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GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN HEALTH
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
AND HUMAN HEALTH
FROM SCIENCE TO PRACTICE

Second Edition

Edited by

Jay Lemery, MD
University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
Aurora, CO

Kim Knowlton, DrPH

Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health
New York, NY

Cecilia Sorensen, MD
University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
Aurora, CO
This edition first published copyright year
© copyright year 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Luber, George, editor. | Lemery, Jay, editor. | Knowlton, Kim,

editor. | Sorensen, Cecilia, editor.
Title: Global climate change and human health : from science to practice /
edited by George Luber, Jay Lemery, Kim Knowlton, Cecilia Sorensen.
Description: Second edition. | San Francisco : Jossey-Bass, 2020. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020028113 (print) | LCCN 2020028114 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119667957 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119670018 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN
9781119669999 (epub)
Subjects: MESH: Climate Change | Environmental Health | Global Health
Classification: LCC RA793 (print) | LCC RA793 (ebook) | NLM WA 30.2 |
DDC 615.9/02—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020028113
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020028114

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
JL: In loving memory of two of the world’s most formidable mentors: Dean Jack Blackburn
and Mr. Jim Westhall. Here’s some evidence that you are indeed still changing the world!

KK: With love and gratitude to my parents, Stewart Knowlton and Nadine Wolfe,
for their kindness and encouraging hours of scientific discovery under the big willow tree;
and to my loving husband, Allen, for his patience and for asking the best questions.

CS: To future generations—may you enjoy the beauty of this wondrous planet.
To my mentors for their inspiration and determination; and of course to
Zach—for all the love, encouragement, and laughs.
 CONTENTS

Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Foreword: Climate Change and the Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
The Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
The Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii

Commentary on COVID-19, Climate Change, and Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi

Jay Lemery, Kim Knowlton, Cecilia Sorensen, and Hanna Linstadt

Chapter 1 Primer on Climate Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Christopher K. Uejio, James D. Tamerius, Yoonjung Ahn, and Elaina Gonsoroski
Scientific Consensus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Weather, Climate Variability, Climate Change, and Scientific Theory . . . . . . . . . . 2
Energy Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Evidence of a Changing Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Projected Future Climate Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Chapter 2 Climate-Related Disasters: The Role

of Prevention for Managing Health Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Mark E. Keim
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Global Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Public Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, in General . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Public Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, According to Hazard . . . . . . . 29
Managing the Health Risk of Climate-Related Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Chapter 3 Health Impacts of Extreme Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Xiangmei (May) Wu and Rupa Basu
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Heat-Triggered Health Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Factors Influencing Health Effects of Heat Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Adaptation, Mitigation, and Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
viii Contents

Chapter 4 Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle

and Waterborne Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Jan C. Semenza
Changes in Hydrology Caused by Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Waterborne Pathogens Sensitive to Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Adaptation Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Chapter 5 Degraded Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Kim Knowlton and Vijay S. Limaye
Climate Change and Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Air Pollutants Affected by Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Wildfires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Drought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Coccidiomycosis and Respiratory Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Mold and Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Air Pollution—Vulnerable Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Future Projections of Climate Change Effects on Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Mitigation: Health Benefits of Reducing Carbon Pollution and
Associated Co-Pollutant Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Adaptation: Climate Health Preparedness and Reducing
Air Pollution Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Chapter 6 Potential Risks from Cyanobacterial and Algal Blooms . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

J. S. Metcalf and N. R. Souza
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Toxin Producing Groups of Algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Toxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
How Will Climate Change Affect Algal and Cyanobacterial
Blooms and Toxins? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Long-Term Solutions and Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Emerging Questions and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Chapter 7 Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, and Public Health:

The Plant Biology Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Lewis H. Ziska and Kristie L. Ebi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Direct Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Indirect Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
 Contents ix

Chapter 8 Climate and Its Impacts on Vector-Borne Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Andrea G. Buchwald, Jada F. Garofalo, Kenneth L. Gage, Charles B. Beard,
and Rosemary Rochford
Arboviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Malaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Lyme Disease in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Chapter 9 Food Systems Transformation: Toward Sustainable and Healthy

Diets for All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Cristina Tirado
Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Food Security and Malnutrition . . . 172
Vulnerability to Climate Impacts on Food Insecurity and Malnutrition . . . . . . . . 176
Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases and Emerging Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Integrated Multisectoral Adaptation for Malnutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems and Dietary Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Chapter 10 Climate Change and Population Mental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Salma M. Abdalla, Abdulrahman M. El-Sayed, and Sandro Galea
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Climate Change Effect on Mental Health: Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
High Ambient Temperature and Heatwaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Natural Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Forced Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Economics, Geopolitics, and Violent Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Physical Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
A Disproportionate Burden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Common Causes of Climate Change and Mental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Chapter 11 Worker Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Miranda Dally and Lee S. Newman
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Migrant Workers and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Adaptation and Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Worker, Family, and Societal Burden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Chapter 12 Women’s Health and Climate Change: The Impact of Gender . . . . . . . 223
Tracy A. Cushing and Cecilia J. Sorensen
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Direct Health Impacts of Climate Change on Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
x Contents

Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Climate-Related Disasters and Forced Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Food Insecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Water Scarcity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Infectious Diseases and Vector-Borne Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
The Role of Women and Gender in Climate Change Policy and Planning . . . . . . 229
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Chapter 13 Climate Modeling for Health Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Kristopher B. Karnauskas
Greenhouse Gases and Radiative Forcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
What Is a Global Climate Model? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Global Climate Models and Global Change Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Summary and Closing Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Chapter 14 Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessments:

New Approaches and Tools for Adaptation Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Peter Berry, Kristie L. Ebi, Rebekka Schnitter, Louise Aubin,
and Sherilee Harper
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
The Role of Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments in Preparing for
Climate Change Impacts on Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Methods for Undertaking a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment . . . . . . . . 254
The Path Forward: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Undertaking Future
Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Climate Change and Health Vulnerability
and Adaptation Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Chapter 15 Climate Change Health Impact Projections:

Looking into the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Nikhil A. Ranadive and Jeremy J. Hess
A Conceptual Overview of Climate Change Health Impact Projections . . . . . . . 268
Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
The Role of GCM Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
The Role of Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Characterization of Projected Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Choosing and Quantifying Exposure–Outcome Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Projecting Health Impacts of Extreme Weather Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Comparisons and the Counterfactual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Merging Data Streams in the Climate Change Health Impact Model . . . . . . . . . 276
Climate Change Health Impact Projections in the Health Literature . . . . . . . . . 276
Characterization of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Frontiers in Climate Change Health Impact Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
 Contents xi

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Chapter 16 Protecting Environmental Justice Communities from the

Detrimental Impacts of Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Cecilia Martinez and Nicky Sheats
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Climate Resiliency and Environmental Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Cumulative Impacts, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . 291
Air Quality, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Heat Waves, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Extreme Weather Events and Environmental Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Indigenous Rights and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
References and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Chapter 17 Climate Change Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Adam Corner, Chris Shaw, Stuart Capstick, and Nick Pidgeon
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Public Understanding of Climate Change and Principles of Climate Change
Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Communicating the Impacts of Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Communicating Climate Change through a Focus on Public Health . . . . . . . . . 315
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
References and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Chapter 18 International Perspective on Climate

Change Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Kristie L. Ebi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
International Framework for Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Assessing Adaptation Needs and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
NAPAs and NAPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Adaptation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Chapter 19 Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Elizabeth J. Carlton, Amber S. Khan, and Justin V. Remais
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Climate Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Estimating the Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Climate Mitigation Health Co-Benefits by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Challenges and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
xii Contents

Chapter 20 International Institutions and Global

Governance on Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Ambereen K. Shaffie
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Challenges to Creating Effective Health-Climate Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
International Governance Structures Addressing Climate Mitigation . . . . . . . . . 367
An Introduction to Legal Instruments Relevant to the Health-Climate Nexus . . . . . 377
Climate Negotiations: What Is It Like to Be in the Room? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
References and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

Chapter 21 Climate Change and the Right to Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

Alison Blaiklock, Carmel Williams, and Rhys Jones
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
What Are Human Rights? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
What Is the Right to Health? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Climate Crisis Impacts on the Right to Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Unjust Disparities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Human Rights-Based Approaches to the Climate Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Chapter 22 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

Virginia Murray, Debra Parkinson , and Ellen Bloomer
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Climate-Related Disasters and Their Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
The 2015 United Nations Landmark Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
WHO’s Role in the Implementation of the Sendai Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Roles and Responsibilities of Health Care Professionals in Implementing
the Sendai Framework for Climate Change Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Chapter 23 Climate Change and Forced Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Craig Spencer, Amit Chandra, and Micaela Y. Arthur
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
The Decision to Migrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Climate Change and Migration: A Geographic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
International Frameworks and Conventions Governing Forced
Migrant Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Climate Change Risks and Forced Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
 Contents xiii

Chapter 24 Valuing Climate Change Impacts on Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Allison Crimmins
Introduction: Why Do We Value the Climate Change Impacts on
Human Health? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Economic Valuation: How Do We Value the Climate Change Impacts on
Human Health? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Economic Models: Projecting Future Climate Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Examples of Health Damage Estimates from Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Chapter 25 Health Care System Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

Caitlin S. Rublee, Emilie Calvello Hynes, and John M. Balbus
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Health Care Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Natural Systems and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
International Frameworks for Health Care System Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Green and Resilient Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Economics and Equity: Closing the Gaps in Health System Resilience
in Low-Income Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Research Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

Chapter 26 Health Professional Climate Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Amy Collins, Shanda Demorest, and Sarah Spengeman
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Social Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Advocacy within the Health Care Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Clinically Sustainable Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Health Professional Leadership for Broader Social Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Encouraging Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Chapter 27 Specific Impacts upon Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

Caleb Dresser and Satchit Balsari
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Respiratory Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Pneumonic Plague . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Pulmonary Hantavirus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
xiv Contents

Renal Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

Neurologic Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Reproductive Health and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Ocular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Hematology and Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Psychiatric Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Dermatologic Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Gastrointestinal Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Endocrine Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Multisystem Heat-Related Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Infectious Disease, Immunology, and Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

Chapter 28 Climate Change and Loss of Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

Richard Salkowe and Mark R. Hafen
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Biodiversity Loss in the Twenty-First Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Marine and Coastal Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Polar Ocean Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Tropical Ocean Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Coastal Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Rainforest Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Desert Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Mountain Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532

Chapter 29 Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Lydia Olander, Sara Mason, Heather Tallis, Joleah Lamb,
Yuta J. Masuda, and Randall Kramer
What Are Ecosystem Services? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
How Does Climate Change Affect Ecosystem Services that Have an Impact
on Human Health? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Ecosystem Solutions that Reduce Climate Change Impacts on Human Health . . . . 548
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

Chapter 30 Climate Change and Health in Alaska: How Do Things Compare

with the “Lower 48”? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Micah Hahn
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Environmental Change in Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
How Is Alaska Different from the Contiguous United States? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Climate-Related Health Impacts in Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
OneHealth: An Alaskan Framework for Addressing the Health Impacts
of Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
 Contents xv

Surveillance for Climate-Related Exposures and Health Outcomes in Alaska . . . . . 571

Climate Adaptation Planning in Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Next Steps in Addressing Climate and Health in Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

Chapter 31 The Global Energy Transition and Public Health in a

Changing Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Hanna Linstadt, Cecilia J. Sorensen and Morgan D. Bazilian
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Current Trends in Global Energy Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
The Energy Transition and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Global Energy Poverty and the SDGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Clean Energy Transitions and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Loss of Coral Reefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Carolyn Sotka

The Nurses Climate Challenge: A Model for Health Professional

Climate Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Shanda Demorest

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
 PREFACE

Recently, we took a field trip with a group of public health and medical students to the National
Science Foundation Ice Core Facility in Lakewood, Colorado. The students were taking one of
the nation’s first medical school courses in climate change and health, and it was time to get
out of the classroom to see science in action. We weren’t quite sure what to expect as, essen-
tially, we were going to visit a warehouse full of ancient ice.
It was May, but we were told to bring our deep winter gear—down jackets, hats, and gloves.
The room was built for Arctic winter, set at 40° below, the singular temperature where
Fahrenheit is the same as Celsius. After a short film explaining the process of ice core science,
we were introduced to the star of the show: there, in all its cryogenic glory, a recumbent ice
tube containing the atmospheric carbon record of the last several thousand years. The staff
was masterful in recounting a science narrative explaining how the project was conceived, data
obtained, and conclusions rendered.
The students were mesmerized. We witnessed a cascade of “ah-ha!” moments, the Holy
Grail for any educator where the abstract notions, numbers, and equations all come together
in a spark of enlightenment for the learner. For us, that day was more than a lesson in science,
it was a lesson in the power of science communication—our highest aspiration as we bring you
the most up-to-date expert climate and health science in this second edition.
Much has changed since we published our first edition in 2015.
We can be thankful that the science of climate change has advanced remarkably, while
simultaneously, economically viable green technologies have emerged at an unprecedented
rate. Despite public acceptance around climate science globally, we’ve seen a backlash against
science-backed climate policy and intransigence toward policy action, especially in the United
States. Understanding public opinion and perceptions around climate change and science,
which can shape or hinder smart policy, has become a science unto itself, and we explore that
in this book.
New challenges have emerged that are rewriting climate narratives. We now must incor-
porate the profound impact of the recent pandemic into our work and understand how they
are related. Do the public health remedies for both coincide? Although we have yet to fully
digest this experience, what is clear is that COVID-19 shows us how fragile our interconnec-
tions are and how rapidly we can mobilize resources—both human action and financial
resources—to address a common threat. It also offers a palpable admonishment of our custo-
dianship of the commons and the limitations of current governance—both national and inter-
national—to implement policy. Yet there is no doubt the COVID-19 crisis presents an
opportunity for us to upgrade our operating system, to think about public health resilience,
energy policy, and global governance.
Despite the rapidly changing events, the goal of this textbook remains the same: to serve as
a resource for public health and clinical medicine practitioners, students, and learners. We
crafted this book to be a comprehensive source on climate and health issues, authored by the
experts who demonstrate mastery of the many complex facets of this topic. We added innova-
tive pedagogical elements, expanded clinical correlations from the first edition, led each chap-
ter with key concepts; included a glossary, and are again supporting educators with materials
xviii Preface

in the form of electronic teaching slides with accompanying multiple choice and essay ques-
tions.
New to this second edition are updates to the core climate and health science topics, issues
of health equity, novel perspectives from clinical medicine and allied health professions, and
an expansive discussion on the dizzying aspects of global governance. We have likewise
recruited experts to share science on the unique vulnerabilities that women suffer from cli-
mate change as well as the interrelated topics of ecosystem services and loss of biodiversity.
It is our sober assessment that when it comes to protecting our health from climate change,
we are not keeping pace. It’s easy to look at the table of contents and feel pessimistic. Yet there
is much for which to be hopeful. Since the publication of our last edition, medical societies
have banded together in action and joined thousands of public entities in divesting from fossil
fuels, major medical journals have prioritized climate-related topics, graduate schools of pub-
lic health and medicine have launched dedicated climate and health curricula, and energetic
grassroots student groups have emerged across campuses. Perhaps most telling is that public
opinions are slowly changing.
One thing is certain: the science will advance, and in that regard, we feel fortunate to have
this platform to share with you. May our next edition reflect the health implications from shifts
in grassroots perceptions, the maturation of clean technologies in the marketplace, and the
efficacy of smart policies enacted.
We believe this is the grand health challenge of our times. For us, there is no better outlet
for our intellectual and creative energies than to present the work of our accomplished authors
to you.

Jay Lemery
Kim Knowlton
Cecilia Sorensen
FOREWORD: CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE PANDEMIC
Craig Spencer

My career in medicine and public health has brought me to sub-Saharan Africa and southeast
Asia, as well as the American southwest. I’ve responded to outbreaks of hepatitis E in Chad,
Ebola in West Africa, and most recently on the frontlines of coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) in New York City.
Despite being different outbreaks in different places, the one constant similarity in all was
how public health crises always disproportionately affect already marginalized and vulnerable
communities.
For a long time, we’ve known that we were susceptible to a global pandemic. In recent
decades, outbreaks of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and MERS
(Middle East respiratory syndrome) alerted us to the possible implications of global spread.
The 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak further highlighted how a public health threat
anywhere represents a threat everywhere. In the aftermath of all of these outbreaks, lessons
learned documents formed the basis for adaptations and change. Yet despite all this, when
COVID-19 rapidly spread around the world in 2020, we found ourselves unprepared.
Along with the recent rise of nationalism and antimigrant rhetoric, there has been increas-
ing critique of the globalist mindset—this idea that the people and nations of the world are
inextricably linked. As countries have gradually receded and focused inward, they’ve taken
apart and undermined much of the preparedness done to prevent and respond to a global pub-
lic health threat.

The Social Injustice of the Pandemic

In that sense, it’s not the COVID-19 pandemic that was surprising. It’s how poorly we managed
it. Throughout history, epidemics arise on the margins of our society, the disease taking root
among the most vulnerable. It was Virchow who noted that medicine is a social science and
politics is nothing else but medicine on a large scale (Virchow 1985). The mortality rate from
COVID-19 is highest among the elderly, communities of color, and those with preexisting
health conditions and is likely to be devastating for the poorest and in the developing world.

Climate Justice
Unfortunately, we know this is a harbinger of things to come. The pandemic experience fore-
shadows the health impacts from climate change, compounding every year with extreme
weather patterns, sea level rise, food and water insecurity, and many other drivers articulated
in this textbook. As the authors consistently point out in each of these chapters, it’s the most
marginalized and vulnerable who will suffer the most—through geography, age, socioeco-
nomic status, and medical comorbidities. The public health policy response to the COVID-19
pandemic has pitted individual rights against collective action. I am too sanguine to think that
apolitical unity would be a default societal response in these times; however, we do have pow-
erful tools to lead and to continue to shape the policy narrative.
xx Foreword: Climate Change and the Pandemic

We can lead on the incredible successes of data-driven public health responses. Even
before John Snow’s eureka moment at the Broad Street pump, the world has benefited from
global health initiatives proven to be a sound investment. No better example exists than the
global campaign against smallpox, which was finally eradicated in 1980. Smallpox had long
been humanity’s greatest scourge. In the late 1700s, smallpox was so feared that even the first
president of the United States—George Washington, himself a smallpox survivor—described
it as a “greater threat than. . .the Sword of the Enemy.” For the unparalleled commitment to
smallpox eradication, the United States saves the total of all its historic contributions to ending
smallpox every 26 days because it does not have to vaccinate or treat the disease (Center for
Global Development n.d.).
The worldwide response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic recognized that supporting global
health initiatives not only has a humanitarian impact. PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for
AIDS Relief ) was established in 2003 by President George W. Bush to increase access to HIV/
AIDS treatment around the world. Since its inception, this program has greatly reduced HIV/
AIDS-related morbidity and mortality by providing treatment to millions of men, women, and
children worldwide. Subsequently, we have also seen the profound strategic national and inter-
national benefits by preventing social unrest and political instability in the countries most
affected by HIV/AIDS in the developing world.
To date, many in the developed world have equated emergency preparedness with indi-
vidual preparedness. But none of us has the individual ability to affect our sick neighbors’ risk
of disease spread or to roll out widespread testing for evidence of infection. Collective action
is a precondition for managing any public health crisis, be it from a pandemic or global envi-
ronmental change—and these actions are not necessarily rooted in protecting the individual as
much as protecting the most vulnerable in our communities.

Leading
Yet because the pandemic has upended many of our assumptions—not only about public
health but also governance, economic models, and social policies—you readers have an
unprecedented opportunity to lead on this issue. And the rhetoric you choose does not have to
be steeped in dour consequences—we have a lot to be excited about and to give the public a
positive reason for change. We can lead on solutions.
Technology is giving us better ways tools to decarbonize while reducing the cost of energy.
Wright’s law—a model that predicts plummeting costs as new technology comes to scale—has
proven true for wind, solar, and battery power. In many instances these technologies are now
cheaper than oil and gas, ushering a future of cheap and abundant clean energy. As we think
about how to reinvigorate our economy from the pandemic, such opportunities afford us a
synergistic benefit in both job creation for a growing market and reduced greenhouse gas
emissions.
The reputation of science has taken some bruising in recent years. But when it comes to
illness or injury, everyone wants the best science working for themselves and their loved ones.
Therein lies our ability to affect public risk assessment and to advance an evidence-based
approach toward risk and opportunity.
I conclude by sharing with you a moment from my time on the frontlines of Ebola in West
Africa. I had seen so many succumb to this disease and I felt like I hadn’t made a difference. Yet
one day, while being treated for Ebola myself in a hospital in New York City, I received a call
from someone far away. She heard I was sick and called to thank me for caring for her family
and to wish me well. I recognized then that I had indeed made an impact. Because over and
over she thanked me. She believed if I hadn’t been there to take care of her and her family none
of them would have survived this disease.
 Foreword: Climate Change and the Pandemic xxi

In caring for others I had created a community of people across the world who cared about
me because I had cared about them.
If we are to successfully tackle the public health and climate challenges in coming years, we
will need collective action. Action based on creating a worldwide community that cares about
others. If the COVID-19 pandemic taught us anything, it’s that in times of global crisis we need
global solidarity.
This book is a framework for the actions and decisions we need to foster this global com-
munity of caring. But it is only by operationalizing our voices, our advocacy, and our passion
that we will create the collective response necessary to confront the public health and climate
crises that undoubtedly lie in front of us.

References
Center for Global Development. n.d. Case 1: Eradicating Smallpox. https://www.cgdev.org/page/
case-1-eradicating-smallpox
Virchow, R. 1985. “The Charity Physician (1848).” In Collected Essays on Public Health and Epidemiology,
edited by L. J. Rather. Canton, MA: Science History Publications.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to acknowledge the incredible efforts from our editorial team! We are grateful
for their superb contributions to this second edition.
Beth Gillespie, MD, associate editor for pedagogical elements
Elaine Reno, MD, associate editor for supporting education materials, who led a team of
motivated and talented editorial assistants: Ian Liu, William Mundo, Jessica Phan, Gavriel
Roda, and Alessandra Santiago
Caitlin Rublee, MD, assistant editor for Clinical Correlates
 THE EDITORS

Jay Lemery, MD, is professor of emergency medicine at the University of Colorado School of
Medicine, chief of the Section of Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, and professor in
the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health at the Colorado School of Public
Health. He is a past-president of the Wilderness Medical Society.
In 2015 Dr. Lemery coedited the first edition of Global Climate Change and Human
Health: From Science to Practice, and in 2017 he coauthored Enviromedics: The Impact of
Climate Change on Human Health. He was a technical contributor to the Fourth National
Climate Assessment (2018) produced by thirteen federal agencies, and from 2011 to 2016, he
was a consultant for the Climate and Health Program at the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Dr. Lemery graduated as an Echols Scholar from the University of Virginia and has a med-
ical degree from the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. He also holds academic appoint-
ments at the Harvard School of Public Health (FXB Center), where he is a contributing editor
for its journal, Health and Human Rights. Dr. Lemery sits on the National Academy of
Medicine’s Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine and is cur-
rently the medical director for the National Science Foundation’s Polar Research program.

* * *

Kim Knowlton, DrPH, MS, is assistant professor of environmental health sciences at the
Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University; and past chair of the Climate Change
Topic Committee of the American Public Health Association’s Environment Section. She
served as co-convening lead author for the human health chapter of the U.S. Third National
Climate Assessment; as a member of the 2nd and the 4th New York City Panel on Climate
Change and participated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 Fourth and
2013 Fifth Assessment Reports. She is a health scientist specializing in the human health
impacts of climate change, particularly air pollution and extreme heat.
Her work with the New York Climate and Health Project 2001–2007 described some of the
first downscaled global-to-regional climate-air quality/heat-health effect modeling results in
the United States and served as a foundation for her collaboration with climate, atmospheric
chemistry, and land use modelers. She also serves as senior scientist and deputy director of the
Science Center at the Natural Resources Defense Council in New York, where she works to
help communities in the United States and partners in India adapt to our changed climate,
connect the dots between climate and health for multiple audiences, and put science in the
service of advocacy to protect people and the planet.

* * *

Cecilia Sorensen, MD, is an emergency medicine physician-investigator in the area of climate

change and health at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and the Colorado School
of Public Health. Following residency training at Denver Health in Denver, Colorado, she
xxvi The Editors

became the inaugural Living Closer Foundation Fellow in Climate and Health Science Policy,
based at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and the National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences.
Dr. Sorensen has a broad range of expertise at the intersection of human health, environ-
mental health, and social justice. Her recent work has spanned domestic as well as interna-
tional emergent health issues related to climate change, including heat stress and worker health
in Guatemala, wildfires and health care utilization in the United States, the emergence of Zika
virus in Ecuador following the earthquake of 2016, climate change and women’s health in India,
and mortality following hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico.
Translating this research into policy to order to build resilience in vulnerable communities
is the focus of her work. To this end, she has served as a health author for the U.S. Fourth
National Climate Assessment and serves as a technical advisor for the annual Lancet Climate
and Health U.S. Policy Brief. Additionally, she is a founding member of the Colorado Chapter
of Physicians for Social Responsibility, a member of the Colorado Consortium for Climate
Change, a scientific advisor for the Citizens Climate Lobby and the course director for the
nation’s first medical school course on climate change and human health.
 THE CONTRIBUTORS

Salma M. Abdalla, MBBS, MPH, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston,
Massachusetts

Yoonjung Ahn, MS, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida

Micaela Y. Arthur, MPH, Washington, DC

Louise Aubin, MES, Public Health, Health Services, Region of Peel, Mississauga, Ontario

John M. Balbus, MD, MPH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Bethesda,
Maryland

Satchit Balsari, MD, MPH, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts

Rupa Basu, PhD, OEHHA/CalEPA, Oakland, California

Morgan D. Bazilian, PhD, Payne Institute, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado

Charles B. Beard, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado

Peter Berry, PhD, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario8

Alison Blaiklock, MBChB, MPHTM, FNZCPHM, University of Otago, Wellington, New

Zealand

Ellen Bloomer, MSc, Global Public Health, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

Andrea Buchwald, PhD, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado

Emilie J. Calvello Hynes, MD, MPH, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora,
Colorado

Stuart Capstick, PhD, School of Psychology, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom

Elizabeth J. Carlton, PhD, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz
Campus, Aurora, Colorado

Amit Chandra, MD, MSc, Arlington, Virginia

Amy Collins, MD, Wellesley, Massachusetts

Adam Corner, PhD, Climate Outreach, Oxford, United Kingdom

Allison Crimmins, MS, MPP, Washington, DC

Tracy A. Cushing, MD, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado

Miranda Dally, MS, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado

Shanda Demorest, DNP, RN, PHN, LaCrescent, Minnesota

Caleb Dresser, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center, Boston, Massachusetts
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
R579969.
Gandy Goose in Mexican baseball. By TerryToons, Inc. 1 reel. ©
14Mar47; L1023. Viacom International, Inc. (PWH); 8Jul74;
R579969.

R579970.
Heckle and Jeckle, the talking magpies, in Happy go lucky. By
TerryToons, Inc. 1 reel. © 28Feb47; L1054. Viacom International,
Inc. (PWH); 8Jul74; R579970.

R579971.
Mighty Mouse in Aladdin’s lamp. By TerryToons, Inc. 1 reel. ©
28Mar47; L1059. Viacom International, Inc. (PWH); 8Jul74;
R579971.

R579972.
The Talking magpies in The Intruders. By TerryToons, Inc. 7 min.
© 9May47; L1182. Viacom International, Inc. (PWH); 8Jul74;
R579972.

R579973.
Heckle and Jeckle, the talking magpies, in Cat trouble. By
TerryToons, Inc. 1 reel. © 11Apr47; L1183. Viacom International, Inc.
(PWH); 8Jul74; R579973.

R579974.
Mighty Mouse in The Sky is falling. By TerryToons, Inc. 1 reel. ©
25Apr47; L1184. Viacom International, Inc. (PWH); 8Jul74;
R579974.

R579975.
 Mighty Mouse meets Deadeye Dick. By TerryToons, Inc. 1 reel. ©
30May47; L1203. Viacom International, Inc. (PWH); 8Jul74;
R579975.

★ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974 O-564-506

Catalog of Copyright Entries

Third Series

ISSN 0090–8371
Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series

Volume 28, Parts 12–13, Number 2

 Motion Pictures

July-December

1974

COPYRIGHT OFFICE · THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

WASHINGTON: 1974
Library of Congress card no. 6–35347.
This number identifies the Library of Congress printed card for
the complete series of the Catalog of Copyright Entries.
ISSN 0090–8371 Key title: Catalog of copyright entries. Third
series. Parts 12–13. Motion pictures.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Price of this part is given
on page vi.
 Preface

The CATALOG OF COPYRIGHT ENTRIES is published by

authority of sections 210 and 211 of Title 17 of the United States
Code. Section 210 provides in part: “The current catalog of copyright
entries and the index volumes herein provided for shall be admitted
in any court as prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein as
regards any copyright registration.”
Orders, payable in advance, for all parts of the Catalog of
Copyright Entries should be sent to the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402. Orders may be placed for individual issues, as subscriptions
for one or more parts, or for the complete Catalog, for periods of
one, two, or three years. All orders should state clearly the title and
the inclusive dates of the part wanted; checks or money orders
should be made payable to the Superintendent of Documents.
The Copyright Office welcomes inquiries, suggestions, and
comments on the content and organization of the Catalog. Such
communications should be addressed to the Chief of the Cataloging
Division, Copyright Office, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
20559.
The record of each copyright registration listed in the Catalog
includes a description of the work copyrighted and data relating to
the copyright claim (the name of the copyright claimant as given in
the application for registration, the copyright date, the copyright
registration number, etc.). For each registration listed, except for
renewals, there has been deposited a copy or copies of the work in
accordance with the provisions contained in sections 12, 13, 14, or
215 of Title 17 of the United States Code.
Each part listed in the following table records registrations in the
class or classes indicated by the alphabetical symbols. The second
and third letters, if any, that follow the initial letter are added by the
Copyright Office for the purpose of statistical analysis. Their
significance is as follows:

F Published foreign works. In the case of books and periodicals, it

designates works manufactured outside the United States
(except those registered for ad interim copyright). In all other
classes to which it applies, it designates works first published
outside the United States, the authors of which are neither
citizens nor domiciliaries of the United States. (AF, EF)
I Books and periodicals registered for ad interim copyright. (AI, BI)
O Published works of foreign origin registered under the waiver-of-
fee provision (section 215 of Title 17 of the United States Code).
(BIO, GFO)
P Domestic published works in classes for which registration is
possible for either published or unpublished works. (EP, JP)
U Unpublished works in classes for which registration is possible for
either published or unpublished works. (DU, EU)
 Price per
semiannual
issue
Part Books and Pamphlets, Including Serials and
1 Contributions to Periodicals $10.00
A Books
BB Contributions to periodicals
R Renewal registrations

Part Periodicals (Annual issue)

2 6.00
B Periodicals
R Renewal registrations

Parts Dramas and Works Prepared for Oral Delivery

3–4 3.00
C Lectures and other works prepared for oral delivery
D Dramatic or dramatico-musical works
R Renewal registrations

Part Music
5 10.00
E Musical compositions
R Renewal registrations

Part Maps and Atlases

6 3.00
F Maps
R Renewal registrations

Parts Works of Art, Reproductions of Works of Art, Scientific

7– and Technical Drawings, Photographic Works, Prints
11A and Pictorial Illustrations $3.00
G Works of art and models or designs for works of art
H Reproductions of works of art
I Drawings or sculptural works of a scientific or technical
character
J Photographs
 K Prints and pictorial illustrations
R Renewal registrations

Part Commercial Prints and Labels (Annual issue)

11B 5.00
KK Commercial prints and labels
R Renewal registrations

Parts Motion Pictures

12–
13 3.00
L Motion-picture photoplays
M Motion pictures other than photoplays
R Renewal registrations

Part Sound recordings

14 5.00
N Sound recordings

Subscription price: Complete Catalog for the year $75.00;

$18.75 additional for foreign mailing. Orders, accompanied by
remittances, should be addressed to the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402.
Table of Contents

Page
Index 95
Current Registrations 121
Renewal Registrations 153
 Introduction

Parts 12–13 list all registrations made in classes L and M for the
period covered by this issue. An index of names and titles associated
with the work is followed by the main entries, listed in order by
registration number. Filing of the index is letter by letter, except in
the case of inverted names which are filed up to the comma or
parenthesis, after which letter by letter filing is resumed. Entries
beginning with numbers which are not spelled out are filed at the
end in numerical sequence.
The main entries include, when applicable, the following
information derived from the work and application.

1) Title, followed by subtitle and/or descriptive statements. The

authorship of the work is included in this statement, with
the nature of authorship (if available).
2) Edition statement.
3) Country of publication for works registered as foreign or as ad
interim works.
4) Label name and number for registered sound recordings.
5) Physical description of the deposit.
6) Series statement.
7) Additional titles associated with the registered work such as
variant titles, alternative titles, translated titles, etc.
8) Notes; information is given here which serves to supplement
the data that is given elsewhere in the entry in order to
describe a work more accurately or identify it more
explicitly.
 9) Statement that the registered work is published in or as part of
another work, or is bound with another independent work.
10) Names of authors given in the application which do not appear
elsewhere in the entry.
11) Statement of those materials contained in the registered work
on which copyright is not claimed, when so stated in the
application.
12) Information contained in the application which relates to the
registration of an earlier version of the work.
13) Brief statement of the new matter on which copyright is
claimed when so stated in the application.
14) Copyright symbol © or Ⓟ.
15) A statement of limitation of claim if the application or notice
on the work explicitly limits the claim.
16) Name of the copyright claimant.
17) Date of publication for published works; for unpublished
works the date on which the last of all items required to
complete registration
was received in the Copyright Office.
18) Registration number.
For published works, whenever it is necessary to indicate a
variation between the information given in the application and in the
copy of the work with respect to the claimant’s name or the date of
publication, the data from the application is given first, followed by
the phrase “in notice” and the data given in the work; e.g., © John
Doe; 11Jan74 (in notice: 1973).
For renewal registrations the original date of publication and
registration number precede the name of the claimant of the renewal
registration. Following the name of the renewal claimant is a
statement in parentheses, usually abbreviated, giving the basis of the
renewal claim as supplied by the application; e.g., “John Doe (A)”
indicates that John Doe has made renewal claim as author.
 Works deposited in connection with current copyright
registrations may be selected for inclusion in the collections of the
Library of Congress. Library of Congress printed cards are available
for many of the published works so selected. Orders for such cards or
inquiries concerning them should be addressed to the Catalog
Distribution Service Division, Building No. 159, Navy Yard Annex,
Washington, D.C., 20541.
 Registrations July-December 1974

Class L— Domestic published motion-picture photoplays 345

Foreign published motion-picture photoplays 51
Unpublished motion-picture photoplays 5
Class M— Domestic published motion pictures other than photoplays 585
Foreign published motion pictures other than photoplays 1
Unpublished motion pictures other than photoplays 161

Total 1,148
Renewals: Classes L and M 510

These figures represent the number of registrations for motion

pictures for July-December 1974, but do not necessarily represent
the exact number of entries in this issue of the Catalog of Copyright
Entries. Registration figures for other classes of material may be
found in the respective parts.
 Abbreviations and Symbols

The following list includes abbreviations and symbols used in this

catalog with specific copyright or bibliographic meanings.

(A) author(s)
a.a.d.o. accepted alternative designation of
a.k.a. also known as
acc. accompaniment
Adm.c.t.a. Administrator(s) cum testamento annexo
Adm.d.b.n.c.t.a. Administrator(s) de bonis non cum testamento
annexo
appl. application
approx. approximate, approximately
arr. arranged, arrangement, arranged by
Aufl. Auflage
augm. augmented
Ausg. Ausgabe
b&w black and white
Bd. Band (German)
bearb. bearbeitet
© copyright symbol
(C) child or children of the deceased author
ca. circa
chap. chapter(s)
col. colored
comp. compiler
d.b.a. doing business as
(E) executor(s) of the author
ed. edition, editor
enl. enlarged
fr. frames
ft. feet
hrsg. herausgegeben
illus. illustration(s)
m. music, music by
min. minutes
mm. millimeters
(NK) next of kin of the deceased author
NM new matter
no. number(s)
nouv. nouveau, nouvelle
op. opus
p. page(s)
Ⓟ copyright symbol for sound recordings
(PCB) proprietor of copyright in a work copyrighted by
a corporate body otherwise than as assignee or
licensee of the individual author
(PCW) proprietor of copyright in a composite work
(PPW) proprietor of copyright in a posthumous work
(PWH) proprietor of copyright in a work made for hire
prev. previous, previously
print. printing
priv. print. privately printed
pseud. pseudonym
pt. part, parts
pty. proprietary
pub. published, publishing
R, (R) renewal registration
reg. registered, registration
rev. revised
s. side(s)
sd. sound
sec. seconds
ser. series
si. silent
suppl. supplement
t. tome, tomo
T., Th. Teil, Theil
t.a. trading as
ti. title(s)
t.p. title page
tr. translator
v., vol. volume, volumes
w. words, words by
(W) widow of the author
(Wr) widower of the author
 MOTION PICTURES
INDEX

An index of distinctive titles and names given in the entries listed

in the current and renewal sections of this issue. Below each index
term is the registration number under which the main entry is to be
found. References from varying forms of names are interfiled.

A
ABBA Productions.
MP25809.
Abdication.
LP43913.
About animals.
LP43922 - LP43927.
About apples.
MP25639.
About series.
MP25639.
Academy Pictures Corporation.
LP43734.
Accident investigation.
MP25721.
MP25722.
ACI Films, Inc.
 MP25509 - MP25512.
MP25615.
Acrobat.
LP43912.
Adams, T. M.
MP25514 - MP25528.
Adolescent responsibilities: Craig and Mark.
MP25907.
Adults only.
LP43799.
Advanced network design techniques.
MP25949.
Adventure in Venice.
MP25904.
Adventure of early childhood education.
MP25531.
The Adventures of Don Coyote.
R582742.
The Adventures of Nick Carter.
LP43713.
Adventuress.
R580646.
A.F.M. Productions, Ltd.
LF193.
Africa next door.
MP25585.
African folklore series.
LP43674.
LP43675.
AFT Distributing Corporation.
LF184.
LP43685 - LP43688.
After the rain.
MU9073.
AGI-EBE earth science program.
MP25884.
MP25892.
Ahmed.
MU9024.
Alabama Environmental Quality Association.
MP25961.
Alan Enterprises, Inc.
R589461.
Alaska.
R593743.
Albert Camus: a self portrait.
MP25799.
Alberto Culver Company.
MU9017 - MU9018.
MU9025 - MU9026.
MU9072 - MU9076.
MU9159.
Album of animals.
R593734.
Alced Productions, Ltd.
LP43911.
Alcoholism in industry.
MP25586.
Alcohol: the choice.
LP43666.
Alesse, Craig.
MP25688.
Alfa Cinematograsica.
R587974.
Alfra.
LP43641 - LP43664.
LP43798 - LP43801.
LP43959 - LP43962.
Algol, the demon star.
MP25552.
Alive and feeling great.
MP25658.
Allen, Nina Stromgren.
MP25664.
MP25668.
MP25670.
Allen, Robert Day.
MP25660 - MP25670.
MP25798.
MP26057 - MP26058.
Allend’or.
MP25562.
Allied Artists Pictures Corporation.
R581550.
R581551.
R584640.
R584641.
R584642.
R585844.
R585845.
R588501.
R588502.
R588504.
R588505.
R591328.
R594065.
R594066.
Allied Artists Productions, Inc.
R588503.