Elaborado por:

CORPORACIÓN EDUCATIVA INDOAMERICANA SANTIAGO MEJIA SANCHEZ

CÁTEDRA: INSTRUMENTOS
Curso Fecha
EJERCICIO 9H1 5AN 23/02/2021
NORMAS Y REQUISITOS INSTRUMENTOS
Página 1 de 3

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1. Why study instruments?

It is important that the technician knows how to read and understand since at some point he will have to use them to do some
test of the plane or to replace someone instruments.
2. Where are the most important instruments placed?
The most important are placed directly in front of the pilot.
3. Instrument categories are:
For the information given to the crew or according to their function.
4. The instruments according to the application category are:
Power plant instruments, flight and navigation instruments, system instruments.
5. The instruments according to means of operation category are:
Air pressure instruments, mechanical instruments, gyroscopic instruments, electrical and electronic instruments.
6. The standard sizes for round instruments are?
1”, 2”, 2-1/4”, 3-1/8”and 4”.
7. What are the methods used to install instruments into the aircraft instrument panel?
The Screws, the Circumferential clamps, the brackets
8. What are the suitable references sources for applying or inspect the markings on instruments?
Approved aircraft flight manual or pilots operating handbook. Maintenance manual or service manual. Type certificate data
sheet or specifications. STC, manufacturers service bulletins
9. What are the standard meanings for the different colors and markings applied to instruments?
Red radial line or minimum operating limitation. Red arc of operation. yellow arc. green arc. blue arc or line
10. What are the precautions for installing instruments
The instrument must be properly packed in a properly sealed and approved container at the time of being transported to a
repair station.
11. What are the functions of bonding jumpers?
A return path to ground for aircraft circuits using single wire type systems. Reduce radio frequency interference in sensitive
aircraft systems. Reduce the possibility of lightning damage to control surfaces and other areas. Allow static charges to move
easily and equalize. This prevents the formation of electrical arcs that could create a fire hazard.
12. What are the recommendations for installing and maintain bonding jumpers?
Keep them as short as possible, but allow any necessary movement such as on the control surfaces. Clean contact areas to
minimize resistance. This includes the removal of coatings such as anodizing. Do not weld bonding bridges. It makes them
brittle. Do not paint the bonding bridges. It makes them brittle. Use multiple bridges on shock mounted electrical equipment.
One could break. Make sure the bridge is compatible with the structural material and hardware to avoid corrosion.
13. What are the types of instrument lighting systems?
Eyebrow lights, post lights, internal lights, flood lights
14. Precipitation static is caused by:
This is caused by an accumulation of static electricity in the aircraft in flight that is caused by the friction of the wind with the
structure of the aircraft.
15. Where are placed the static dischargers on the aircraft?
These are placed on the control surfaces.
16. A reciprocating engine is a piston engine which can either be
Supercharged or non-supercharged.
17. The turbojet and turbofan engines are similar in
The turbojet and turbofan engines are similar in that they are both rated in pounds of thrust.
18. The difference between turbojet and turbofan engines is:

ING. Hermes A.
 Elaborado por:
CORPORACIÓN EDUCATIVA INDOAMERICANA SANTIAGO MEJIA SANCHEZ
CÁTEDRA: INSTRUMENTOS
Curso Fecha
EJERCICIO 9H1 5AN 23/02/2021
NORMAS Y REQUISITOS INSTRUMENTOS
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Airflow bypasses the core of the engine.

19. The turbo-propeller and turboshaft engines are similar in:
Are both usually rated in horsepower because they deliver power to an output shaft.
20. The difference between turbo-propeller and turboshaft is
The turboprop engine turns a propeller while the turboshaft engine powers the rotor driver gearbox of a helicopter.
21. What is FAR Part 23?
This FAR covers the Airworthiness Standards for Normal, Utility, Aerobatic and Commuter category aircraft.
22. What is FAR 23.841?
Additional instruments required for pressurized aircraft are specified in this section. Pressurized aircraft are required to have
instruments to indicate: Cabin differential pressure. Cabin altitude. Rate of change in cabin altitude.
23. What is FAR 23.1301?
This FAR states that equipment must be labeled as to its identification, function and operating limitations. The colored markings
on an airspeed indicator are examples of these required operating limitations.
24. What is FAR 23.1303?
Airspeed indicator. Altimeter. Magnetic direction indicator. Free air temperature for airplanes with turbine engines. Speed
warning for turbine engine aircraft or others when Vmo / Mmo is greater than .
25. What is FAR 23.1305?
Required Powerplant Instruments. Fuel quantity for each tank. Oil pressure for each engine. Oil pressure for each
turbosupercharger (only with separate oil system). Oil temperature for each engine. Oil temperature for each turbosupercharger
(only with separate oil system). Tachometer for each engine.
26. What is FAR 23.1321?
Instruments must be plainly visible with min-imum deviation of the pilot's position. For multi-engine airplanes, identical instru-
ments must be arranged to prevent confusion. Instrument panel vibration must not damage the instruments. For airplanes more
than 6,000 lbs. maximum weight, the following instruments must be installed so that they are centered about the vertical plane
of the pilot's vision in this order
27. What is FAR 23.1322?
Warning, Caution and Advisory Lights There are standard colors specified for certain indicator lights used in airplanes. A fire
warning light for example would be red. The colors specified in this FAR are as follows: RED Warning- This is used when
immediate attention is required.
28. What is FAR 23.1381?
Instrument Lights Any instrument lights that installed must make the instruments and controls easily readable and must be
shielded so that they don't shine in the pilot's eyes.
29. What is FAR 23.1541?
Markings and Placards The airplane must have all placards required by the FARS and any additional placards that are required
for safe operation if unusual design, handling or operational characteristics are present. In addition, each marking and placard:
Must be displayed in a conspicuous place.
30. What is FAR 23.1543?
Instrument Markings, General Requirements. When markings are on the cover glass, there must be a means to maintain the
alignment of the glass with the dial. Each arc and line must be wide enough and located to be clearly visible to the pilot.
31. What is FAR 23.1545?
Airspeed Indicator The required markings are: For the never exceed speed Vne, a red radial line.
32. What is FAR 23.1547?
Magnetic Direction Indicator. A placard must be installed on or near the magnetic direction indicator to show deviation error
corrections. The placard must show the calibration in level flight with the engines running.
33. What is FAR 23.1549?
Powerplant Instruments The required markings are: Each maximum and minimum safe operating limit must be marked with a
red radial line. Each normal operating range must be marked with a green arc. Each takeoff and precautionary range must be

ING. Hermes A.
 Elaborado por:
CORPORACIÓN EDUCATIVA INDOAMERICANA SANTIAGO MEJIA SANCHEZ
CÁTEDRA: INSTRUMENTOS
Curso Fecha
EJERCICIO 9H1 5AN 23/02/2021
NORMAS Y REQUISITOS INSTRUMENTOS
Página 3 de 3

marked with a yellow arc. Each engine or propeller range that is restricted because of vibration stresses must be marked with
red arcs or red lines.
34. What is FAR 23.1551?
Oil quantity Indicator It must be marked with sufficient increments to readily and accurately indicate the quantity of oil.
35. What is FAR 23.1553?
Fuel quantity Indicator If the unusable fuel supply for any tank exceeds one gallon or 5% of tank capacity, whichever is greater,
red arc must be marked to extend from calibrated zero to the lowest reading obtainable in level flight.
36. What is FAR 23.1563?
Airspeed Placards There must be an airspeed placard in clear view of the pilot and as close practical to the airspeed indicator.
This placard must list: The design maneuvering speed Va. The maximum landing gear operating speed.
37. What is FAR 43?
Appliance Major Repairs: Calibration and repair of instruments. Calibration of radio equipment
38. What is FAR 65.81?
General Privileges and Limitations (a) A certificated mechanic may perform or supervise the maintenance, preventive
maintenance or alteration of an aircraft or appliance or a part thereof, for which he is rated but excluding major repairs to and
major alternations of propellers and any repair to or alteration of instruments.
39. What is FAR 91.9?
Powered Civil Aircraft with Standard Category U.S. Airworthiness Certificates; Instrument and Equipment Requirements Visual
Flight Rules Day.
40. The clock required for IFR does have to be a digital clock?
The clock required for IFR does not have to be a digital clock, but it must display hours, minutes and seconds. The older type of
aircraft clock was a conventional kind of round clock with three hands.

ING. Hermes A.