Elaborado por:

CORPORACIÓN EDUCATIVA INDOAMERICANA Tomás Ortiz Laverde

CÁTEDRA: INSTRUMENTOS
Curso Fecha
EJERCICIO N.2 TLA 3AT 31/08/20
NORMAS Y REQUISITOS INSTRUMENTOS
Página 1 de 7

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1. Why study instruments?

Study instruments is very important for technician students because they must learn all about them, install them, repair and
inspect them and they will be ignition the engines using the instruments

2. Where are the most important instruments placed?

The most important instruments are placed in front of the pilot.

3. Instrument categories are:

1. Categories according to application
2. Categories according to means of operation

4. The instruments according to the application category are:

• Powerplant Instruments: information about the conditions of the powerplant
• Flight and Navigation Instruments: information required for navigate
• Systems Instruments: systems such as electrical, hydraulic, pressurization

5. The instruments according to means of operation category are:

• Pressure Instruments: pressure of air, fuel, oil.
• Mechanical Instruments: these use mechanical systems
• Gyro Instruments: IFR flight.
• Electrical and electronic instruments: advanced technology
6. The standard sizes for round instruments are?
1”: vacuum gauge on single engine
2”: turbine engine
2-1/4”: common size, many instruments
3-1/8”: standart full size instrument.
4”: Gyro instruments
7. What are the methods used to install instruments into the aircraft instrument panel?
Screws: fine thread
Circumferential clamps: the back of the instrument panel
Brackets: small bracket I “L” or “U”
8. What are the suitable references sources for applying or inspect the markings on instruments?
1. Approved Aircraft Flight Manual (POH)

ING. Hermes A.
 Elaborado por:
CORPORACIÓN EDUCATIVA INDOAMERICANA Tomás Ortiz Laverde
CÁTEDRA: INSTRUMENTOS
Curso Fecha
EJERCICIO N.2 TLA 3AT 31/08/20
NORMAS Y REQUISITOS INSTRUMENTOS
Página 2 de 7

2. Maintenance Manual
3. Type Certificate Data Sheet
4. STC Manufacturers Service Bulletins

9. What are the standard meanings for the different colors and markings applied to instruments?
✓ Red radial Line: indicates a maximum or minimum operating limitation
✓ Red Arc: indicates a prohibited range of operation
✓ Yellow Arc: indicates caution range
✓ Green Arc: normal operating range
✓ Blue Arc or Line: specified by the manufacturer
10. What are the precautions for installing instruments

11. What are the functions of bonding jumpers?

1. A ground return path for aircraft circuits that use single wire type systems
2. Reducing radio frecuency interference in sensitive aircraft systems
3. Decreasing the possibility of damage due to lightning strikes on
control surfaces and other aereas
4. Allowing static charges to move around easily and equalize

12. What are the recommendations for installing and maintain bonding jumpers?
✓ Keep them as short as possible
✓ Clean the contact areas to minimize resistance
✓ Do not solder bonding jumpers
✓ Do not paint bounding jumpers
✓ Use multiple jumpers on shock mounted electrical equipment
✓ Ensure that the jumper is compatible with the structural material

13. What are the types of instrument lighting systems?

1. Eyebrow Lights: that fir over the top of a round instrument
2. Post Lights: that install onto holes in the instrument panel
3. Internal Lights: they are fitted in addition to one of the other types as a back up lighting system
4. Flood Lights: can be aimed in the instrumental panel
14. Precipitation static is caused by:
It is a build up of static electricity on the aircraft in flight and it is caused by friction between the aircraft structure and particles

ING. Hermes A.
 Elaborado por:
CORPORACIÓN EDUCATIVA INDOAMERICANA Tomás Ortiz Laverde
CÁTEDRA: INSTRUMENTOS
Curso Fecha
EJERCICIO N.2 TLA 3AT 31/08/20
NORMAS Y REQUISITOS INSTRUMENTOS
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in the air such a rain

15. Where are placed the static dischargers on the aircraft?

They are normally installed on the trailing edges of main control surfaces and also on the tips of the wing and horizontal
stabilizer.

16. A reciprocating engine is a piston engine which can either be

Which can either be supercharged or non-supercharged

17. The turbojet and turbofan engines are similar in

They are both rated in pounds of thrust.

ING. Hermes A.
 Elaborado por:
CORPORACIÓN EDUCATIVA INDOAMERICANA Tomás Ortiz Laverde
CÁTEDRA: INSTRUMENTOS
Curso Fecha
EJERCICIO N.2 TLA 3AT 31/08/20
NORMAS Y REQUISITOS INSTRUMENTOS
Página 4 de 7

18. The difference between turbojet and turbofan engines is:

That the turbofan engine some airflow bypasses the core of the engine and is acted upon only by the fan section.

19. The turbo-propeller and turboshaft engines are similar in:

They are usually rated in horsepower because they deliver power to an output shaft

20. The difference between turbo-propeller and turboshaft is

The turboprop engine turns a propeller while the turboshaft engine powers the rotor drive gearbox of a helicopter

21. What is FAR Part 23?

Covers the Airworthiness Standarts for normal, utility, acrobatic and commuter category airplanes.

22. What is FAR 23.841?

Additional instruments required for pressurized airplanes, these instruments need to indicate:
1. Cabin differencial pressure
2. Cabin altitude
3. Rate of change of cabin altitude

23. What is FAR 23.1301?

The colored markings on an these required operating limitations.

24. What is FAR 23.1303?

FLIGHT AND NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS

✓ Airspeed indicator
✓ Altimeter
✓ Compass
✓ Free air temperature with turbine engines
✓ Speed warming for turbine engine aircraft

ING. Hermes A.
 Elaborado por:
CORPORACIÓN EDUCATIVA INDOAMERICANA Tomás Ortiz Laverde
CÁTEDRA: INSTRUMENTOS
Curso Fecha
EJERCICIO N.2 TLA 3AT 31/08/20
NORMAS Y REQUISITOS INSTRUMENTOS
Página 5 de 7

25. What is FAR 23.1305?

POWERPLANTS INSTRUMENTS
• Fuel quantity for each tank
• Oil pressure for each engine
• Oil temperature for each engine
• Tachometer for each engine
• Cylinder heat temperature
• Fuel pressure
• Manifold pressure
• Gas temperature fuel flowmeter
• Torquemeter

26. What is FAR 23.1321?

It talk about the instrument installation
1. Instruments must be plainly visible
2. Identical instruments must be arranged to prevent confusion
3. Instrument panel vibration must not damage the instruments
4. Airplanes more than 6.000 lbs, the instruments must be installed I the vertical panel:
• In the center-attitude instrument
• In the left-airspeed indicator
• In the right-altitude instrument
• Below-direction instrument

27. What is FAR 23.1322?

There are standard colors specified for certain indicator lights used in airplanes:
1. RED: warming
2. AMBER: caution
3. GREEN: safe

28. What is FAR 23.1381?

Any instrument lights are installed must make the instruments and controls easily readable.

29. What is FAR 23.1541?

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 Elaborado por:
CORPORACIÓN EDUCATIVA INDOAMERICANA Tomás Ortiz Laverde
CÁTEDRA: INSTRUMENTOS
Curso Fecha
EJERCICIO N.2 TLA 3AT 31/08/20
NORMAS Y REQUISITOS INSTRUMENTOS
Página 6 de 7

The airplane must have all placards required by the FARs and other placards are required for safe operation if unusual design

30. What is FAR 23.1543?

1. Marking must be a means to maintain the alignment of the glass
2. Each arc and line must be wide enough and located to be clearly visible to the pilot

31. What is FAR 23.1545?

Marking of the Airspeed Indicator required:
1. For the never exceed speed Vne. A red radial line
2. Yellow arc extending from the red radial line in item1
3. Green arc with the lower limit at Vs1

32. What is FAR 23.1547?

It talk about the markings of the Magnetic Direction Indicator:
1. A placard must be installed on or near the magnetic direction indicator to show the desviation error corrections
2. The placard must state if calibration was made with radios on or off.
3. The placard must list the corrections of magnetic heading

33. What is FAR 23.1549?

It talk about the markings of the Powerplants Instruments
1. RED LINE: each maximum and minimum
2. GREEN ARC: operating range
3. YELLOW ARC: precautionary range
4. RED ARC & RED LINES: each engine or propeller range that is restricted

34. What is FAR 23.1551?

The oil quantity indicator must be marked with sufficient increments to readily and accurately

35. What is FAR 23.1553?

The fuel quantity indicator: if the unusable fuel supply for any tank exceeds one gallon of tank capacity.

36. What is FAR 23.1563?

Airspeed placards:
1. The design maneuvering speed Va.
2. The maximum landing gear operating speed Vlo
37. What is FAR 43?
Scope and detail of items to inspect for 100 hour and annual inspections:
Inspect for poor conditions, mounting and marking.

38. What is FAR 65.81?

A certificated mechanic may perform or supervise the maintenance, preventive maintenance or alteration of an aircraft or
appliance or a part thereof.

39. What is FAR 91.9?

It talk about the powered civil aircraft with standar category US Airworthinces Certificates, instrument and equipment
requeriments.
Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Day:
1. Airspeed Indicator

ING. Hermes A.
 Elaborado por:
CORPORACIÓN EDUCATIVA INDOAMERICANA Tomás Ortiz Laverde
CÁTEDRA: INSTRUMENTOS
Curso Fecha
EJERCICIO N.2 TLA 3AT 31/08/20
NORMAS Y REQUISITOS INSTRUMENTOS
Página 7 de 7

2. Altimeter
3. Tachometer
4. Oil pressure
5. Temperature
6. Oil temperature
7. Manifold
8. Fuel quantity
9. Landing gear

Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Night:

1. Position Lights
2. Anti-collision lights
3. Electrical equipment
4. One electric landing light
5. Spare fuses

40. The clock required for IFR does have to be a digital clock?
No, bit it must display hours, minutes and seconds. The older Type of aircraft clock was a conventional kind of round clock
with three hands.

ING. Hermes A.