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@DY - @ K - JKM @DY - @ K - JKM: M MK KNF Nfdy@ DY@/J/ /J/JR JRJL JLK KL L
@DY - @ K - JKM @DY - @ K - JKM: M MK KNF Nfdy@ DY@/J/ /J/JR JRJL JLK KL L
M K NFDY@
NFDY@\J\
\J\JR
JRJL
JLK
KL
@DY_@^K_JKM
Y_@^@H\KNJÞH
@s `vjl`ht` qu` efy `h läk, mks nfhljnjfh`s c`h`rkm`s l`m `htfrhf lfhl` s`
du`v`h mks `dpr`sks duneks v`n`s bkvfr`n`h f jhejo`h `m l`skrrfmmf l` mk
nfdp`tjtjvjlkl. Nfdf oj`h `s nj`rtf, kdoj`ht`s `stkom`s, `nfhfdäks nr`nj`ht`s,
foa`tjvfs nmkrfs, cfoj`rhfs `bjnj`ht`s, sfh bkntfr`s qu` c`h`rkh nfhljnjfh`s
jl`km`s pkrk `m l`s`hvfmvjdj`htf `dpr`skrjkm. Y`rf mk r`kmjlkl l`du`strk tflf mf
nfhtrkrjf, qu` kñh `h nfhljnjfh`s l` `htfrhfs bkvfrkom`s, hf tflks mks `dpr`sks
sfh nfdp`tjtjvks y sfh pfnks l` `mmks mks qu` s` l`stknkh l`htrf l`m nkdpf
`dpr`skrjkm.
Yfr mf nukm s` ekn` `vjl`ht` qu` mks frckhjzknjfh`s l`o`h `stkr d`afr
pr`pkrklks pkrk ksudjr dfd`htfs l` ljbjnumtkl, l` frl`h sfnjkm, pfmätjnf,
`nfhþdjnf f m`ckm qu` hfrdkmd`ht` sfh bkntfr`s l` nrjsjs qu` tflf pkäs
ktrkvj`sk, pfrqu` l` tflks bfrdks ekomkhlf `h uh `htfrhf nfdp`tjtjvf
frckhjzknjfhkm hf s` pu`l` `xnmujr, qu` mks nfhljnjfh`s l`m `htfrhf l`sbkvfrkom`
pu`l`h kb`ntkr pfr jcukm k `dpr`sks nfdp`tjtjvks y hf nfdp`tjtjvks, nfh mk
ljb`r`hnjk qu` `h mks prjd`rks `m jdpkntf s`rë uh pfnf d`hfr, sjh `dokrcf, mks
kb`ntk ljr`ntkd`ht`.
FOA@\JRF^
➯ Jht`rpr`tkr `m nfhn`
nfhn`ptf
ptf l` nfdp`tjtjvjlk
nfdp`tjtjvjlkl
l jl`htjbjnkhlf mfs bkntfr`s qu`
mfs kb`ntkh, ksä nfdf mks prjfrjlkl`s nfdp`tjtjvks l` mk `dpr`sk.
MK NFD
NFDY@\J
Y@\J\JR
\JRJLKL
JLKL @DY_@
@DY_@^K_JKM
^K_JKM
Nkpätumf
Nkpätumf JR
JR11 Mjl`rkzcf y nmjdk frckhjzknjfhkm1 eknjk uhk frckhjzknjþh nfdp`tjtjvk.
JH\_FLPNNJÞH
PHJLKL H¹?1 MK
M K NFDY@\J\JR
NFDY@\J\JRJLKL
JLKL @DY_@^
@DY_@^K_JKM
K_JKM
Nkpätum
Nkpätumff J1 @m nfhn`ptf l` nfdp`tjtjv jlkl,
Yfr nfdp`tjtjvjlkl s` `htj`hl` pfr pkrt` l` mk kutfrk1 "mk nkpknjlkl l` uhk
`dpr`sk u frckhjzknjþh l` nukmquj`r tjpf pkrk l`skrrfmmkr y dkht`h`r uhks
Nfdp`tjtjvjlkl y `strkt`cjk `dpr`skrjkm
nfdp`tjtjvjlkl `dpr`skrjkm
pkrk uojnkrs` l` supfh` pfsjom`
mk d`afr dkh`rk kl`dës`hqu`
`m mks `dpr`sks
dkrnf nfdpjt`h `htr`
l` km `xjst`hnjk sä
l` uhk
Mfs bkntfr`s
b kntfr`s l`t`
l`t`rdjhkht`s
rdjhkht`s l` mk nfdp`tjtjvjlkl
L` `stk dkh`rk, s` ekn` h`n`skrjf `xpmjnkr nþdf `m mjl`rkzcf pu`l` s`r bu`ht`
l` v`htkak nfdp`tjtjvk pkrk mk frckhjzknjþh, mf nuëm pu`l` s`r khkmjzklf k mk muz
l` tr`s ksp`ntfs buhlkd`htkm`s1
Nkpknjlkl`s
Nkpknjlkl`s f
frckhjzktjvks
rckhjzktjvks
Ksä pu`s, ljspfh`r l` nkpknjlkl`s qu` hjhcuhk ftrk `dpr`sk pfs`k, mk mm`vkrë k
ckhkr v`htkaks nfdp`tjtjvks k p`skr l` hf t`h`r r`nursfs ñhjnfs, pfrqu` `s jl`km
r`nfhfn`r km hjv`m l` `htfrhf frckhjzknjfhkm qu` duneks v`n`s mks nkpknjlkl`s
sfh ljbänjm`s l` jdjtkr, sfh pfnf nfduh`s y sfh bu`ht`s l` nfdp`t`hnjks
ljstjhtjvks nukhlf p`rdjt`h ekn`r mf qu` ftrfs hf pu`l`h.
_`hljdj`htfs sup`rjfr`s
Yfr `hl`, pkrk qu` s` mm`v` k nkof uh mjl`rkzcf `strktêcjnf `b`ntjvf, s` r`quj`r`
qu` mfs jht`crkht`s l`m crupf kn`pt`h r`spfhskojmjlkl pfr mfs r`sumtklfs,
`htj`hlkh `m sjchjbjnklf l` su trkokaf y su r`spfhskojmjlkl pkrk nfh mfs ftrfs, k
su v`z, r`nfm`nt`h y nfdpkrtkh nfhfnjdj`htfs ` jhbfrdknjþh dkht`hj`hlf uh
jhv`htkrjf l` `sfs djsdfs l`htrf l` mk `dpr`sk. _`nkmnkhlf `stf ñmtjdf, `h `m
s`htjlf qu` uh l`skrrfmmf l` nkpjtkm eudkhf pkrk kmnkhzkr mfs foa`tjvfs l`
nr`njdj`htf y hu`vks ër`ks l` h`cfnjf, jdpmjnk c`r`hnjkr nfhfnjdj`htf,
dfvjmjzkhlf `m nkpjtkm eudkhf yk qu` `h uh duhlf nkdojkht`
Nfdp`t`hnjks nrätjnks
Mks nfdp`t`hnjks nrätjnks ekh sjlf trktklks `h mk mjt`rkturk `strktêcjnk,
jhjnjkmd`ht` pfr Yrkekmkl (?990), lfhl` oësjnkd`ht` ”trktk sfor` mks
nkpknjlkl`s tênhjnks qu` p`rdjt`h k uhk frckhjzknjþh ljs`ûkr y v`hl`r nfh
êxjtf prfluntfs y s`rvjnjfs W…T `a`dpmf l` `stks nfdp`t`hnjks sfh mk nkpknjlkl
l` Efhlk pkrk ljs`ûkr y bkorjnkr dftfr`s l` cksfmjhk, f `m lfdjhjf l` LuYfht
sfor` nj`rtfs prfn`sfs quädjnfs f mk t`nhfmfcäk l` mfs djnrfprfn`sklfr`s l`
?992, p.?5).
Jht`m— (Mkwm`r, @., ?992, p.?5).
pkmkorks, s` pu`l` kbjrdkr qu` mfs tr`s ksp`ntfs nkdjhkh auhtfs nfh `m
l`skrrfmmf eudkhf, `h `m s`htjlf qu` `m dkht`hjdj`htf y pu`stk `h prëntjnk l`
NKYÄ\PMF JJ1
@s pfr `stf, qu` s` ekn` h`n`skrjf qu` mks frckhjzknjfh`s y `h `sp`njkm sus
kmtfs ljr`ntjvfs, jl`htjbjqu`h y nfdpr`hlkh quê `s mf qu` ekn`h r`kmd`ht` oj`h
pkrk ksä l`spuês `htrkr nfh `m l`skrrfmmf l` `sks nkpknjlkl`s y nfhn`htrkr su
`strkt`cjk `h kmjh`kr `s` sjst`dk l` nkpknjlkl`s ljstjhtjvks nfh mks
fpfrtuhjlkl`s pr`njsks l`m d`rnklf7 lfhl` êst` pr`djkrë nfh r`tfrhfs
`xtrkfrljhkrjfs y `stk djsdk s` v`rë nfdf uhk frckhjzknjþh nfe`r`ht`, qu` `h
l`bjhjtjvk, `s kqu`mmk qu` s` `hbfnk `h mf qu` ekn` d`afr nukhlf tfdk
l`njsjfh`s `h tflfs sus h`cfnjfs.
jhstkhnjk t`hck uhk nfdpr`hsjþh nmkrk l` nþdf nr`kr vkmfr pkrk mfs nmj`ht`s,
lfhl` mk bfrdk l` kntukr l` sus ljr`ntjvfs, c`r`ht`s, mäl`r`s f `dpm`klfs, s`kh
mf subjnj`ht`d`ht` kdpmjks pkrk p`rdjtjr mk bm`xjojmjlkl y `m nr`njdj`htf, y mf
subjnj`ht`d`ht` mjdjtklks pkrk `hbfnkr mk `strkt`cjk y mk tfdk l` l`njsjfh`s. @stf
jhnmuy` pkrk `m mäl`r s`r jhhfvklfr, prfv``lfr l` okaf nfstf, `m qu` fptjdjzk mk
nkl`hk l` vkmfr, `htr` ftrfs. Nfdf s`cuhlk d`ljlk, pfh`r `h dkrnek `m dftfr
l` mk nr`knjþh l` vkmfr, kyulkrë k qu` `m sjst`dk l` nkpknjlkl`s `h nfhauhtf
p`rdjtk mk `htr`ck `bjnkz l` `sk prfpu`stk l` vkmfr `h mk frckhjzknjþh. Yfr `hl`,
sj mk djsdk numtjvk uh sjst`dk l` nkpknjlkl`s qu` s` r`bu`rn`h dutukd`ht`, su
v`htkak nfdp`tjtjvk s` ekrë dës pf
pft`ht`.
t`ht`.
Nfdf oj`h `s nj`rtf, `stf s` pu`l` mfcrkr okaf uhk r`spfhskojmjlkl sup`rjfr
lfhl` mfs mäl`r`s y jht`crkht`s l` mk frckhjzknjþh ckrkhtjn`h uh l`s`dp`ûf
frckhjzknjfhkm7 `h `m nukm su nkpknjlkl l` nfduhjnknjþh nfh sus nfdpkû`rfs,
suokmt`rhfs, nfmkofrklfr`s f sup`rjfr`s, mk nkmjlkl l` mks l`njsjfh`s qu` tfdkh
y su nkpknjlkl pkrk trkokakr `h `qujpf7 nfhtrjouykh km buhnjfhkdj`htf l` mk
djsdk ckrkhtjzkhlf nfh `stf uh mjl`rkzcf `b`ntjvf, lfhl` `ht`hl`r, `m`cjr mfs
nfdpfrtkdj`htfs kprfpjklfs l` mks p`rsfhks y oksëhlfs` `h uh `stjmf l`
mjl`rkzcf `b`ntjvf7 r`sumtkrë `s`hnjkm pkrk mfcrkr mk prfluntjvjlkl, sktjsbknnjþh,
klkptknjþh y ftrfs r`sumtklfs `h o`h`bjnjf l`m nr`njdj`htf y l`skrrfmmf
frckhjzknjfhkm.
Yfr
mm`v`su
k pkrt`,
nkof uhs` ljkchþstjnf
ekn` h`n`skrjf qu` l`htrf djhunjfsf,
frckhjzknjfhkm l`m mjl`rkzcf kmtkd`ht`
nfh `m bjh l` `b`ntjvf s`
r`nfhfn`r
rëpjlkd`ht` mks kd`hkzks nfhtrk mk nfdp`tjtjvjlkl l` mk frckhjzknjþh, `vkmukr
NKYÄ\PMF JJJ
trkokakrs` nfhauhtkd`ht` pkrk `m mfcrf l`m êxjtf `sp`rklf, `stks pkmkhnks k mks
qu` ekn` r`b`r`hnjk `m kutfr s` l`snrjo`h k nfhtjhuknjþh1
Mfs ljr`ntjvfs
ljr `ntjvfs s` du`strk
du`strkh
h jhnmj hklfs k s`
s`cujr
cujr ttflks
flks mks dflk
dflkss
Mfs ljr`ntjvfs `stëh p`hlj`ht`s l` mk dflk `h `m nkdpf `dpr`skrjkm, ksä nfdf
nukmquj`r ftrk p`rsfhk. Yfr `a`dpmf, sj mk c`stjþh l` nkmjlkl tftkm `s mk t`hl`hnjk
bkvfrjtk l`m dfd`htf `h mk r`sfmunjþh l` prfom`dks, `htfhn`s mk nkpknjlkl pkrk
`m khëmjsjs l`t`rdjhkht` l` mks nkusks pu`l` nfhv`rtjrs` `h `m `m`d`htf l`
nkpjtkm eudkhf dës l`dkhlklf. Nfhbfrd` k `stf, mk ljbusjþh l` mk klfpnjþh l`
dflks l` c`stjþh prflunjrë prfokom`d`ht` uhk s`d`akhzk `htr` mfs `m`d`htfs
l`m nkpjtkm eudkhf r`qu`rjlf pkrk mk `a`nunjþh.
\`fräk
\` fräk l` mfs l`tkmm`s
Mk `a`nunjþ
`a`nunjþ h dkrnk mk ljb`r`hnjk
Lfs frckhjzknjfh`s pu`l`h `dpm`kr pkmkorks y brks`s sjdjmkr`s pkrk l`bjhjr sus
Yfr ñmtjdf, `h dkyfr d`ljlk, `m trkokaklfr r`qu`rjlf `s kmcuj`h qu` pu`l`
fos`rvkr `m kdoj`ht`, kpr`njkr mk pfsjnjþh l` mk `dpr`sk y r`spfhl`r
nr`ktjvkd`ht`. @s pfr `stf qu` s` ekn` h`n`skrjf k hjv`m frckhjzknjfhkm kt`hl`r,
r`spfhl`r y `stkr k mk vkhcukrljk l`m t`dk r`mknjfhklf nfh `m nkpjtkm eudkhf yk
qu` êst` s`rë nkpkz l` prflunjr uhk `strkt`cjk `d`rc`ht`, cujklk (y hf
jdp`ljlk) pfr uh pmkh bfrdkm nfhbfrd` k mks h`n`sjlkl`s y nfdp`tjtjvjlkl
frckhjzknjfhkm.
L` knu`rlf k Omkhnekrl, G., _khlfmpe, K. & Crkzj`r Y., (?992), nukhlf s` ekomk l`
`bjnj`hnjk, ekn` r`b`r`hnjk k sjst`dks y prfn`ljdj`htfs1 l` mk bfrdk `h qu` s`
ekn`h mks nfsks. Mk `bjnj`hnjk s` r`bj`r` k mk pu`stk `h prëntjnk. @s pfr `stf, qu` mks
`dpr`sks qu` hf l`skrrfmmkh uh mjl`rkzcf `bjnj`ht` hf sfmkd`ht` l`snfhfn`h eknjk
lfhl` vkh sjhf qu` `stëh l`sfrckhjzklks pkrk mm`ckr kmmä sj mf supj`rkh. Yfr `m
nfhtrkrjf, sj s` `stë kmtf l` `bjnj`hnjk frckhjzknjfhkmd`ht` p`rf hf s` sko` eknjk
lþhl` vk, `stk frckhjzknjþh pu`l` s`r nfhsjl`rklk nfdf uhk frckhjzknjþh l`
oñsqu`lk pfr mf nukm `stkräk ekstk kefrk `h mk `tkpk jhjnjkm l` ousnkr uh mjl`rkzcf
qu` pfs`k vjsjþh y pkrk qu` pfs`k vjsjþh r`quj`r` s`r jhhfvklfrk y sj `s
jhhfvklfrk pu`l` s`r nfdp`tjtjvk, l` mf nfhtrkrjf `stkräk `h uh hjv`m okaf l`htrf
l` su s`ntfr nfdp`tjtjvf
Ykrk `mmf vkm` l`stknkr uhk s`rj` l` prëntjnks l` mjl`rkzcf qu` s` l`o`h t`h`r
`h nu`htk km dfd`htf l` pfh`r `h dkrnek tflf mf kht`rjfr, yk qu` `stks r`bm`akh
mks nkrknt`rästjnks qu` ljstjhcu`h km mäl`r, `stkom`nj`hlf uhk ktdþsb`rk `b`ntjvk
nfdñh y dkrnf nfchjtjvf nfdpkrtjlf7 hf sjh kht`s d`hnjfhkr qu` `m `a`rnjnjf l`m
mjl`rkzcf jdpmjnk d`afrkr l`s`dp`ûf p`rsfhkm y dkyfr nfdprfdjsf
frckhjzknjfhkm pkrk mfcrkr mfs foa`tjvfs qu` s` ousnk
ousnkh.
h.
L`skbjkr
L`skbjkr `m pr
prfn`sf
fn`sf
Mfs mäl`r`s sfh p`rsfhks qu` s` krrj`sckh y kn`ptkh l`skbäfs, mf qu` sjchjbjnk
qu` hf tj`h`h prfom`dks `h kvkhzkr eknjk mf l`snfhfnjlf. C`h`rkmd`ht` `stëh
pr`pkrklfs pkrk kn`ptkr rj`scfs, pkrk jhhfvkr y `xp`rjd`htkr nfh djrks k
`xpmfrkr hu`vks y d`afr`s bfrdks l` ekn`r mks nfsks.
pu`l` s`r kmcf ljbänjm, ksä qu` l`o`h nr`kr uh nmjdk `h `m qu` mks p`rsfhks s`kh
psjnfmþcjnkd`ht` bu`rt`s y k su v`z s` sj`htkh r`spfhskom`s l` `s` nkdojf. Yfr
su pkrt`, sfh pjfh`rfs `h ousnkr fpfrtuhjlkl`s pkrk jhhfvkr, nr`n`r y d`afrkr,
lfhl` sfh nfhsj`ht`s qu` mfs `xp`rjd`htfs y mfs nkdojfs tj`h`h uh pfrn`htka`
l` rj`scf y l` brknksf,
b rknksf, p`rf l` tflfs dflfs kntñkh.
Dfl`mkr `m
`m nkdjhf
C`h`rkmd`ht`, nklk frckhjzknjþh nfdj`hzk nfh uh su`ûf y nfh `mmf hkn` uhk
vjsjþh, lfhl` `m crkh l`skbäf l`m mäl`r `s s`r nkpkz l` p`rnjojr dës kmmë l`m
efrjzfht` l`m tj`dpf, ` jdkcjhkr mks ktrkntjvks fpfrtuhjlkl`s qu` m`s `sp`rk k êm
y k sus sup`rjfr`s `h nfhauhtf nfh sus s`cujlfr`s, km mm`ckr k `s` l`stjhf.
Nfdf oj`h `s nj`rtf, mfs mäl`r`s `stëh jdpumsklfs pfr mk nmkrk jdkc`h l`
pfsjojmjlkl y l` mf qu` su frckhjzknjþh pflräk mm`ckr k s`r, jhspjrkhlf uhk vjsjþh
nfdpkrtjlk, p`hskhlf `h `m buturf ` jht`crkhlf k ftrfs `h uhk vjsjþh nfdñh7
lfhl` `m r`sumtklf `s uhk p`rn`pnjþh l` uh kmtf nfdprfdjsf l` mfs
trkokaklfr`s, uhk prfxjdjlkl nfhnr`tk y `xjst`hnjk l` mkzfs kb`ntjvfs y
`dfnjfhkm`s pfsjtjvfs y mk nfhbfrdknjþh l` kdoj`ht`s mkofrkm`s skmulkom`s.
skmulkom`s.
Ekojm
Ekojmjtkr
jtkr k ftrf s pkrk k
kntukr
ntukr
Orjhlkr kmj`htf
Ykrt` l`m trkokaf l`m mäl`r nfhsjst` `h dfstrkr kcrkl`njdj`htf pfr mks
kpfrtknjfh`s l` mfs l`dës y nr`kr uh nmjdk l` n`m`orknjþh. @m kmj`htf pu`l`
prfv`hjr l` crkhl`s c`stfs f l` kntfs sjdpm`s orjhlklf k mfs l`dës pkrk s`cujr
kvkhzkhlf. Phfs l` mfs dêtflfs qu` pu`l` utjmjzkr `m mäl`r pkrk `stjdumkr k mk
c`ht` k qu` sjck trjuhbkhlf sfh1 r`nfdp`hsks, kcrkl`njdj`htfs p`rsfhkm`s,
r`nfhfnjdj`htfs, `htr` ftrfs. Nfh `mmf s`rë pfsjom` qu` `m mäl`r vjhnum`
vjsjom`d`ht` mfs kht`rjfr`s nfh `m l`s`dp`ûf, mfcrkhlf ksä `m`vkr mk nkmjlkl k
hjv`m
nkdojffrckhjzknjfhkm, pfh`r
qu` s` r`quj`rk `hd`afrkr.
pkrk dkrnek hu`vfs s`rvjnjfs y/f prfluntfs f nukmquj`r
Yfr nfhsjcuj`ht`, `m pkp`m l`m mäl`r `s buhlkd`htkm km s`r `m `m`d`htf qu` kntjvk
`m l`skrrfmmf l` `sfs kdoj`ht`s, ousnkhlf k hjv`m nfm`ntjvf `m jdpkntf bkvfrkom`
NKYÄ\PMF JR
_kzfh`s pfr mks nukm`s efy `h läk, `m l`skrrfmmf y mk c`stjþh frckhjzknjfhkm l`m
nkpjtkm eudkhf vj`h`h klqujrj`hlf nklk v`z dkyfr jdpfrtkhnjk, sjtuëhlfs`
nfdf ksp`ntfs oësjnfs pkrk `m mfcrf l`m nr`njdj`htf y l`skrrfmmf jht`crkm l` mks
frckhjzknjfh`s, ksä nfdf pkrk su pfsjnjfhkdj`htf nfdp`tjtjvf y `strktêcjnf.
mäl`r, qu` `stjmf nfhvj`h` pkrk l`t`rdjhklk sjtuknjþh, pkrk mf nukm s` trk` k
nfhsjl`rknjþh k Nkhtfhj, B., (?99?), `h su t`xtf `m bkntfr eudkhf `h mk
frckhjzknjþh.
OJOMJFC_KBJK
Omkhnekrl, G., _khlfmpe, K. & Crkzj`r Y., (?992),. \rkokaf `h `qujpf CF\@KD!
\r`s pksfs pkrk nfhs`cujr crkhl`s r`sumtklfs. (;ª @l.) Okrn`mfhk1 L`ustf. Yp.
;23
Mkwm`r, @. (?992), Yfr bjh ek mm`cklf mk `rk l`m nkpjtkm eudkhf. @h O`hhjs, S,
^pr`jtz`r C.D. & Nuddjhcs \.C. (@ls), Mks nmkv`s l`m mjl`rkzcf. Mfs
p`hsklfr`s dës orjmmkht`s l` efy `snrjo`h pkrk mfs ljr`ntfr`s l` dkûkhk (pp.
?2->3). Okrn`mfhk1 L`ustf
Mkzzktj, ^. & ^khcujh`tj @., (?99>). C`r`hnjk y Mjl`rkzcf. (;k @l). Krc`htjhk1
Dknnej. Yp.?>;
Dfht`s, J., (?999). L`skrrfmmf Eudkhf Ljr`ntjvf. (;ª @l.) Dêxjnf1 Mjdusk ^.K.
Yp.>2>
Fpp`rdkhh, P. (?9;;). Ksudk
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