Theme 18. The notion "clinical terminology". Types of clinical terms.

Structure of terms composites in Latin and English languages. Greek

doublets of the first declension nouns. Final term elements of the first
declension. Word formation. Latin and Greek prefixes. Numeral as
prefixes.
The structure of anatomic terms.

A term is a word or a word combination which defines specific concept in some

field of science or art.

According to their structure anatomic terms are divided into one-word, two-
word, three-word and multiword terms.

1. One-word anatomic terms are formed by a noun in Nom. sing or plur.: costa
(rib); nasus(nose);

vertebra( vertebra).

2. Two-word anatomic terms are formed by:

a) a noun in Nom, + an adjective agreed with it: costa vera (real rib);
ligamentum transversum (transverse ligament).

b) a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen.: angiilus costae (angle of the rib); corpus
vertebrae (body of the vertebra).

3. Three-word anatomic terms are formed by:

a) a noun in Nom. + two adjectives: arteria gastrica dextra (right gastric artery).
In a three-word anatomic term an adjective indicating an organ or the part of an organ
precedes an adjective Sticating size, shape and location, e.g.: vena hepatica media
(right hepatic vein). A noun in Nom. precedes both adjectives.

b) a noun in Nom. + two nouns in Gen.: crista colli costae (crest of the rib's
neck);

c) a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen, + an adjective in Nom.:

fossa cranii media (middle hole of the skull)

or a noun in Nom. + an adjective in Nom. + a noun in Gen.:

 vena coronaria ventriculi (coronary veins of the ventricle)

Pharmaceutical three-word terms are formed by:

a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen. + an adjective in Nom., e.g.: tinctura

Valerianae aetherea-(ethereal tincture valerian). Anatomic terms do not follow this
principle, therefore there are two variants.

Anatomic terms can be defined as different word combinations with a head word
(a noun in Nom.):

Lexical minimum

• anterior, ius - anterior

auditorius, a, urn - acoustic

coccygeus, a, um -coccygeal

• coronarius, a, um - coronary

biliaris, e (felleus, a, um) - biliary, bilious

mucosus, a, um - mucous

albus, a, um - white

inspiratorius, a, um - inspirable

ceratus, a, um - waxed

Betula, ae f- birch

Mentha pipenta - peppermint

medicatus, a, um - medical, medicinal

acutus, a, um - acute

chole, es f - bile

conservatus, a, um - conserved

line - linea, ae f
 distilled - destillatus, a, um

juice - succus, i m

waxed-ceratus, a, um

clinical terms

angina, ae f- angina, tonsillitis

ascltes, ae m - ascites, accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity diaeta, ae f-

diet fractura, ae f- fracture

haemoptoe, es f- hemoptysis, blood splitting

hernia, ae f-hernia pneumonia, ae f- pneumonia phlegmone, es f- phlegmon

The notion “clinical term”. Types of clinical terms. . The structure of composing
terms in Latin and English . Word-formation. Latin prepositions as prefixes.

A term is a word or a word combination which defines specific concept in some field
of science , technology or art.

According to their structure anatomic terms are divided into one-word, two-word,
three-word and multi-word terms.

1. One-word anatomic terms are formed by a noun in Nom. sing or plur.: costa (rib);
nasus(nose); vertebra(vertebra).

2. Two-word anatomic terms are formed by:

a) a noun in Nom. + an adjective agreed with it: costa vera (real rib); ligamentum
transversum (transversal ligament).
b) a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen.: angŭlus costae (angle of the rib); corpus vertebrae
(body of the vertebra).

3. Three-word anatomic terms are formed by:

a) a noun in Nom. + two adjectives: arteria gastrĭca dextra (right gastric artery).
 In a three-word anatomic term an adjective indicating an organ or the part of an organ
precedes an adjective indicating size, shape and location, e.g.: vena hepatĭca media
(right hepatic vein). A noun in Nom. precedes both adjectives.
b) a noun in Nom. + two nouns in Gen.: crista colli costae (crest of the rib’s neck);
ligamentum capĭtis femŏris (ligament of the femoral bone head).
c) a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen. + an adjective in Nom.:
fossa cranii media (middle hole of the skull)
or
a noun in Nom. + an adjective in Nom. + a noun in Gen.:
vena coronaria ventricŭli (coronary veins of the ventricle)
Pharmaceutical three-word terms are formed by:

a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen. + an adjective in Nom., e.g.: tinctūra Valeriānae

aetherea-ethereal tincture of valerian. Anatomic terms do not follow this principle,
therefore there are two variants.

Anatomic terms can be defined as different word combinations with a head word
(a noun in Nom.): vagīna externa nervi optĭci (external vagina of the optic nerve);
segmentum basāle posterius pulmōnis sinistri (posterior basic segment of the left lung).

The ways of forming medical terms.

The better you can analize medical terms (that is be able to find their roots, suffixes,
prefixes, stems; comprehend the meaning of Greek and Latin components, remember
the Greek equivalents of the Latin words) the easier you will learn and remember them.

There are two main ways of word forming in Latin:

1. Affixation (adding prefixes and suffixes to the stem, e.g.: vertĕbra

(vertebra); vertebr-āl-is, e (vertebral); inter-vertebr-āl-is, e (intervertabral); Mentha
(mint), Menth-ōl-um (menthol).

The words formed by affixation are called derived words.

2. Word combination (when two or more stems go together to form a new

word. E.g.: gastroenterologia (gaster, gastr-is (stomach), enter-on (intestine), logia
(science)) – the branch of internal medicine which deals with normal functioning and
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The words formed in this way are called
compound.

Latin words are joined by the vowels –i– and –o–, e.g.: mult-i-cellulāris
(multicellular); sacr-o-lumbālis (sacrolumbar); cerebr-o-spinālis (cerebrospinal).

Greek words are joined by the vowel -o-, e.g.: arthr-o-pathia (the disease of
joints). When the second word begins with a vowel, then-o-is often dropped, e.g.: neur-
algia (neuralgia); aden-ectomia (adenoctomy is the removing of gland).
 To form compound and derived words the stems of the words determined in
Gen. sing. are most frequently used, e.g.: dermatītis (from derma, dermat-is (skin))
means inflammation of the skin, dermatologia (the science about skin diseases).

Sometimes the stem of the word in Nom. is used for better pronunciation, e.g.:
py-o-derm-ia (purulent inflammation of the skin); epi-derm-is (epidermis).

In a compound noun an attribute usually comes first, while the head word is the
final element (it is called the final term element), e.g.: dermatologia (derma, tis – skin;
logia – science) – the science about skin diseases.

The final term element is a steady element of a compound word, it has constant
meaning and can form several terms, e.g.: the term element – algia denotes the pain
having no organic origin:

gastralgia (gastric pain); odontalgia (toothache), myalgia (pain in the

muscles), etc.

As far as medical terms are formed by two languages (the anatomic and
histologic terms are formed by the Latin language, the clinical terms are formed mainly
by the Old Greek language, the pharmaceutical terms are formed by both Latin and
Greek languages), you should learn Greek roots and other word-forming elements,
especially final term elements of the Latin words.

Clinical terminology is one of the most difficult subsystems of the medical

terminology. It includes both the names of diseases or pathologic processes and the
ways of their examination and treatment.

Greek equivalents of the Latin first declension nouns

Latin word Greek word and its stem Meaning

aqua hydor, hydr- water

causa aetia, aeti- cause

cellŭla cytos, cyt- cell

cornea keras, kerat- cornea

femĭna gyne, gynaec- woman

glandŭla aden, aden- gland

natūra physis, physi- nature

hernia cele-, -cele- hernia

lacrĭma dacryon, dacry- tear

 lingua glossa, gloss- tonque

mamma mastos, mast- mamma

maxilla gnathos, gnath- maxilla (upper jaw)

medulla myelos, myel- medulla

palpĕbra blepharon, blephar- palpebra

planta phyton, phyt- plant

salīva sialon, sial- saliva

ptyalon, ptyal-

tuba uterīna salpinx, salping- uterine tube

urīna uron, ur- urine

vagīna colpos, colp- vagina

vena phleps, phleb- vein

vertebra spondylos, spondyl- vertebra

vesīca cystis, cyst- bladder

vesīca biliaris cholecystis, cholecyst- gallbladder

vita bios, bi- life

Final term elements

- aemia blood, condition of blood (from Greek haema, haemat–is

(blood); haem-īa haemat are used as initial term elements,
e.g.: haemophilia (hemophilia, predisposition to hemorrhage);
haematologia (hematology, science studying blood and
hemopoietic organs).
- algia Pain
- algesia painful feeling
- ectasia extension of hollow or tubular organ
- ectomia Removal
- graphia Examination: X-ray or by means of recording impulses
- logia science
 - odynia pain (without any organic changes)
- opsia eyesight
- phobia fear, phobia
- pathia disease
- plegia paralysis, stroke
- rrhagia hemorrhage
- rrhoea profuse discharge
- scopia Examination
- stomia forming artificial opening, fistula (from stoma – mouth)
- rrhaphia suture
- therapia therapy
- ergia, -urgia activity, reactivity of the organism
- tomia Incision

Exercise 1

Read the terms, underline their components, determine their meaning, translate
into English:

phytotherapia; histologia; cystoplegia; cholecystotomia; myelopathia; glossalgia;

hydraemia; Gynaecologia; dacryadenalgia; hyperergia; dysergia; spondylotomia;
hypalgesia; dacryorrhoea; phlebectasia; adenectomia; anaemia; keratotomia;
blepharoplegia; uraemia; cystoscopia; cytologia; biologia; hydrotherapia; aetiologia;
myelocele; mastopathia; dysopsia; physiologia; biopsia; salpingotomia; physiotherapia.

Exercise 2

Translate into Latin (in a written form):

the increase of water contents in blood; hernia of the spinal cord (medulla); the disease
of gallbladder; lacrimation; extension of stomach; forming fistula of gallbladder;
excision of vein, hypersalivation; pain in the tonque; reduced reactivity of the organism;
suture of the vein; treatment by means of natural agents; science that studies tissues.

Greek equivalents of the Latin terms

Latin word Greek word and its stem Meaning

anĭmus psyche, psych- soul

calcŭlus lithos, lith- calculus

cancer carcinos, carcin- cancer

 cibus trophe, troph- food

Final term elements

- iatria – science which deals with the treatment of diseases

- paedia – correction of deficiencies or shortcomings, fostering right skills

- trophia – nutrition

Exercise 1

Decline the word combinations:

Paediāter perītus (an experienced pediatrician); periŏdus critĭca (critical period),

morbus ulcerōsus (ulcerous disease), diameter transversa (transverse diameter).

Exercise 2

Translate the clinical terms into English :

catarrhus siccus; ictĕrus hepatĭcus; morbus chronĭcus; typhus exanthematĭcus;

psychiatria; logopaedia; lithotomia; dystrophia.

Exercise 3

Translate the terms into Latin:

Pharmaceutical

Syrup made from raspberry juice; give 10 doses; in a dark place; juice made from
cherry’s berries.

Clinical

Catarrh of the ventricle; ulcerous disease; science which deals with psychic diseases.

Clinic (al)
 congenital heart disease; punctured wound; complicated fractures; nodular diffuse
struma; disordered function of the organ; complete inguinal hernia.

Prefixes of Greek Origin

dys– (indicates functional disorder), e.g.: dyspepsia (stomach disorder);

hyper– (very high), e.g.: hyperacūsis (abnormally risen acuteness of hearing);

hypo– (very low), e.g.: hypotonia (diminished blood pressure);

syn–/sym– before “m”, “p”, “ph” (joining), e.g.: symphўsis (symphysis).

Roots of Greek Origin

hydr– (water), e.g.: Hydrophobia (fear of the water, hydrophobia);

oxy– (acute, very sharp), e.g.: oxydatio (oxidation), oxyopia (abnormally risen
acuteness of vision).

Read correctly the words with the suffixes and prefixes of Greek origin:

Dyspnoё (dyspnea), dystrophia (dystrophy), hypertonia (hypertension),

hypochondriăcus (hypochondrial), syndrōmum (complex of symptoms), sympathĭcus
(sympathatic), hydrochlorĭcus (hydrochloric), oxydātus (oxidized).

Case inflections of the nouns belonging

to five declensions
Declension I II III IV V

Gender f m n mf n mn f

Singularis

Nom. -a- -us,-er Different -us -u -es

um,on

Gen. -ae -i, -i- -is -us -us -ei(-ei)

Dat. -ae -o -i -ui -u(ui) -ei(-ei)

Acc. -am -um =Nom em(im,in) -um =Nom -em

=Nom

Abl. -a -o -e(-i) -e(-i) -u -u -e

Voc. =Nom -e =Nom =Nom =Nom

=‘Nom =Nom
Pluralis

Pluralis
 Nom. -ae -i’ -a -es -a(ia) -us- -ua -es

Gen. -arum -orum - -um(-ium) -uum -erum

orum

Dat. -is -is. -is -ibus -Tbus(ubus) -ebus

Acc. -as -os =Nom -es -a(ia) -us -ua -es

Abl. -is -is -is -ibus -ibus(ubus) -ebus

-ibus(ubus)

Voc. =Nom =Nom =Nom =Nom ^Nom

Greek equivalents of the Latin third declension feminine nouns

Latin word Greek word and its stem Meaning

articulatio, onis f arthron arthr- joint,
articulation
auris, is f us, otos ot- ear
cartilago, inis f chondros chondr- cartilage
coarctatio, onis f stenosis coarctation
cutis, is f derma dermat-, derm- skin
induratio, onis f sclerosis induration,
hardening
mater, tris f meninx mening- 1. mother 2.
meninges
mens, ntis f phren phren- 1. the diaphragm;
2. the mind,
as seat of the
intellect
mors, mortis f thanatos thanat- death
pelvis renalis f pyelos pyel- pelvis of the
kidney
sectio, onis f tome tomo- section,
incision

Word terminations

-mycosis – any disease caused by a fungus

-necrosis – the sum of the morphological changes indicative of cell death and caused
by the progressive degradative action of enzymes; it may affect groups of
cells or part of a structure or an organ;
-poesis – formation;
-ptosis – prolapse of an organ or part;
-rrhexis – the action or process of breaking, rupturing or splitting;
-sclerosis – an induration or hardening; especially hardening of a part from
inflammation, and from increased formation of connective tissue and in
diseases of interstitial substance;
-stasis – a stoppage or diminution of the flow of blood or other body fluid in any part;
-stenosis – narrowing or structure of a duct or canal.

Remember the clinical terms

Arthropathia, ae f arthropathy – any joint disease.

Arthrosis, is f arthrosis – a disease of a joint.
Necrosis, is f necrosis – the sum of morphological changes indicative of cell death and
caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes; it may affect
groups of cells or part of a structure or an organ.
Coarctatio, onis f coarctation – a condition of structure or contraction.
Stenosis, is f stenosis – narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal.
Induratio, onis f induration – 1. the quality of being hard; the process of hardening; 2.
an abnormally hard spot or place.
Sclerosis, is f sclerosis – an induration or hardening; especially hardening of a part
from inflammation and from increased formation of connective tissue and
in diseases of interstitial substance.
Schizophrenia, ae f – a mental disorder or heterogeneous group of disorders
comprising most major psychotic disorders and characterized by
disturbances in form and content of thought (loosening of associations,
delusions and hallucinations), mood (blunted, flattened or inappropriate
affect), sense of self and relationship to the external world (loss of ego
boundaries, dereistic thinking and autistic withdrawal) and behavior
(bizarre, apparently purposeless and stereotyped activity or inactivity).
Exercises 1

Agree the adjectives with the nouns and translate into English:
axis (opticus, a, um); canalis (nutricius, a, um); cutis (siccus, a, um); injectio
(subcutaneous, a, um); margo (interosseus, a, um); pancreas (accessories, a, um); vas
(lymphaticus, a, um).

Exercises 2

Translate the terms into English (orally):

Anatomical: vagina fibrosa tendinis; pars optica tendinis; phalanges digitorum
articulations thoracis; cartilagines nasi; apex parties petrosae, radix pulmonis;
appendix fibrosa hepatic; tuberositas deltoidea humeri; caciles renales.
Histological: pars endocrina pancreatis; regio respiratoria; cavitas oris; axis cellularis;
cartilage tubae auditoriae; portio terminalis; appendix vermiformis; cervix uteri;
junction intercellularis simplex, calix renalis.
Pharmaceutical: Pro injectionibus subcutaneis; solution oleosa; hirudens medicinales;
pulvis compositus; pulveres compositi; pulvis foliorum Digitalis; emulsion olei Ricini
Clinical: amputation secundaria; cicatrices post variolam; inflammation allergica;
auscultation aegroti; tuberculosis activa; transfusio sanguinis intravenosa; adipositas
alimentaria; arthroplastica; otorrhagia; chondrodystrophia; phlebostenosis;
dermatologia; pyelectasia; thenetophobia; meningocele; haemopoesis; gastroptosis.

Exercise 3
Translate the prescriptions into English (orally):
Rp.: Emulsionis olei Ricini 150 ml
Olei Menthae guttas III
Saloli 3,0
Misce. Da. Signa.
Rp.: Infusi foliorum Digitalis 0,5:180 ml
Sirupi simplicis 20 ml.
Misce. Da. Signa.
Exercises 4

Translate the terms into Latin (in a written form):

Anatomical: apex of the root of the tooth; neck of the tooth; compound articulation
(joint); cartilages of the larynx; margin of the petrous part; basis of the phalanx.
Histological: terminal part; glands of the skin; fibrous cartilage; axis of the cell; cavity
of the calyx; musculotendinous junction.
Pharmaceutical: divided compound powder; water solutions; medical leeches;
spirituous (alcoholic) solution of iodine;for subcutaneous injections.
Clinical: primary amputation, scars of the myocardium; contusion of the cerebrum;
tuberculous intoxication; indirect transfusion of blood; gangrenous inflammation;
thanatology; phrenicotomy; tomography.

Exercise 5
Translate the prescription into Latin:
Rx: Infusion of the pheasant’s eye -6,0:180 ml
Sodium bromide 6,0
 Codeine phosphate 0,2
Mix. Da. Signa.

Latin sayings and aphorisms.

1. Conditio sine qua non. – The condition you cannot do without.

2. Consuetudo est altera natura. – Habit is the second nature.
3. repetitio est mater studiorum. – Repetition is the mother of learning.
4. In vino veritas, in aqua sanitas. – Truth is in wine, but health is in water.
5. Per scientiam ad salutem aegroti. – Through knowledge to a patients health.

Latin sayings and aphorisms

1. Alma mater – Name used for the university or school that a person attended
2. Dura lex, sed lex. – Law is strict, but it is law.
3. Homo ornate locum, non locus hominem. – A man makes his place better
and not vice versa.
4. Honores mutant mores, sed raro in meliores. – Honors change customs, but
it is rarely done for the better.
5. Honoris causa. – For honour.
USEFUL MEDICAL SAYINGS AND APHORISMS

Abscessus Abscess.
Absente febre (Abs. Fever being absent.
feb.)
Accessio Seizure.
Accurate Accurately.
Acerbus Sharp, harsh (to the
taste).
Ad conciliandum To suit the taste.
gustum
Ad duas vices At twice taking.
Ad partes dolentes (Ad. To the painful (aching)
Part. Dolent.) parts.
Ad saturandum (Ad To saturation.
sat.)
Ad secundum vicem For the second time.
Ad tertiam vicem For the third time.
Adde, Addantur Add, Let them be added.
Adhibendus (Adhib.) To be administered.
Adstante febri (Ads. While fever is present.
feb.)
Adversum (Adv.) Against.
Aeger The sick one, the patient.
Aggrediente febre While the fever is
(Aggr. feb.) coming on.
Agita Shake, stir.
Agita ante sumendum Shake before taking.
Agitato vase The vile being shaken.
Agitetur Let it be shaken or
stirred.
Alternis horis Every other hour.
Alvus The belly, the bowels.
Ante cibum (AC) Before meals.
Ante prandium (AP) Before a meal.
Apoplexia Apoplexy, Stroke.
Appone, Applica Apply, Lay or put on.
Aqua pura (Aq. pur.) Pure water. (filtered, not
distilled)
Baccalaureus Medicinae Bachelor of Medicine.
(BM)
Balneum maris (BM) Salt water bath.
Balneum tepidum (BT) A tepid bath.
Bis in die (bid.) Twice a day.
Bolus A large pill.
Brachium Arm.
Bulliat, Bulliant Let it (or them) boil.
Butyrum Butter.
Calor Heat, warmth.
Capiatur (Capr.) Let it be taken.
Capillus A hair.
Caput The head.
Caute Cautiously.
Cena Supper.
Cibus Food, victuals.
Cito Quickly.
Clarus Bright, clear.
Cochleare, Cochleatim A spoonful. By
spoonfuls.
Coctio Boiling.
Colaturas About to strain.
(Sufficient to strain)
Colatus Strained.
Colentur Let them be strained.
Colica Colic.
Collum The neck.
Collutorium (Collut.) A mouth wash.
Collyrium (Collyr.) An eye lotion.
Commisce Mix together.
Constipatio Constipation.
Contere Rub together.
Contusus Buised.
Convulsio Convulsions.
Coque secundum artem Boil according to art.
(Coq. SA)
Cor The heart.
Coup Stroke.
Coxa The hip.
Cras mane (CM) Tomorrow morning.
Cras mane sumendus To be taken tomorrow
(CMS) morning.
Cras nocte (CN) Tomorrow night.
Crastinus (Crast.) For tomorrow.
Cruor Blood, gore.
Cum With.
Cura te ipsum Physician, heal thyself!
Cursu hodie During the day.
Cyathus aquae (C. aq.) A glass of water.
Da, signa (DS) Give and sign.
Deaurentur pilulae Let the pills be gilt.
(Deaur. pil.)
Debilitas Debility, Illness,
Weakness.
Debita spissitudine (D, With a proper
spiss.) consistence.
Decanta Pour off.
Decessus Died, Death.
Decoctum A decoction.
Decubitus Lying down.
Decubitus (Decub.) Lying down.
Deglutiatur (Deglut.) Let it be swallowed.
Dejectiones alvi Stools.
Delirium tremens Alcoholic distress;
delusions and trembling.
Dementia a potu Insanity from drinking.
Dentes The teeth.
Dentur ad scatulam Let them be put in a box.
(Dent. ad scat.)
Dentur tales doses Let such doses be given.
(DTD)
Detur (Det.) Let it be given.
Detur in duplo (D. in Let twice as much be
dup.) given.
Detur, signetur Let it be given and
signed.
Dextro lateri (Dext. lat.) To the right side.
Dicbus alternis (Dicb, Every other day.
altern.)
Die sequente (D. seq.) On the following day.
Digere, Digeretur Digest, Let it be digested.
Diluculo (Diluc.) At break of day.
Dilue, Dilutus Dilute (thou), Diluted.
Dimidius One half.
Directione propria (DP) With a proper direction.
Divide in partes Divide into equal parts.
aequales (D. in px)
Dolor Pain.
Donec Until.
Dosi pedetentim The dose gradually
crescente (DPC) increasing.
Dosis Dose.
Dysenteria Dysentery.
E gelatina vituli (E gel In calf's foot jelly.
vit.)
E paulo aquae (E paul. In a little water.
aq.)
E quolibet vehiculo In any suitable vehicle.
idoneo (E quol. vehic,
idon.)
Eadem (Ead.) The same.
Ecclampsia Convulsions.
Ejusdem (Ejusd.) Of the same.
Electuarium (Elect.) An electuary.
Emesis Vomiting.
Emeticum (Emet.) An emetic.
Empicus Lung disease.
Emplastrum (Emp.) A plaster.
Emplastrum lyttx (Emp. A blister.
lytt.)
Epilepsia Epilepsy.
Et And.
Etiam Also, besides.
Evacuatio (Evac.) A motion.
Evanuerit Shall have disappeared.
Ex aqua (Ex aq.) In water.
Ex parte Partly.
Exhaustio Exhaustion.
Exhibeatur (Exhib.) Let it be exhibited.
Extemplo (Estempl.) To at once, immediately.
Extende super alutam Spread it on soft leather.
mollem (Ext. sup. alut.
moll.)
Extende, Extendatur Spread, Let it be spread.
Extractum (Ext.) An extract.
Fac Make (thou).
Fascia lintea A linen bandage.
Feber (Febris) Fever.
Febri durante (Feb. During the fever.
dur.)
Febris Adenomeningea Adenomeningeal Fever.
Febris Africana African Fever.
Febris Angina Angina.
Febris Castrensis Camp Fever.
Febris Enterica Enteric Fever.
Febris Flava Yellow Fever.
Febris Intermittens Intermittent Fever.
Febris Militarius War Fever.
Febris Nervosa Nervous Fever.
Febris Petechialis Spotted Fever.
Febris Puerperalis Puerperal Fever.
Febris Remittens Remittent Fever.
Febris Rubra Scarlet Fever.
Febris Scorbutica Scorbutic Fever.
Febris Verminosa Verminous Fever.
Femoribus internis To the inner part of the
(Fem. intern.) thighs.
Fiant pilulae (Ft. pil.) Let the pills, be made.
Fiat Let it be made.
Fiat haustus (Ft. haust.) Let a draught be made.
Fiat lege artis (FLA) Let it be made according
to rule.
Fiat mistura (FM., ft. Let a mixture be made.
mist.)
Fiat pilula (Ft. pil.) Let a pill be made.
Fiat secundum artem Let it be made according
(FSA) to art.
Filtrum (Filtr.) A filter.
Flavus Yellow.
Flores Flowers.
Folia Leaves.
Frigor Cold.
Frustillatim In small pieces.
Frustillatim (Frust.) Little by little.
Frustum (Frust.) A little bit.
Fuerit Shall have been.
Fuscus Brown, dark.
Gargarisma A gargle.
Gelatina quavis (Gel. In any kind of jelly.
quav.)
Gradatim By degrees, gradually.
Gratus Peasant.
Gutta, Guttae A drop, Drops.
Guttatim By drops.
Gutturi applicandus To be applied to the
(Guttur. appl.) throat.
Harum pilulae tres Let three of these pills be
sumantur (Har. pil. iij. taken
s.)
Haustus ter de die The draught to be taken
sumendus (Ht. TDDS) three times a day.
Hebdomada (Hebdom.) For a week.
Hirudo A leech.
Hora An hour.
Hora somni (HS) At bedtime. (At the hour
of sleep)
Horae unius spatio At the expiration of one
(Hor. un. spat.) hour.
Horis intermediis (Hor, In the intermediate hours.
interm.)
Hujus formae (HF) Of this shape. (emplast)
Idem The same.
Identidem Repeatedly, Often.
Idoneus Sitable, proper,
convenient.
Illico Then, immediately.
Immitatur Let it be placed in.
Impetu effervescentiae During effervescence.
(Impet. efferv.)
Imprimis First, chiefly.
In decocto hordei (In In barley water.
decoct. hord.)
In dies (In d.) From day to day.
In folio argenti Rolled in silver leaf.
volvendas (In fol. arg.
vol.)
In fusum (Inf.) An infusion.
In loco frigido In a cold place.
In partes aequales (In p. Into equal parts.
aeq.)
In pulmento (In pulm.) In gruel.
Incide, Incisus Cut (thou), Being cut.
Inde Therefrom.
Infectio Infection.
Inflammatio Inflammation.
Infricandus To be rubbed in.
Infricetur (Infric.) Let it be rubbed in.
Infunde (Infund.) Pour in.
Ingere, Ingerendus Put in, Putting into.
Injectio (Inj.) An injection.
Injectio hypodermica An hypodermic injection.
(Inj. hyp.)
Injiciatur enema (Inj. Let an enema be
enem.) administered.
Inspissare (Insp.) To thicken.
Instar As big as, the size of.
Inter Between.
Intus Inwardly.
Ita In such manner.
Jentaculum Breakfast.
Jusculum Soup.
Lana Flannel, wool.
Languor Waintness.
Latere admoveatur Let it be applied to the
side.
Lateri dolenti (Lat. dol.) To the affected side.
Latus The side.
Lectus A bed.
Leniter Easily, gently.
Linimentum parti The liniment to be
affectre infricandum rubbed on the affected
(Lin. p. a. infr.) part.
Luce prima (Luc. p.) Early in the morning,
dawn
Luteus Yellow.
Mane et vespere (M. et. Morning and evening.
v.)
Mane primo (MP) Early in the morning.
Manipulus A handful.
Marasmus Weakness.
Massa pilularum (MP) A pill mass.
Medicinae Doctor (MD) Doctor of Medicine.
Mica panis (Mic. pan.) A crumb of bread.
Misce, fiat mistura (M. Mix, and let a mixture be
ft. mist.) made.
Mittantur in phialam Let them be put into a
(Mittr. in phial.) phial.
Mittatur, mittantur Let it (let them) be sent.
(Mittr.)
Mitte quantitatem Send double quantity.
duplicem (M. q. dx.)
Modo dictu As directed.
Modo praescripto In the manner prescribed.
Mollis, molle Soft.
Mora Delay.
Morbus Disease.
Morbus Hungaricus Epidemic Typhus.
More dicto utendus To be used as directed.
(MDU)
More dictor (M. Dict.) As directed.
More solito In the usual manner.
More solito (MS) In the usual manner.
Mors Death.
Musculus latissimus The widest muscle of the
dorsi back.
Natus Mortuus Stillborn.
Necnon Not yet.
Nihil per os (NPO) Nothing by mouth.
Nocte maneque At night and in the
morning.
Noctis Of the night.
Non repetat Let it not be repeated.
Noxa An injury.
Nucha The nape of the neck.
Nunc Now.
Obitus Death, Died.
Omni biduo (Omn. bid.) Every two days.
Omni bihorio Every two hours.
Omni hora Every hour.
Omni mane Every morning.
Omni nocte Every night.
Ope penicilli With a Camel hair pencil.
Optimus Best.
Opus Need, occasion.
Os The mouth.
Pabulum Food.
Partes aequales (P. AE.) Equal parts.
Parti affectae (Part. To the affected part.
affect.)
Parti affectae To be applied to the
applicandus (PAA) affected part.
Partitis vicibus (Part. In divided doses.
vic.)
Paucus Little, few.
Pectus The breast.
Pediluvium A foot bath.
Per deliquium (PD) By deliquescence.
Per os (PO) Through the mouth; By
mouth.
Per rectum (PR) Through the rectum.
Peracta operatione When the operation of
emetic (or, emetica) the emetic is finished.
(Peract. op. emet.)
Percola Strain through, percolate
(thou)
Permittentibus viribus The strength permitting.
Perpurus Very clean.
Pes The foot.
Plasma, Plasmetur Mould, Let it be
moulded.
Poculum A cup, A little cup.
Postridie On the next day.
Pestis Plague.
Phiala prius agitata The bottle having been
(PPA) previously shaken.
Placebo I will please. (Medical
expression for remedies
with no medical effect,
which improve one's
medical condition only
because one believes they
do)
Pondere By weight.
Post cibum (PC) After meals.
Post jentaculum (Post After breakfast.
jentac.)
Post prandium (Post After dinner.
prand.)
Post quamque After each motion.
evacuationem (Post qq.
evac.)
Post singulas sedes After each liquid motion.
liquidas (Post sing, sed.
liq.)
Primum est non nocere First of all, do no harm.
(Hippocrates; The maxim
has become an ethical
 guiding principle in
medical profession)
Pro dosi (PD) For a dose.
Pro potu sumendus (Pro To be taken as a drink.
pot. s.)
Pro ratione aetatis (Pro. According to age.
rat. wt.)
Pro re nata (PRN) As needed: As the
occasion arises.
Proxima luce (Prox. On the next day.
luc.)
Proximo Nearest.
Pulvinar humuli (Pulv, A hop pillow.
hum.)
Pulvis Powder.
Quantitas duplex (Q. A double quantity.
dx.)
Quantum libet (QL) As much as pleases. (As
much as you wish)
Quantum sufficit (QS) As much as suffices.
Quantum vis (QV) As much as you wish.
Quibus From which, by which.
Quam As much as.
Quaque die (QD) Every day.
Quaque hora (QH) Every hour.
Quaque mane (QM) Every morning.
Quaque nocte (QN) Every night.
Quater die (QD) Four times a day.
Quater in die (QID) Take four times a day.
Quoque alternis die Every other day.
(QAD)
Quorum Of which.
Recipe Take (thou).
Recens Fresh.
Renova Renew (thou).
Redactus in pulverem Reduced to powder.
(R. in pulv.)
Redigatur in pulverem Let it be reduced to
(Redig. in pulv.) powder.
Remedium Cure, remedy, nostrum,
medicine.
Repetat (Rep., Repet.) Let him repeat.
Rigor mortis The stiffening of a dead
body.
Res A substance, a thing.
Rudicula (Rudic.) A spatula.
Rumen The throat.
Saepe Frequently.
Sal Salt.
Saltem At least.
Saltim By leaps.
Scilicet Namely.
Semel Once.
Semidrachma (Semidr.) Half a drachm.
Sequenti luce (Seq. luc.) The following day.
Sermihora (Semih.) Half an hour.
Sesquihora (Sesquih.) An hour and a half.
Sesuncia (Sesunc.) Apt ounce and a half.
Si vires permittant (Si If the strength permit.
vir. perm.)
Siccus Dry.
Simul Together.
Sile hujus Keep silence concerning
this.
Sine Without.
Signa, signetur, Let it be signed, sign.
signentur (Sig.)
Signetur (Sig.) or (S/) Let it be labeled.
Singulis aurosis (Sing. Every morning.
auror.)
Singulis horae Every quarter of an hour.
quadrantibus (Sing. hor.
quad.)
Solve, dissolve (Solv.) Soluble tablets.
Spasmus Cramps.
Spiritus vini rectificatus Rectified spirit.
(SVR)
Spiritus vini tenuior Proof spirit.
(SVT)
Statim (stat) Immediately.
Statu effervescentiae Whilst effervescing.
(Stat. eff.)
Stratum super stratum Layer upon layer.
(SSS)
Sub finem coctionis When sufficiently boiled
(Sub fin. coct.) down.
Subinde Frequently.
Spissus Dense, hard.
Stillatim By drops.
Somnus Sleep.
Sumat talem (Sum. tal.) Let the patient take one
(or more) such.
Sumendus To be taken.
Talis Of such, like this.
Tantum So much, so many.
Tegmen A cover.
Tum Then.
Tussis A cough.
Tempori dextro (Temp. To the right temple.
dext.)
Ter in die (TID) Thrice a day.
Tere simul (Ter. sim.) Rub together.
Tinctura (Tr.) A tincture.
Tussi urgente (Tuss. If the cough is
urg.) troublesome
Tussis Cough.
Typhus Typhoid fever.
Tuto Safely.
Ubi pus, ibi evacua Where there is pus,
(there) evacuate it.
Ulna The arm, elbow.
Una together.
Unctus Anointed, besmeared.
Ustus Burnt.
Ut dictum As directed.
Ut So that, in order that.
Variola Smallpox.
Vas A vessel, utensil, bottle.
Vas vitreum A glass vessel.
Vel Or.
Venaesectio brachii Bleeding in the arm.
Vesper The evening.
Vires strength.
Vinum Wine.
Vicis, Vices Change, changes.
Vermis Worms.
Vomitione urgente Vomiting being severe.

WATCH VIDEO ON THE TOPIC:

1. First Declension of Nouns -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kUxUV7R3vc&list=PL31BB9444AD80
8715
2. Why to learn Latin? - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtLIC-EOO0g
3. Medical Terms - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gamvVNAoGiU
4. Anatomical Terms - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZe6s1XG-KU
 REFERENCES:
Main:
1. Demchenko O., Zakaliuzhnyi. The Latin Language and the Fundamentals of
Medical Terminology. – Ternopil: Ukrmedknyha, 2004.

Supplementary:
1. Smolska L.Yu., Kiselyova O.G. The Latіn Language and Medical
Terminology Basics: Підручник. — 2-nd edition. — К.: Медицина,
2012. — 400 с.
2. Laskowska D. Medical Latin Course. – 2007. Source:
http://www.umed.pl/pl/doc/cnjo/Medical%20Latin%20Course%20-
%20second%20version.pdf
3. Marcekova Elena, Frantisek Simon, Ladislav Cerveny. Latin as the
language of medical terminology: some remarks on its role and prospects.
Source:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/10913254_Latin_as_the_language
_of_medical_terminology_some_remarks_on_its_role_and_prospects
4. Latin for pharmacy students / Ye.I.Svetlichnaya, I.A.Tolok,
Ye.A.Volobuyeva. – Kharkiv: NUPh «Golden pages», 2011. – 248p.
5. Bugaj M., Bugaj W., Kierczak A. Lingua Latina pharmaceutica. —
Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, 2005.
6. Fałdrowicz W., Grech-Żmilewska Z. Lingua Latina pro usu medico. —
Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, 2004.
7. Kołodziej A., Kołodziej S. Lingua Latina medicinalis. — Warszawa:
Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, 2008.
 WATCH VIDEO ON THE TOPIC:

5. First Declension of Nouns -

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kUxUV7R3vc&list=PL31BB9444AD808
715
6. Why to learn Latin? - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtLIC-EOO0g
7. Medical Terms - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gamvVNAoGiU
8. Anatomical Terms - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZe6s1XG-KU
REFERENCES:
Main:
1. Demchenko O., Zakaliuzhnyi. The Latin Language and the Fundamentals of
Medical Terminology. – Ternopil: Ukrmedknyha, 2004.

Supplementary:
8. Smolska L.Yu., Kiselyova O.G. The Latіn Language and Medical
Terminology Basics: Підручник. — 2-nd edition. — К.: Медицина,
2012. — 400 с.
9. Laskowska D. Medical Latin Course. – 2007. Source:
http://www.umed.pl/pl/doc/cnjo/Medical%20Latin%20Course%20-
%20second%20version.pdf
10.Marcekova Elena, Frantisek Simon, Ladislav Cerveny. Latin as the language
of medical terminology: some remarks on its role and prospects. Source:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/10913254_Latin_as_the_language_
of_medical_terminology_some_remarks_on_its_role_and_prospects
11.Latin for pharmacy students / Ye.I.Svetlichnaya, I.A.Tolok,
Ye.A.Volobuyeva. – Kharkiv: NUPh «Golden pages», 2011. – 248p.
12.Bugaj M., Bugaj W., Kierczak A. Lingua Latina pharmaceutica. —
Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, 2005.
13.Fałdrowicz W., Grech-Żmilewska Z. Lingua Latina pro usu medico. —
Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, 2004.
14.Kołodziej A., Kołodziej S. Lingua Latina medicinalis. — Warszawa:
Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, 2008.