ness of and ethical engagement with nature
and induce responsive ways to reattune and
transform mere human rhetoric of environ-
mentalism on paper to one of the effective
policies in fine print and real action.
A world driven by an anthropocentric view
of nature is an ecologically destabilized
world. It is time to reverse our anthropocen-
tric drive toward destroying our planetary
system in the name of sustainable develop-
ment. Frederick Engels, almost one-and-a-
half centuries ago in The Part Played by
Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man
(1876), said: “Let us not, however, flatter
ourselves overmuch on account of our
human victories over nature. For each such
victory, nature takes its revenge on us.”
This cogently and partly explains the root
cause of the 2017 and 2018 years of disaster:
human beings were the cause, and it is only
human beings who can heal our planet.
Dr. Choy Yee Keong
Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
August 2020
 Acknowledgments
I am deeply indebted to many people
and institutions whose support has been
instrumental in bringing this work to fru-
ition. First of all, I wish to express my grati-
tude to Prof. Ayumi Onuma (Keio
University), Prof. Takashi Iida (Keio
University), Prof. Eiji Hosoda (Chubu
University), Prof. Kitakawa Hideki
(Ryukoku University), Prof. Tadayoshi
Murata (Yokohama National University),
Prof. Skoko Sakai (Kyoto University), Prof.
Masahiro Ishikawa (Koichi University),
Prof. Andrew Alex Tuen (University
Sarawak Malaysia), Prof. Mazlin Mokhtar
(National University of Malaysia), Prof. Lee
Khai Ern (National University of Malaysia),
Prof. Wang Chen-Hao (National Taiwan
University of Science and Technology,
Taiwan), Dr. Wang Chin-Tsan (Ministry of
Science and Technology, Taiwan), Dr. He
Yanmin (Otemon Gakuin University), Dr.
Yamaguchi Rintaro (National Institute for
Environmental Studies), Tomonori Ishida
(National Institute for Defense Studies,
Ministry of Defense, Japan), Dr. Goh Chun
Sheng (Harvard University), Dr. Kim Woo
Jin, Dr. Wei Hongbiao, Dr. Lee King Siong,
Lai Choong Hon, Max Choo Ming Hang,
Xu Yiran, Usat Ibut and Sano Tatsuhiko for
their support in the course of writing this
book. I also wish to extend my thanks to
Candice Janco (Publisher), Marisa LaFleur
(Acquisition Editor), Peter Llewellyn
(Acquisition Editor), Michelle Fisher
(Editorial Project Manager), Chiara Giglio
xxvii
(Editorial Project Manager), Matthew
Limbert (Cover designer), Indhumathi
Mani (Copyrights Coordinator), and
Kumar Anbazhagan (Production Manager)
from Elsevier for their advice and valuable
suggestions. I am also grateful to four anon-
ymous reviewers for their helpful comments
on my earlier proposed draft of this work
and an anonymous expert reviewer for his
careful reading of my final manuscript and
his many insightful comments and sugges-
tions for improvement. Above all, my heart-
felt gratitude goes to Choy Yee Hong, Chooi
Yee Kuan, Chooi Yee Wah, Chooi Yee Nam,
Chee Sow Lin, Chooy Sam Mooi, Chye Siew
Fong, Teng Foh Mooi, Choy Khai Luen,
Choy Sook Fan, Choy Sook Yee, Choy Sook
Wai, Choy Sook Theng, Choy Sook Yan, Yee
Phooi See, Yee Phooi Phooi, Yee Kit Hoe,
Chin Yee Meow, Goh Choon Keat, Yong
Yoke Heng, Leaw Siew Mooi, Chin Chee
Keong, Chin Chee Han, Jasmine Chin Yong
Shya, Chin Mee Kuen, Chin Yuen She,
Chooi Hui San, Chooi Zhan Hoong, and all
my family members, whose relentless sup-
port and encouragement over the years
leaves a debt that I can hardly pay.
I am grateful to the National Institutes
for Humanity, Research Institute for
Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto,
Japan (Project No. D-04) for funding
the larger part of my indigenous field
research in the state of Sarawak
in Malaysia. I also wish to acknowledge
the financial support from the Ministry of
xxviii Acknowledgments

Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Technology (MEXT) Supported Program
for the Strategic Research Foundation at
Private Universities, 2014 18 (MKS1401),
and the Grant-in-Aid “Scientific Research
(C),” 2016 19 (MKK349J), MEXT, Japan, in
the course of writing this book. Last but
not least, any flaws that remain in the
manuscript are solely the responsibility of
the author.
Dr. Choy Yee Keong
Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
August 2020
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Father.

Elijah Cobb to his Son, Elijah Cobb, 2nd

Brewster Septr 12th 1838
Dear Son
The packet did not git to her moorings, to enable us to git the
roller & seed out, untill monday eve”, anticipating it wou’d come, Mr
F. had prepared the upland for the seed, Viz. the peice where yr
wheat was, & the strip, quite down to the ditch, where my oats was;
for the swamp part of that; plouged, equal to any of the upland,
having been well mixed with upland soil, & frequently ploughed,
before—calculation was made, to commence opperations with the
seed & roller, on tuesday morn”, but when the morning came, a
storm had commenced, which still continues, without intermission,
consequently, they were compelled to suspend those opperans for
the time being. They have got in, nearly all the Indian wheat, that is
worth harvesting; that article, turns out slim; Genl Mayo, Mr Crocker,
& Capt Freeman, have abandoned the Idea of harvesting any,
except, for their hogs, in the straw—I have givin mine, (the little strip)
to my pigs, as they required it—they love it dearly, & thrive finely
upon it.—We think there is somthing uncongenial in our atmospere
to that plant.
Since the storm commenced, they have been attending to
threshing wheat &c &c. Mr Freeman had got all the creek stuff,
home, & all the salt hay secured in stack, before the storm
commenced, so that you have nothing exposed to injury, except the
peat, & that is so far made, that the injury to it, will be little, or
nothing. In regard to seed, for the swampy part of your land, we think
a bushel will be sufficient, for what you will be able to seed this fall—I
wish you to understand, that we included, in the 4 Acres of upland,
the strip, east of my orchard, & the whole of the south strip (next Mrs
Snows) down to the main ditch—that strip, has been raised & tilled
so much, that it is susceptable of the same seed, as upland, for this,
you have sent seed already. If you cannot procure foul meadow
seed, I should recommend that you git 3 pecks of red top, & one
peck of herds grass, & mix them, in the same bag—if you can git foul
meadow, ½ bushl of each, that, & red top, & no herds grass.
The Plough I surely wrote you how the swamp ploughed
east of my orchard; that after going round; that they
had to stop the team, & work with hoes, hands &c—there were, an
abundance of large roots & stumps, which required prying out,
hauling away &c; they have carried, somthing like a cord, to your
wood house. The plough, is A 2½, a larger one, no doubt, would do
better, but no plough would turn it over smooth, while coming in
contact, every few feet, with stumps & roots that required the team &
prys to start out of their beds—however, with hoes, elbow greass, &
the plough, it looks as if the rollow & harrow would leave it pritty
smooth; it would add greatly to the benifit of it, if you can git on a
quantity of sand; or soil of some kind before sowing the seed on the
swamp. I hope you will be able to be here, the last of the week, &
see, & act for yourself.
Mr. Freeman says the sheer of the plough, has worn so small,
that anew one is necessary, the present one will not cut a furrow of
any weadth, & under those circomstances, haveing considerable
hard plouging to perform, this fall, & next spring, perhaps it will be
advisable to git a new, & larger one, the present one can be fitted for
light ploughing, and favour the new one.
The print (Nettle)[16] directed to Capt Freeman & myself, was
received, & I annex a list of 8 subscribers, will you order them sent,
with the back numbers, & pay for them, & I will have the money
collected to refund, when you come.
all well.
Father
 Subscribers to the Nettle.
| They come so cheap, that no
Geo” Copeland—Jo. Sampson.
Enoch Pratt—Freeman Mayo. | dou[bt][15] 20 or 30 wou’d be
{ taken, in the Tow[n][15] if it was
Benjn Berry—Solon Freeman. |
Freeman Rogers—E. Cobb. known—Copeland, & Docter
| say; they will increase the list.

A Southerly Thursday A. M. 13th

Blow
The wind has got round to the south, & blows a
hurrycane, I have just returned from your young orchard, have been
assisting Mr F. in resecuring some of the trees, which it seemed as if
the wind would take from the ground, roots, stakes, & all—the fruit is
prostrated, nearly all; I beleive there are 8 of those delicious plums,
remain’g on the tree, but those which blew off, were perfectly ripe—if
practicable, they will be kept untill you, & caro” come; I advised Mr F.
to take those from the tree also.
Notwithstanding the weight of your roller, it runs very easy, F. &
Eldridge, after puting it together, could run it about any where, with
ease.
Father
the wife of Elisha Bangs, expired at 7 this morn”.

[1] I conclude the old Admiral, was mistaken here, as the

name, Cobb, is not in her list of passengers, but I did not know it
then—they, probably, came in the next vessell, the Cherub.
[2] Lorient.
[3] La Vendée.
[4] [rowing. Ed.]
 [5] [cartile. Probably cartel = an agreement between enemies
for the exchange of prisoners. Ed.]
[6] [General Cobb seems to have had in mind the frigate
Congress. If so, his memory was at fault, for it was in the Essex
that Porter captured the Alert, which was the first British war
vessel taken in the War of 1812. Ed.]
[7] Capt. Isaac Clark, Capt. Joseph Mayo, Capt. David
Nickerson, Godfrey Lincoln (Capt. Warren’s young brother) died in
Africa or on the passage home.
[8] [Elijah Winslow Cobb, a grandson of Elijah Cobb. Ed.]
[9] [“A white linen fabric made in Silesia for export to America.”
Simmonds, Dict. Trade, 1858. Ed.]
[10] MS. damaged.
[11] MS. damaged.
[12] MS. damaged.
[13] MS. damaged.
[14] MS. damaged.
[15] MS. torn.
[16] [A Whig Campaign paper published in Boston. Volume I,
Number 1, appeared September 5, 1838. Ed.]
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ELIJAH COBB
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