DR Ahmed Heikal Lecture 3 PDF

Electronic Devices
Ninth Edition
Floyd
Chapter 7
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
Summary
Power Amplifiers
A power amplifier is a large signal amplifier that produces

a replica of the input signal on its output. In the case shown
here, the output is an inverted replica of the input.
Vin Vout
0 Av 0
Generally power amplifiers are defined as those in which it is necessary

to consider the problem of heat dissipation (about 1 W or more).
Summary
Class A Power Amplifiers
A class A power amplifier is a large signal amplifier that

operates in the linear region. Ideally, a class A amplifier is
designed to operate in I C
the center of the ac load I c(sat)
line.
AC load line
Notice that a class A amplifier Q

ICQ
dissipates dc power even with
no signal. The dc power DC load line
dissipated is the product of
ICQ and VCEQ. VCE
0 VCEQ Vce(cutoff)
Summary
Class A Power Amplifier Efficiency
Power gain is the ratio of the power delivered to the load to

the input power. The maximum signal power delivered to a
load cannot be greater than 0.5 ICQVCEQ.
Class A power amplifiers are not particularly efficient, so they are
restricted to low power applications. The maximum theoretical
efficiency for a class A amplifier is 0.25 (or 25%) and usually they are
considerably less.
What is the efficiency of an amplifier that delivers 200 mW to a load if

the power supply is 12 V at 400 mA? 6.7%
Summary
Class A Power Amplifier

(a) If a 3 Vpp signal is applied to the input, what voltage do you
expect to see at the speaker? (b) What power is delivered?
VCC
+12 V
(a) The CC amplifier has a
gain of nearly 1. The output R1
C1 10 kΩ
voltage is nearly equal to the Vin Q1
input = 3 Vpp.
0.22 µF Q2
(b) The power delivered to
C2
the speaker is: R2 Vou t
V 2 (1.06 Vrms )
2 22 kΩ
RE 100 µF
=
P = 22 Ω
Speaker
8Ω
R 8Ω 2W
= 140 mW
Summary

For the 3 Vpp input, what is the input power and what is the
power gain? Assume the Darlington β = 10,000.
Rin (tot ) = R1  R2  β ( RE  RL )
VCC
+12 V
R=in ( tot ) 6.15 kΩ

( rms )
2 2
V 1.06 V R
=Pin = C
1
10 kΩ
6.15 kΩ
1
Rin (tot ) V in Q1
= 0.183 mW 0.22 µF Q 2
The power gain is:

C 2
2 6.15 kΩ
V
Rin (tot ) R ou t
= Ap A=
2
2
1 22 kΩ
R
8Ω 100 µF
v E
Speaker
RL 22 Ω 8Ω
2W
= 769 Note that this is approximately 140 mW/0.183 mW
Summary

The circuit in the previous example can be simulated in Multisim as a
check.
The input trace (red) and

output trace (blue) are
nearly identical as expected.
Summary
Push-Pull Amplifiers
Push-pull amplifiers use two transistors working together.

One conducts on the positive half cycle; the other conducts
on the negative half cycle. This is class B operation.
Q1
Input npn Output
transformer transformer
Vs VCC Vout
Q2
npn
Summary
By adding a forward biased diode, the base-emitter drop of the

transistors does not need to be overcome by the signal. This is
class AB operation.
Q1
VCC npn
Vs VCC RL Vout
Q2
npn
Notice that both
transistors are npn types.
Summary
Push-Pull Amplifiers VCC
A complementary symmetry
R1
push-pull amplifier uses an npn
Q1
and a pnp transistor working
D1
together on alternate half-cycles.
D2
The two diodes cause the transistors to
Q2
be biased into slight conduction. Vs RL
Because of the slight conduction, this R2
is also class AB operation and the

transistors conduct slightly more than –VCC
½ of the input cycle.
What is the advantage of class AB operation over class B
operation? Cross-over distortion is eliminated.
Summary
The ac load line for the npn transistor of a complementary

push-pull amplifier is shown.
IC
Notice that the Q point
is near the right end of
Ic(sat) AC load line
the load line.
Ic(sat) is determined by Ic Q-point
the load resistor and ICQ
V CE
is given by:
V CEQ
VCC
I c ( sat ) =
RL Vce
Summary
Draw the ac load line for VCC
+15 V
the npn transistor.
R1
510 Ω
The ac load line is drawn between Q1
Ic(sat) and VCC. D1
IC
D2
0.5 A VS Q2
RL
R2 30 Ω
510 Ω
−VCC
VCE −15 V
+15 V
Summary
VCC
The maximum peak output +15 V
voltage is always less than the

R1
power supply voltage. For the 510 Ω
Q1
amplifier shown, the peak output
D1
will be about +10 V because at
D2
the peak of the input, maximum VS Q2
bias current is required. R2
RL
30 Ω
510 Ω
For a given load resistor, you can make
the peak output larger by using smaller
−VCC
bias resistors or higher beta transistors −15 V
(such as Darlington transistors).
Summary
VCC
Although the complementary +15 V
symmetry push-pull amplifier as

R1
shown here has good power gain 510 Ω
Q1
and efficiency, it does not have
D1
any voltage gain.
D2
VS Q2
RL
R2 30 Ω
Why isn’t voltage gain possible? 510 Ω
Each transistor is configured as a CC
amplifier. −VCC
−15 V
Summary
VCC
Push-Pull Amplifiers +15 V
Here, Darlington transistors have R1

replaced the single transistors, the 5.1 kΩ
bias resistor are larger (less power
D1
dissipation) and two more diodes
D2
are added. The maximum output Vin
Vout
can be larger due to the Darlington D3

RL
transistors despite the larger bias D4 30 Ω
resistors.
R2
Why are four diodes used 5.1 kΩ
in this circuit?
− VCC
There are two base-emitter drops −15 V
for each polarity of the input.
Summary
The circuit here is in the lab manual and uses a dc coupled CE amplifier
stage to drive the push-pull stage. In this case, the CE amplifier is in the
bias path for the push-pull stage. +V CC
+9.0 V
R1
10 kΩ Q1
How would you adjust R5 for D1
2N3904
an optimum setting? R3 1N914 0V Vout

68 kΩ
D2
RL
1N914 330 Ω
Monitor the dc output voltage C1
Q2
2N3906
and adjust it for 0 V. Q3
2N3904
Vs 1.0 µF R5
5 kΩ
R2 R4
10 kΩ 2.7 kΩ
−VCC
−9.0 V
Summary
Class C Amplifiers
Class C amplifiers are biased into conduction much less

than 180o. They are usually used in RF applications, such
as RF oscillators and modulators.
+VCC
The transistor is on when the input
signal exceeds |VBB| + VBE.
RC
Because class C amplifiers are
biased on for a small percentage of C Vout
time, they can be very efficient.

RB
Vin
– VBB
Summary
Class C Amplifiers
Class C operation is useful in oscillators. The collector

circuit has a parallel resonant circuit (“tank”) and
oscillations are sustained by the short pulse of collector
current on each cycle. +V CC
C2 L
Ic C3
C1 Vout
RB
Vout
Vin
– VBB
Summary
Class C Amplifiers
The circuit can be set up with clamping bias, where the

bias resistor is connected to ground. C1 will charge
(through the base-emitter diode) to 0.7 V less than the
positive peak. +V CC
Clamping action
causes the transistor to C2 L
be cut off except at the
positive peak of the Vp ≈Vp – 0.7 V
+ –
input. The R1C1 time 0 Q
–Vp
constant needs to be Q conducts Q conducts
C1 R1
long compared to the 0.7 V

period of the signal. –Vp
Summary
Troubleshooting
Assume a newly constructed push-pull
VCC amplifier shows only the lower part of
+15 V the ac signal at the output. How should
+15 V
you find the problem?
R1
510 Ω You might decide to start with dc
Q1
measurements.
0.0 V D1
Checking the dc voltages, you find
−3.0 V D2 This is not the expected reading!
VS Q2
RL Can you figure out a likely problem?
R2 30 Ω
510 Ω Diode D2 is likely to be open.
Remove it an test it.
−VCC
−15 V −15 V
Selected Key Terms
Class A A type of amplifier that operates entirely in its

linear (active) region.
Power gain The ratio of output power to the input power of

an amplifier.
Efficiency The ratio of the signal power delivered to a load

to the power from the power supply of an
amplifier.
Class B A type of amplifier that operates in the linear

region for 180o of the input cycle because it is
biased at cutoff.
Quiz
1. A class A amplifier is designed to operate in the linear

region
a. for only a small portion of the input cycle
b. for ½ of the input cycle
c. for slightly more than ½ of the input cycle
d. all of the time
Quiz
2. A class AB amplifier is designed to operate in the linear

region
a. for slightly less than ½ of the input cycle
b. for exactly ½ of the input cycle
c. for slightly more than ½ of the input cycle
d. all of the time
Quiz
3. Class A power amplifiers

a. are not subject to cross-over distortion
b. are more efficient than class B amplifiers
c. are biased into slight conduction
d. all of the above
Quiz
4. In a class AB power amplifier, the Q point is ideally

a. in the center of the load line
b. near the left side of the load line
c. near the right side of the load line
Quiz
5. The class of operation for the amplifier shown is

a. A
b. B Q1
Input npn Output
transformer transformer
c. C
Vs VCC Vout
d. AB
Q2
npn
Quiz
6. If R1 and R2, are made smaller, VCC

+15 V
the maximum peak output voltage
will be R1
510 Ω
a. smaller Q1
D1
b. larger
D2
VS
c. unchanged Q2
RL
R2 30 Ω
510 Ω
−VCC
−15 V
Quiz
7. The amplifier shown has VCC

+15 V
a. voltage gain
R1
b. current gain 510 Ω
Q1
c. both of the above D1
D2
d. none of the above VS Q2
RL
R2 30 Ω
510 Ω
−VCC
−15 V
Quiz
VCC
+15 V
8. The amplifier shown has the

R1
advantage of 5.1 kΩ
a. high voltage gain D1
D2 Vout
b. no input loading Vin
D3
RL
30 Ω
c. excellent power gain D4
R2
d. all of the above 5.1 kΩ
− VCC
−15 V
Quiz
9. Ideally the dc voltage at the load with no input signal

should be +V CC
+9.0 V
a. −9.0 V R1
10 kΩ Q1
b. 0 V D1
2N3904
R3 1N914 Vout
68 kΩ
c. +4.5 V D2
1N914
RL
330 Ω
Q2
C1 2N3906
d. +9.0 V R5
Q3
2N3904
Vs 1.0 µF
5 kΩ
R2 R4
10 kΩ 2.7 kΩ
−VCC
−9.0 V
Quiz
10. The bias type shown is

a. clamping bias +VCC
b. clipping bias
C2 L
c. emitter bias ≈Vp – 0.7 V

Vp
0 + –
d. base bias –Vp C1
Q
R1
Q conducts Q conducts
0.7 V
–Vp
Quiz
Answers:
1. d 6. b
2. c 7. b
3. a 8. c
4. c 9. b
5. b 10. a

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Electronic Devices

A power amplifier is a large signal amplifier that produces

Generally power amplifiers are defined as those in which it is necessary

Class A Power Amplifiers

A class A power amplifier is a large signal amplifier that

the center of the ac load I c(sat)

Notice that a class A amplifier Q

Class A Power Amplifier Efficiency

Power gain is the ratio of the power delivered to the load to

What is the efficiency of an amplifier that delivers 200 mW to a load if

Class A Power Amplifier

Class A Power Amplifier

R=in ( tot ) 6.15 kΩ

The power gain is:

Class A Power Amplifier

The input trace (red) and

Push-pull amplifiers use two transistors working together.

By adding a forward biased diode, the base-emitter drop of the

Push-Pull Amplifiers VCC

is also class AB operation and the

The ac load line for the npn transistor of a complementary

voltage is always less than the

symmetry push-pull amplifier as

Here, Darlington transistors have R1

can be larger due to the Darlington D3

an optimum setting? R3 1N914 0V Vout

Class C amplifiers are biased into conduction much less

time, they can be very efficient.

Class C operation is useful in oscillators. The collector

The circuit can be set up with clamping bias, where the

long compared to the 0.7 V

Class A A type of amplifier that operates entirely in its

Power gain The ratio of output power to the input power of

Efficiency The ratio of the signal power delivered to a load

Class B A type of amplifier that operates in the linear

1. A class A amplifier is designed to operate in the linear

2. A class AB amplifier is designed to operate in the linear

3. Class A power amplifiers

4. In a class AB power amplifier, the Q point is ideally

5. The class of operation for the amplifier shown is

6. If R1 and R2, are made smaller, VCC

7. The amplifier shown has VCC

c. both of the above D1

8. The amplifier shown has the

a. high voltage gain D1

9. Ideally the dc voltage at the load with no input signal

10. The bias type shown is

c. emitter bias ≈Vp – 0.7 V

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