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10 November 2019 1441 ‫ ربيع األول‬13

َ ُْ ََ

Analog IC Design

Lecture 09
Frequency Response (2)

Dr. Hesham A. Omran

Integrated Circuits Laboratory (ICL)
Electronics and Electrical Communication Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Ain Shams University
 Outline
❑ Recapping previous key results
❑ Frequency response of CS: Midband, LFR, and HFR (Miller’s effect)
❑ Frequency response of CG: HFR
❑ Frequency response of cascode: HFR
▪ Cascode for gain and cascode for BW
❑ Frequency response of CD: HFR
▪ Frequency domain peaking and time domain ringing
▪ 𝑍𝑖𝑛 : negative resistance and 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 : inductive rise
▪ Suppressing the overshoot

09: Frequency Response (2) 2

 MOSFET in Saturation
❑ The channel is pinched off if the difference between the gate and
drain voltages is not sufficient to create an inversion layer
𝑉𝐺𝐷 ≤ 𝑉𝑇𝐻 𝑂𝑅 𝑉𝐷𝑆 ≥ 𝑉𝑜𝑣
❑ Square-law (long channel MOS)
𝜇𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑥 𝑊 2 1 + 𝜆𝑉
𝐼𝐷 = ⋅ 𝑉𝑜𝑣 𝐷𝑆 VSG > |VTH|
2 𝐿

𝑉𝑆𝐵 ↑ ⇒ 𝑉𝑇𝐻 ↑ VSD > |Vov|

VDG < |VTH|
VGS>VTH VGD<VTH
VSB G
B S D VGD < VTH

VDS > Vov

p+ n+ n+
p-sub VGS > VTH
VDS>Vov
09: Frequency Response (2) 3
 Regions of Operation Summary
OFF
ON
(Subthreshold)
𝑉𝐺𝑆 > 𝑉𝑇𝐻
𝑉𝐺𝑆 < 𝑉𝑇𝐻

Triode Pinch-Off
(Saturation)
𝑉𝐷𝑆 < 𝑉𝑜𝑣
𝑉𝐷𝑆 ≥ 𝑉𝑜𝑣
Or
Or
𝑉𝐺𝐷 > 𝑉𝑇𝐻
𝑉𝐺𝐷 ≤ 𝑉𝑇𝐻

𝑊 2
𝑉𝐷𝑆 𝜇𝐶𝑜𝑥 𝑊 2
𝐼𝐷 = 𝜇𝐶𝑜𝑥 𝑉 𝑉 − 𝐼𝐷 = 𝑉 1 + 𝜆𝑉𝐷𝑆
𝐿 𝑜𝑣 𝐷𝑆 2 2 𝐿 𝑜𝑣

09: Frequency Response (2) 4

 High Frequency Small Signal Model
𝜕𝐼𝐷 𝑊 𝑊 2𝐼𝐷
𝑔𝑚 = = 𝜇𝐶𝑜𝑥 𝑉 = 𝜇𝐶𝑜𝑥 ⋅ 2𝐼𝐷 =
𝜕𝑉𝐺𝑆 𝐿 𝑜𝑣 𝐿 𝑉𝑜𝑣

𝑔𝑚𝑏 = 𝜂𝑔𝑚 𝜂 ≈ 0.1 − 0.25

1 𝑉𝐴 1 1
𝑟𝑜 = = = 𝑉𝐴 ∝ 𝐿 ↔ 𝜆 ∝ 𝑉𝐷𝑆 ↑ 𝑉𝐴 ↑
𝜕𝐼𝐷 /𝜕𝑉𝐷𝑆 𝐼𝐷 𝜆𝐼𝐷 𝐿

𝐶𝑔𝑏 ≈ 0 𝐶𝑔𝑠 ≫ 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝐶𝑠𝑏 > 𝐶𝑑𝑏

Cgd
G D

Cgb Cgs gmvgs gmbvbs ro Cdb

Csb
S
B
09: Frequency Response (2) 5
 Rin/out Shortcuts Summary

𝑟𝑜 1 + 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑅𝑆
H.I.N.

1 𝑅𝐷
∞ 1+
𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑜
At low
frequencies ONLY L.I.N.

09: Frequency Response (2) 6

 Summary of Basic Topologies
CS CG CD (SF)

RD RD RD
vout vout
vin vin
vin vout
RS RS RS

Voltage & current amplifier Current buffer Voltage buffer

1 𝑅𝐷
Rin ∞ 𝑅𝑆 // 1+ ∞
𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑜
1 𝑅𝐷
Rout 𝑅𝐷 //𝑟𝑜 1 + 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑅𝑆 𝑅𝐷 //𝑟𝑜 𝑅𝑆 // 1+
𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑜
−𝒈𝒎 𝒈𝒎
Gm 𝒈𝒎 + 𝒈𝒎𝒃
𝟏 + 𝒈𝒎 + 𝒈𝒎𝒃 𝑹𝑺 𝟏 + 𝑹𝑫 /𝒓𝒐
09: Frequency Response (2) 7
 Frequency Response of CS: Midband
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑣 = ⋅
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
= 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑔𝑚 (𝑅𝐷 ||𝑅𝐿 ||𝑟𝑜 )
𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖𝑛
= , 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝐺 = 𝑅𝐺1 ||𝑅𝐺2
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑅𝑖𝑛 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔

RG1 RD Cc2
Rsig Cc1 vout
vin
M1
vsig RL CL

RG2 RS CS

09: Frequency Response (2) 8

 Frequency Response of CS: LFR
1
❑ 𝐶𝐶1 : 𝑅𝑡ℎ = 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 𝑅𝐺 → 𝜔𝑝,𝐶𝐶1 = & 𝜔𝑧,𝐶𝐶1 = 0
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 +𝑅𝐺 𝐶𝐶1
1
❑ 𝐶𝐶2 : 𝑅𝑡ℎ = 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐷 ||𝑟𝑜 → 𝜔𝑝,𝐶𝐶2 = & 𝜔𝑧,𝐶𝐶2 = 0
𝑅𝐿 +𝑅𝐷 ||𝑟𝑜 𝐶𝐶2
1 1
❑ 𝐶𝑆 : 𝑅𝑡ℎ = 𝑅𝑆 ||𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑆 → 𝜔𝑝,𝐶𝑆 = & 𝜔𝑧,𝐶𝑆 =
𝑅𝑆 ||𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑆 𝐶𝑆 𝑅𝑆 𝐶 𝑆
❑ Usually 𝜔𝑝,𝐶𝑆 is dominant: 𝜔𝐿 ≈ 𝜔𝑝,𝐶𝑆 (why?)
❑ Note that for IC amplifiers we usually use direct coupling (no LFR)

RG1 RD Cc2
Rsig Cc1 vout
vin
M1
vsig RL CL

RG2 RS CS

09: Frequency Response (2) 9

 CS HFR: (1) Miller’s Approx + OCTC
❑ Break the feedback capacitance 𝐶𝑔𝑑 using Miller’s approx
❑ Each node is associated with a pole
▪ 𝑣𝑖𝑛 node → i/p pole 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛
▪ 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 node → o/p pole 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡
❑ Don’t forget the RHP feedforward zero
𝑔𝑚
𝜔𝑧,𝐶𝑔𝑑 = → Usually 𝜔𝑧,𝐶𝑔𝑑 is very high (why?)
𝐶𝑔𝑑

Cgd
Rsig vin
vout
vsig
RG Cgs gmvgs ro Cdb RD RL CL

09: Frequency Response (2) 10

 CS HFR: (1) Miller’s Approx + OCTC
❑ i/p pole: suffers from Miller effect (capacitance multiplication)
′ 1
𝑅𝑡ℎ,𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 ||𝑅𝐺 = 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 → 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛 ≈ ′
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑠 +𝑪𝒈𝒅 𝟏+𝑨𝒐
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑜 = = 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑣𝑖𝑛
❑ o/p pole: 𝑅𝑡ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑅𝐿 ||𝑅𝐷 ||𝑟𝑜
1 1
→ 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ≈ ≈
1 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝐶𝑔𝑑 )
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝐿 +𝐶𝑑𝑏 +𝐶𝑔𝑑 1+𝐴
𝑜
′
❑ Usually i/p pole is dominant: 𝜔𝐻 ≈ 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛 (why?), unless 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 ↓↓
Cgd
Rsig vin
vout
vsig
RG Cgs gmvgs ro Cdb RD RL CL

09: Frequency Response (2) 11

 CS HFR: (1) Miller’s Approx + OCTC
1 1
𝜔𝐻 ≈ =
1 1 ′
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑
+
𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡
′
❑ If input pole is dominant (e.g., if 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 ↑↑ or 𝐶𝐿 ↓↓)
1
𝜔𝐻 ≈ ′ ≈ 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡
′
❑ If output pole is dominant (e.g., if 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 ↓↓ or 𝐶𝐿 ↑↑)
1
𝜔𝐻 ≈ ≈ 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑
1 𝐺𝑚
𝐺𝐵𝑊 = 𝐴𝑣 𝜔𝐻 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 ⋅ =
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝐶𝑔𝑑
→ independent of 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 !

09: Frequency Response (2) 12

 CS HFR: (2) Just OCTC Technique
′ 1
❑ 𝐶𝑔𝑠 : 𝑅𝑡ℎ,𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 ||𝑅𝐺 = 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 → 𝜔𝑝,𝐶𝑔𝑠 = ′ 𝐶
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑔𝑠
1
❑ 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐶𝐿 + 𝐶𝑑𝑏 : 𝑅𝑡ℎ = 𝑅𝐿 ||𝑅𝐷 ||𝑟𝑜 = 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 → 𝜔𝑝,𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝒗𝒙 1
❑ 𝐶𝑔𝑑 : 𝑅𝑡ℎ = 𝒊𝒙
′
= 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 → 𝜔𝑝,𝐶𝑔𝑑 = ′
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 1+𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑔𝑑
1
𝜔𝐻 ≈
1 1 1
+ +
𝜔𝑝,𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝜔𝑝,𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜔𝑝,𝐶𝑔𝑑
1
= ′ ′
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑔𝑑

Cgd
Rsig vin
vout
vsig
RG Cgs gmvgs ro Cdb RD RL CL

09: Frequency Response (2) 13

 CS HFR: (2) Just OCTC Technique
1
𝜔𝐻 ≈ ′
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑
′
❑ If input pole is dominant (e.g., if 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 ↑↑ or 𝐶𝐿 ↓↓)
1
𝜔𝐻 ≈ ′ ≈ 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡
′
❑ If output pole is dominant (e.g., if 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 ↓↓ or 𝐶𝐿 ↑↑)
1
𝜔𝐻 ≈ ≈ 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑
❑ Same as the expressions obtained from Miller approx

09: Frequency Response (2) 14

 CS HFR: (3) Exact Analysis
❑ Surprisingly, exact analysis gives a quite complex expression
▪ See [Johns & Martin 2012] or [Razavi 2017]
❑ If dominant pole approximation is applied
1 1
𝜔𝑝𝑑 ≈ = ′
𝑏1 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑
▪ Same result as OCTC (both based on same approximation)
❑ Additionally, dominant pole approx gives an expression for 𝜔𝑝𝑛𝑑
1 𝑏1 𝑔𝑚 𝐶𝑔𝑑
𝜔𝑝𝑛𝑑 ≈ = =
𝑏2 𝜔𝑝1 𝑏2 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑔𝑚
▪ If a large cap is connected parallel to 𝐶𝑔𝑑 : 𝜔𝑝𝑛𝑑 ≈
𝐶𝑔𝑠 +𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡
• Can be derived intuitively without analysis (how?)
• We will need this case when we study two-stage OTA
09: Frequency Response (2) 15
 Frequency Response of CG: HFR
1
❑ i/p pole: 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛 =
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 ||𝑅𝑆 ||𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑆 𝐶𝑔𝑠 +𝐶𝑠𝑏
1
❑ o/p pole: 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑅𝐷 ||𝑅𝐿𝐹𝐷 𝐶𝐿 +𝐶𝑑𝑏 +𝐶𝑔𝑑

❑ Usually o/p pole is dominant: 𝜔𝐻 ≈ 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡 (why?)

❑ No FB cap → No Miller effect → 𝑩𝑾𝑪𝑮 ≫ 𝑩𝑾𝑪𝑺

RD CL
vout
VB
Rsig
vin vsig
RS

09: Frequency Response (2) 16

 Frequency Response of Cascode: HFR
Case 1: BW limited by o/p pole (𝑹𝑫 ↑↑ 𝑹𝒔𝒊𝒈 ↓↓) (cascode for gain)
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
❑ 𝐴𝑣 = ≈ 𝑔𝑚1 𝑟𝑜1 𝑔𝑚2 𝑟𝑜2 = 𝐴𝑣,𝐶𝑆 ⋅ 𝑔𝑚2 𝑟𝑜2
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔
1 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝐶𝑆
❑ 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ≈ = → Dominant
𝑟𝑜1 𝑔𝑚2 𝑟𝑜2 𝐶𝐿 +𝐶𝑑𝑏2 +𝐶𝑔𝑑2 𝑔𝑚2 𝑟𝑜2

❑ 𝐺𝐵𝑊 = 𝐴𝑣 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴𝑣,𝐶𝑆 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝐶𝑆

𝐺𝑚
= → Same as CS!
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝐶𝑔𝑑2
𝑣𝑥 vout
❑ 𝐴𝑜1 = = 𝑔𝑚1 (𝑟𝑜1 ||𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑆2 ), 𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑆2 = ? CL
𝑣𝑖𝑛 VB M2
▪ 𝐴𝑜1 ≪ 𝑔𝑚1 𝑟𝑜1 Miller effect reduced Rsig vin vx
1 vsig M1
❑ 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛 = = 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛,𝐶𝑆
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑠1 +𝐶𝑔𝑑1 1+𝐴𝑜1
1
❑ 𝜔𝑝,𝑥 =
(𝑟𝑜1 ||𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑆2 ) 𝐶𝑔𝑠2 +𝐶𝑠𝑏2 +𝐶𝑑𝑏1 +𝐶𝑔𝑑1 1+1/𝐴𝑜1
09: Frequency Response (2) 17
 Frequency Response of Cascode: HFR
Case 2: BW limited by i/p pole (𝑹𝑫 ↓↓ 𝑹𝒔𝒊𝒈 ↑↑) (cascode for BW)
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
❑ 𝐴𝑣 = ≈ 𝑔𝑚1 𝑅𝐷 ≈ 𝐴𝑣,𝐶𝑆 → Similar to CS!
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝑣𝑥 1 RD
❑ 𝐴𝑜1 = = 𝑔𝑚1 (𝑟𝑜1 || )≈1
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚2 vout
1 CL
❑ 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛 ≈ > 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛,𝐶𝑆 VB M2
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑠1 +2𝐶𝑔𝑑1
Rsig vin vx
▪ Miller effect significantly reduced vsig M1
▪ → BW extension!
1
❑ 𝜔𝑝,𝑥 ≈ 1
(𝑟𝑜1 ||𝑔 ) 𝐶𝑔𝑠2 +𝐶𝑠𝑏2 +𝐶𝑑𝑏1 +2𝐶𝑔𝑑1
𝑚2
1
❑ 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ≈
𝑅𝐷 𝐶𝐿 +𝐶𝑑𝑏2 +𝐶𝑔𝑑2

❑ 𝐺𝐵𝑊 = 𝐴𝑣 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛 > 𝐺𝐵𝑊 of CS

09: Frequency Response (2) 18
 Cascode HFR: Recapping
❑ If BW is limited by o/p pole
1 𝐺𝑚
▪ 𝐺𝐵𝑊 = 𝐴𝑣 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 ⋅ =
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡
vout
▪ Cascode can be used to trade gain for CL
VB M2
bandwidth by modifying 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 vx
Rsig vin
▪ But 𝐺𝐵𝑊 = 𝐴𝑣 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡 remain unchanged vsig M1

❑ If BW is limited by i/p pole

▪ Cascode can provide higher BW (Miller ↓) RD
▪ The gain may be higher as well vout
▪ 𝐺𝐵𝑊 = 𝐴𝑣 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛 increases VB M2
CL
vx
▪ Also improves reverse isolation (RF LNAs) vsig
Rsig vin
M1

❑ See Example 10.10 in Sedra/Smith 7th ed.

09: Frequency Response (2) 19
 Frequency Response of CD: HFR
❑ Assume real and widely spaced poles (revisited next slide)
❑ Apply Miller: Ideally 𝐴𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝑣𝑖𝑛 ≈ 1 ➔ 𝐶𝑔𝑠 is bootstrapped
1
❑ i/p pole: 𝜔𝑝,𝑖𝑛 =
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑑 +𝐶𝑔𝑠 1−𝐴𝑜
1
❑ o/p pole: 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑅𝑆 ||𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑆 𝐶𝐿 +𝐶𝑠𝑏 +𝐶𝑔𝑠 1−1/𝐴𝑜

❑ Both poles are at high frequency (why?) → Large BW

𝑔𝑚
❑ Don’t forget the LHP feedforward zero: 𝜔𝑧 = ↑↑
𝐶𝑔𝑠

Rsig v
vsig in

vout
RS CL

09: Frequency Response (2) 20

 CD HFR: Why Approximations Fail?
❑ The two poles are nearby and possibly complex conjugate
❑ OCTC technique and Miller approx cannot be used 

Rsig v
vsig in

vout
RS CL

09: Frequency Response (2) 21

 CD HFR: Exact Analysis
❑ Simple circuit, but exact analysis gives a complex expression!
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 + 𝑠/𝜔𝑧 1 + 𝑠/𝜔𝑧
= 𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴𝑀
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑠 𝑠 1 1 𝑠2
1+ 1+ 1+ + 𝑠+
𝜔𝑝1 𝜔𝑝2 𝜔𝑝1 𝜔𝑝2 𝜔𝑝1 𝜔𝑝2
1 + 𝑠/𝜔𝑧 1 + 𝑠/𝜔𝑧 1 + 𝑠/𝜔𝑧
= 𝐴𝑀 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴𝑀
1 + 𝑏1 𝑠 + 𝑏2 𝑠 2 𝑀 1 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠2
1+ + 1 + 2𝜁 +
𝑄 𝜔𝑜 𝜔𝑜2 𝜔𝑜 𝜔𝑜2
❑ Special case: 𝑅𝑆 ↑↑ (IDC) + CLM and body effect neglected
𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝐿
𝑏1 = 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 +
𝑔𝑚
𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝐶𝐿 + 𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝐶𝑔𝑑
𝑏2 = 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝑔𝑚
𝑔𝑚 1 𝒃𝟐
𝜔𝑧 = , 𝜔𝑜 = ,𝑸 =
𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝑏2 𝒃𝟏

09: Frequency Response (2) [Sedra/Smith, 2015] 22

 Peaking and Ringing
❑ Second order system with two nearby poles (𝜔𝑧 ↑↑ is ignored)
▪ 𝑄 > 0.5 (𝜁 < 1): Underdamped system (complex conj. poles)
• Ringing (overshoot) in step response (time domain)
−𝜋
% overshoot= 100 𝑒 4𝑄2 −1

1
▪ 𝑄> = 0.707 (𝜁 < 0.707): Peaking in frequency response
2

09: Frequency Response (2) [Sedra/Smith, 2015] & [Johns and Martin, 2012] 23
 Driving Large Capacitive Load
❑ Special case: 𝑅𝑆 ↑↑ (IDC) + CLM and body effect neglected + 𝑪𝑳 ↑↑
𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐿
𝑏1 = 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 + ≈
𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝑚
𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝐶𝐿 + 𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝐶𝐿 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝑏2 = 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 ≈
𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝑚
𝑔𝑚
𝜔𝑧 =
𝐶𝑔𝑠

1 𝑔𝑚
𝜔𝑜 = ≈
𝑏2 𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝐶𝐿 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔

𝑏2 𝑔𝑚 𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔

𝑄= ≈
𝑏1 𝐶𝐿

❑ Increasing 𝐶𝐿 eventually decreases 𝑄 → 𝜔𝑝,𝑜𝑢𝑡 becomes dominant

09: Frequency Response (2) 24
 Suppressing the Overshoot
❑ Space the two poles far apart → single dominant pole
▪ Increase 𝐶𝐿 (till 𝑄 < 0.5)
▪ Or increase 𝐶𝑖𝑛 (adds to 𝐶𝑔𝑑 ) → but buffer becomes less useful!
❑ More clever solution
▪ A compensation network (𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶1 ) can be used to
compensate for the negative input impedance and prevent
overshoots
▪ See [Johns and Martin, 2012] Section 4.4 for more details

09: Frequency Response (2) [Johns and Martin, 2012] 25

 𝒁𝒊𝒏 of CD
❑ 𝑣𝑔𝑠 = 𝑖𝑖𝑛 /𝑠𝐶𝑔𝑠
❑ 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑖𝑖𝑛 /𝑠𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝑖𝑖𝑛 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑛 /𝑠𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝑟𝑜 ||1/𝑔𝑚𝑏 ||1/𝑠𝐶𝐿
𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = = 1/𝑠𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 1 + 𝑔𝑚 /𝑠𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝑟𝑜 ||1/𝑔𝑚𝑏 ||1/𝑠𝐶𝐿
𝑖𝑖𝑛
❑ If 1/𝑠𝐶𝐿 is dominant (e.g., driving large cap load, or @ high freq)
1 1 𝑔𝑚 1 1 𝑔𝑚
𝑍𝑖𝑛 ≈ + + = + − → -ve res!
𝑠𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝑠𝐶𝐿 𝑠 2 𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝐶𝐿 𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝑗𝜔𝐶𝐿 𝜔2 𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝐶𝐿
❑ Can be used in oscillators, and may make amplifiers unstable!
❑ Note that 𝐶𝑔𝑑 shunts 𝑍𝑖𝑛 at high frequency

vin Cgs CL
iin
vout 𝒈𝒎
Zin Cgs − 𝟐
CL 𝝎 𝑪𝒈𝒔 𝑪𝑳
Zin
09: Frequency Response (2) 26
 𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕 of CD
𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 1
❑ 𝑖𝑥 = + 𝑔𝑚 ⋅ ⋅
1/𝑠𝐶𝑔𝑠 +𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 1/𝑠𝐶𝑔𝑠 +𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑠𝐶𝑔𝑠

𝑣𝑥 1 1+𝑠𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑠
𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = 𝐶𝑔𝑠
𝑖𝑥 𝑔𝑚 1+𝑠 𝑔
𝑚

❑ By intuition: 𝜔 ↓↓: 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 ≈ 1/𝑔𝑚 and 𝜔 ↑↑: 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 ≈ 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔

❑ Usually 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 > 1/𝑔𝑚 (buffer) → inductive rise
❑ Note that 𝐶𝑔𝑑 shunts 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 at high frequency (≈ 1/𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑑 )
❑ Body resistance 1/𝑔𝑚𝑏 and 𝑟𝑜 add to 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 in parallel
|Zout| Inductive 𝑪𝒈𝒅 takes
Rsig
rise over
ix Rsig
vx
Cgs 1/gm
Zout
09: Frequency Response (2) ωz ωp ω 27
 Thank you!

09: Frequency Response (2) 28

 References
❑ A. Sedra and K. Smith, “Microelectronic Circuits,” Oxford University
Press, 7th ed., 2015
❑ B. Razavi, “Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits,” McGraw-
Hill, 2nd ed., 2017
❑ T. C. Carusone, D. Johns, and K. W. Martin. “Analog Integrated
Circuit Design,” Wiley, 2nd ed., 2012

09: Frequency Response (2) 29