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Operations on
Functions
Functions with overlapping domains can be
added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. If
f (x) and
g (x) are two functions, then for all
x in the domain of both functions the sum,
difference, product and quotient are defined as
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(f + g ) (x) = f (x) + g (x)

(f − g ) (x) = f (x) − g (x)
(f g ) (x) = f (x) × g (x)

(g ) (x) =
f f (x)
g (x) , g (x) ≠ 0

Example :

Let
f (x) = 2x + 1 and
g (x) = x 2 − 4

Find
(f + g ) (x) , (f − g ) (x) , (f g ) (x) and

(g ) (x) .
f

(f + g ) (x) = f (x) + g (x)

= (2x + 1) + (x 2 − 4)
= x 2 + 2x − 3
(f − g ) (x) = f (x) − g (x)
= (2x + 1) − (x 2 − 4)
= −x 2 + 2x + 5
(f g ) (x) = f (x) × g (x)
= (2x + 1) (x 2 − 4)
= 2x 3 + x 2 − 8x − 4

(g ) (x) =
f f (x) 2x+ 1
g (x) = x 2 −4
,x ≠ ±2

Another way to combine two functions to create a

new function is called the composition of functions
. In the composition of functions we substitute an
entire function into another function.

The notation of the function

f with
g is
(f ∘ g ) (x) = f (g (x)) and is read
f of
g of
x . It means that wherever there is an
x in the function
f , it is replaced with the function
g (x) . The domain of
f ∘ g is the set of all
x in the domain of
g such that
g (x) is in the domain of
f .

Example 1:

Let
f (x) = x 2 and
g (x) = x − 3 . Find
f (g (x)) .

f (g (x)) = f (x − 3)
= (x − 3) 2
= x 2 − 6x + 9

Example 2:

Let
f (x) = 2x − 1 and
g (x) = x + 2 . Find
f (g (x)) .

f (g (x)) = f (x + 2)
= 2 (x + 2) − 1
= 2x + 3

Order DOES matter when finding the composition

of functions.

Example 3:

Let
f (x) = 3x + 1 and
g (x) = 2x − 3 .

Find
f (g (x)) and
g (f (x)) .

f (g (x)) = f (2x − 3)
= 3 (2x − 3) + 1
= 6x − 8
g (f (x)) = f (3x + 1)
= 2 (3x + 1) − 3
= 6x − 1

Since 6x − 8 ≠ 2x − 1, f (g (x)) ≠ g (f (x)) .

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