TRIGGERS

*********
TRIGGER is a data base object like a procedure to perform back ground task.
Triggers are executed automatically with out exec statement or calling statement.

Triggers are defined at 3 levels.

1) DDL level triggers

Invoked and executed automatically for any DDL command.
2) DML level triggers
Invoked and executed automatically for any DML command.
3) SESSION level triggers
Invoked and executed automatically for any session level command.

DML Level triggers:

****************
These are responsible to maintain uniform business data
and to maintain audit information of table data.

DML triggers are defined at 2 levels.

1) Row Level trigger
It is executed once for each record affected by dml stmt.
It will be defined with the stmt "FOR EACH ROW".

2) Statement Level Trigger

It is executed only once for each dml stmt
irrespective of number of affected records.

Pseudo Functions:
***************
:NEW.colname
It can access the new value from the column.
[ insert & After update ]

:OLD.colname
It can access old value from the column.
[ Before update & before delete ]

Trigger has 3 parts:

i) Trigger Event:-
Reason for trigger execution.

ii) Trigger Restriction:-

It will control trigger execution, that is before or after
trigger event.

iii)Trigger Action:-
It is the task of trigger.

syntax:
create or replace trigger <trig_name>
 [before / after]
[ insert / update /delete ]
ON <table name>
[FOR EACH ROW]
declare
------
------
BEGIN
------------
------------
END <trig_name>;
/ [ to compile the trigger in sql * plus ]

trigger created.

ex: table

create table employee

(
ename varchar2(20),
city varchar2(20)
);

insert into employee values('Kiran','Delhi');

insert into employee values('madhu','Delhi');
insert into employee values('DINESH','HYD');
insert into employee values('smith','texas');
insert into employee values('jack','delhi');
insert into employee values('soumya','DELHI');

select * from employee;

ENAME CITY
-------------------- --------------------
Kiran Delhi
madhu Delhi
DINESH HYD
smith texas

Ex:
write a trigger to insert or update the data of employee in
upper case?

[ Generally to maintain uniform data in the business Database ]

create or replace trigger trig_conversion

before
insert or update on employee
for each row
begin
:new.ename:=upper(:new.ename);
:new.city:=upper(:new.city);
end trig_conversion;

/
Ex:

consider a table customers with columns cname,city,gender and custid. Generate

custid values automatically.
Maintain capital case data in this table.

create sequence customerid

start with 1001;

create table customers

(
cname varchar2(20),
city varchar2(20),
gender char,
custid number(4) default customerid.nextval
);

create or replace trigger trig_upper

before insert
on customers
for each row
begin
:new.cname:=upper(:new.cname);
:new.city:=upper(:new.city);
:new.gender:=upper(:new.gender);
end trig_upper;

declare
vcustid number;
vcustname varchar2(20);
vcustcity varchar2(20);
vgender char;
begin
vcustname:='&vcustname';
vcustcity:='&vcustcity';
vgender:='&vgender';
insert into customers(cname,city,gender) values
(vcustname,vcustcity,vgender);
select customerid.currval into vcustid
from dual;
dbms_output.put_line
(chr(10)||' welcome to amazon.in Mr. '||vcustname||
chr(10)||' Your customer id: '||vcustid);
end;

Ex:
Consider a table customers with columns cname,city,gender,custid.
Generate customer id values automatically.
Accept cname,city, gender values from each customer.
Maintain audit data of customer table .
create sequence auditcustid;

create table cust_audit_new

(
cname varchar2(20),
city varchar2(20),
gender char,
custsrno number(4) default auditcustid.nextval,
status varchar2(20) DEFAULT 'REGISTERED',
OPDT date default sysdate
);

create or replace trigger trig_audit_new

before insert on customers
for each row
begin
insert into cust_audit_new(cname,city,gender)
values(:new.cname,:new.city,:new.gender);
end trig_audit_new;

-->
create table cust_audit_update
(
cname varchar2(20),
city varchar2(20),
gender char,
status varchar2(20) ,
opdt date default sysdate
);

--->
create or replace trigger trig_audit_update
before update
on customers
for each row
begin
insert into cust_audit_update(cname,city,gender,status)
values
(:old.cname,:old.city,:old.gender,'Before Update');
insert into cust_audit_update(cname,city,gender,status)
values
(:new.cname,:new.city,:new.gender,'After Update');
end trig_audit_update;

--->
create table cust_audit_delete
(
cname varchar2(20),
city varchar2(20),
gender char,
status varchar2(20) default 'deleted',
opdt date default sysdate
);

--->
create or replace trigger trig_audit_delete
before delete
on customers
for each row
begin
insert into cust_audit_delete(cname,city,gender)
values
(:old.cname,:old.city,:old.gender);
end trig_audit_delete;

insert into customers(cname,city,gender)

values('niharika','odissa','f');
insert into customers(cname,city,gender)
values('swagath','delhi','m');

delete from customers

where cname in('MADHU','ANJALI');

update customers
set city=decode(cname,'KIRAN','VIZAG',
'FAROOQ','RANCHI')
WHERE CNAME IN('KIRAN','FAROOQ');

***************************************************************
Ex:
write a trigger to maintain Audit transaction details
of employee table?

--> To maintain new records

create table emp_audit_new

(
ename varchar2(20),
city varchar2(20),
status varchar2(30) DEFAULT 'REGISTERED',
regdt date DEFAULT SYSDATE
);

-->Trigger-1

create or replace trigger trig_insert

before insert
on employee
for each row
begin
insert into emp_audit_new(ename,city)
values(:new.ename,:new.city);
end trig_insert;

-->To maintain updated data

create table emp_audit_update

(
ename varchar2(20),
city varchar2(20),
status varchar2(30),
affdt date DEFAULT SYSDATE
);

-->Trigger-2

create or replace trigger trig_update

before update
on employee
for each row
begin
insert into emp_audit_update(ename,city,status)
values(:old.ename,:old.city,'Before Update');
insert into emp_audit_update(ename,city,status)
values(:new.ename,:new.city,'After Update');
end trig_update;

--> To maintain deleted records

create table emp_audit_delete

(
ename varchar2(20),
city varchar2(20),
status varchar2(30) DEFAULT 'CANCELLED',
affdt date DEFAULT SYSDATE
);

--Trigger-3

create or replace trigger trig_delete

before delete
on employee
for each row
begin
insert into emp_audit_delete(ename,city)
values(:old.ename,:old.city);
end trig_delete;

****************************************************************

Trigger:
******

create or replace trigger trig_emp_Audit

before
insert or update or delete on employee
for each row
declare
opname varchar2(32);
BEGIN
--For insertions
if inserting then
 insert into emp_audit_new (ENAME,CITY)
values
(:new.ename,:new.city);
end if;
--For changes
if updating then
opname:='Before Update';
insert into emp_audit_Update(ename,city,opname)
values
(:old.ename,:old.city,opname);
opname:='After Update';
insert into emp_audit_update(ename,city,opname)
values
(:new.ename,:new.city,opname);
end if;
--For cancellations
if deleting then
insert into emp_audit_delete(ename,city)
values
(:old.ename,:old.city);
end if;
end trig_emp_Audit;

sample examples:

SQL> select * from employee;

ENAME CITY
---------- ----------
A CHENNAI
b chennai
s blore
X DALLAS
Y TEXAS

SQL> select * from trig_emp2;

ENAM CITY OPNAME OPDT

---- ---------- ---------- ---------
y texas insert 08-JAN-13

SQL> delete from employee where ename='b';

1 row deleted.

SQL> select * from trig_emp2;

ENAM CITY OPNAME OPDT

---- ---------- ---------- ---------
y texas insert 08-JAN-13
b chennai delete 08-JAN-13

SQL> select * from employee;

ENAME CITY
---------- ----------
A CHENNAI
s blore
X DALLAS
Y TEXAS

NOTE:
system table: USER_TRIGGERS

It contains the information of triggers created in the database.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---

INSTEAD OF triggers:
******************
Instead of triggers are defined on views.
A normal DML trigger executes only when a DML operation is
issued on a table.
Whereas instead of trigger fires when a DML statment is issued on
the view.
Instead-of triggers defined only at row level.

syntax:
--------
create or replace trigger <name>
INSTEAD OF [insert /update/delete ]
ON <viewname>
FOR EACH ROW
----
----
begin
--
--
end <name>;
/

Ex:
consider a view based on emp and dept tables?
And create a trigger to display error information
if any insertion on the view?

create view vw_emp_dept

as
SELECT * FROM EMP NATURAL JOIN DEPT;

create or replace trigger trig_empdeptview

instead of INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE
on vw_emp_dept
for each row
begin
raise_application_error
(-20001,' Data Manipulations are not allowed');
end trig_empdeptview;
Ex:

create or replace trigger trig_on_vw_cust_info

instead of INSERT on cust_act_info
for each row
begin
raise_application_error
(-20001,'Insertion is not possible,
since it is join view');
end trig_on_vw_cust_act;

Ex: INSTEAD OF insert on view , insert into tables

create table trainers

(
tid number(3),
tname varchar2(10)
);

-->Table Created.

insert into trainers

values
(111,'dinesh');
insert into trainers
values
(222,'durga');

create table courses

(
cid char(4),
cname varchar2(10)
);

insert into courses

values
('c101','oracle');
insert into courses
values
('c102','java');

alter table trainers

add constraint pk_tid_trainers
primary key(tid);

alter table courses

add constraint pk_cid_courses
primary key(cid);
 create table trainers_courses
(
tid number(3),
cid char(4),
constraint fk_tid_tc foreign key(tid)
references trainers(tid),
constraint fk_cid_tc foreign key(cid)
references courses(cid)
);

insert into trainers_courses values

(111,'c101');
insert into trainers_courses values
(222,'c102');

create view vw_course_info

as
select t.tid,t.tname,c.cid,c.cname
from trainers t, courses c,trainers_courses tc
where t.tid=tc.tid
and
tc.cid=c.cid;

View created.

SQL> select * from vw_course_info;

TID TNAME CID CNAME

---------- ---------- ---- ----------
111 dinesh c101 oracle
222 durga c102 java

SQL> insert into vw_course_info values

2 (333,'nagoor','c103','core java');
insert into vw_course_info values
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01779: cannot modify a column which maps to a non key-preserved table

create or replace trigger trig_insert

INSTEAD OF INSERT on vw_course_info
for each row
begin
insert into trainers values
(:new.tid,:new.tname);
insert into COURSES values
(:new.cid,:new.cname);
insert into trainers_courses values
(:new.tid,:new.cid);
end trig_insert;
 /

insert into vw_course_info values

(333,'nagoor','c103','core java');

-- Now check data in the above 3 tables.

Ex:
How to display list of trigger names?

select trigger_name from user_triggers;

Ex:
Can i alter trigger?

Yes

alter trigger <name>

disable;

Ex:
How to delete a trigger?

drop trigger <name>;

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