CH E M I CA L F OR

CONSUM E R S
 What is soap?
A SOAP is the sodium or
Potassium salt formed when a
Fatty acid that contains 12 to 18
carbon atoms per molecule is
neutralized by an alkali
W h a t is g e n e r a l f o r m u la
fo r s o a p ?
The general formula of
soap is RCOO – Na + or R
COO K where R is an
– +

alkyl group containing 12 to

18 carbon atoms.
R can be saturated or
unsaturated hydrocarbons
 iii)State two examples of soap

• Sodium palmitate
• Potassium stearate
 What is saponification?

SAPONIFICATION is a
process involves boiling fats
or oils with concentrated
sodium hydroxide
solution or concentrated
potassium hydroxide solution
Explain the preparation of soap as
shown in the diagram
• Oil or fat is boiled with
concentrated sodium
hydroxide to produce
glycerol and soap
What is detergent?
DETERGENT is the salt
formed when an alkyl
hydrogen sulphate is
neutralized by an alkali
The general formula of
detergents are

where R represent a
Long-chain hydrocarbon
State two examples of detergent

• Sodium alkyl sulphate

• Sodium alkyl benzene
sulphonate
How is detergent prepared?
• A long chain hydrocarbon
obtained from petroleum
fractions is converted into
organic acid.
• The organic acid is neutralise
with NaOH to form detergent.
QUESTION 3

Describe the cleansing action of

soap or detergent.
a) State 3 abilities of both soap
and detergent that enable them
to act as cleansing agents
 i. A b ilit y t o lo w e r t h e
s u r f a c e t e n s io n o f
iwi . aTtoe re m u l s i f y o i l o r
g re a s e , a nd bre a k
t h e m in t o s m a lle r
d
i i ir. oTpol ehtos l d t h e m i n
s u s p e n s io n in w a t e r ,
s o tha t the y d o no t
r e d e p o s it o n t h e
 STRUCTURE OF SOAP PARTICLE

•the organic part •the ionic part

•the hydrophobic •the hydrophilic
part part
•the tail part • the head part
• Which part is soluble in water?
Defend your answer

B part
because
it is ionic part
• Which part is soluble in grease?
Defend your answer

A part
because it is covalent
part
•Redraw the structure above so that
it may look like a tadpole
STRUCTURE OF DETERGENT PARTICLE
STRUCTURE OF DETERGENT PARTICLE

•the organic part •the ionic part

•the hydrophobic •the hydrophilic
part part
•the tail part • the head part
• Which part is soluble in water?
Defend your answer

B part
because it is ionic part
• Which part is soluble in grease?
Defend your answer

A part
because it is covalent
part
•Redraw the structure above so that
it may look like a tadpole
HOW SOAP /DETERGENT REMOVES DIRT
 Describe the cleansing action of soap
and detergent
Soap dissolves in
water and lowers…
S u rfa c e
t……………………
e n s io n
w e t of water.
This helps to
………………the cloth
better
–The hydrophobic
part ( tail part)
dissolves
G re a s e (
in……………………,
d ir t )
the hydrophilic
part ( head part)
dissolves in water
•
M o v e m
c)………………………………… e n t o f
w a te r
during scrubbing helps
to loosen the grease
and lift off the surface .
, and also break the
grease into
S m a ll
…………………………..
• d r o p l e t
 d)The droplets do not
coagulate and redeposit
on the surface of the
cloth because
r e p u l s i o between
……………………….
n negative charges on
the
the surface.
• These droplets are
suspended in water,
forming
e m u l s i
……………………………….oro
n
smaller droplets.
 R in s in g
• …………………………….
washes away these
droplets and leaves
the surface clean
 d)Compare and contrast the cleansing
action of soap and detergents

Propert Soap Detergent

y
1 sources Made from Made
a n i m
……………… from
al petroleum
plant
or fractions
 P rop S oap D e te rg
e rty e nt
2 M o le R – C O O R S O 4 –
c u la –
Na + or
r Whe re R
s t r u A l k iys l
c tur g ro up
e
……………
 P rope S oap D e te r
3 Effective
rty Forms g e n not
Does t

ness in form
S C UM scum
hard …………………
with hard
water with hard water
water
 P rope S oap D e te rg
4 Effectiv
rty Forms e n tnot
Does
eness IN S O L U form
in B LE precipit
F…………….
A TTY
acidic with acidic ate with
A C ID
water acidic
water
water
 P rope rt S oa p D e te rg
5 C l e ya n i n L e s s e nt
MOR
g p o w e r ……………
E
power fu l pow e rf
ul
 P rope r S oap D e te rg e nt
6 ty
Effect Biodegrad Some
to the able and detergents
environ do not are non
ment cause any biodegrada
ble and
P O L L U T I kill
O……………
N
aquatic
lives
 What does hard water contains?

• Hard water contains

calcium ion, Ca or
2+

magnesium ion, Mg 2+.

 Why do soaps form scum with
hard water?
• Soap reacts with calcium
ion, Ca or magnesium ion,
2+

Mg2+ in hard water to form

insoluble salt, called scum
Why is soap not effective in hard
water?
• Because formation of scum
reduce the amount of soap
for cleaning and thus wastage
of soap occur.
Why is detergent more effective than
soap in hard water?
• Detergent form soluble salt with
calcium ion, Ca2+ or
magnesium ion, Mg2+ in hard
water.
• Therefore the cleaning power is
not affected by hard water.
Below are some additives in detergents.
Fill in missing words

Additives Functions
1 Drying agents to keep the
( such as powder……
sodium DRY
………….
sulphate,
sodium silicate)
 Additives Function
s
2 Builders ( such
softe
as Sodium ……………
n
triphosphate) water.
 Additives Functions
3 Biological to digest
enzymes( s P R O T E IN ,
uch as FAT OR
amylase, C A R B O H YD
lipase) R A TE
in dirt or to
modify fabric
feel
 Additives Functions
4 Such as Convert
sodium
perborate stains into
colourles
…………………
s
substances
 Additives Functions
5 Perfumes Make clothes
smell
fres
……………. And
h
clean
Additives Functions
6. Prevent
Stabilizers formation of
( such as
silicones) foam
………………
FOOD……..
FOOD ADDITIVES
 TYPES OF
FOOD ADDITIVES
AND
FUNCTIONS
 FUNCTION TYPE
1) IMPROVED
COLOUR OF FOOD DYES
TO MAKE IT MORE
ATTRACTIVE
2) SLOW DOWN PRESER
SPOILING OF FOOD
CAUSED BY GROWTH VATIVES
FUNGI OR
MICROORGANISMS
 FUNCTION TYPE
3) ENHANCE THE
NATURAL FLAVOUR FLAVOURING
OF FOOD AGENTS
4) PREVENT
OXIDATION OF FATS ANTI
AND OILS SO THAT OXIDANTS
FOOD DO NOT
BECOME RANCID
 FUNCTION TYPE

5) IMPROVE
APPEARANCE OF
FOOD AND GIVE STABILIZERS
FOOD A FIRM AND
TEXTURE THICKENING
 TYPES OF
FOOD ADDITIVES
AND EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES TYPE
1) AZO DYES
COMPOUNDS
2) SODIUM
PRESER
NITRITE, VATIVE
SODIUM S
BENZOATE
EXAMPLES TYPE
3) MONO SODIUM FLAVOURING
GLUTAMATE AGENTS
(MSG)
4) ASCORBIC ACID ANTI
(VITAMIN C) OXIDANTS
5) ACACIA GUM STABILIZERS &
THICKENING
AGENTS
TRADITIONAL MEDICINES
MODERN MEDICINES
a) What is modern medicine?
Medicines that are made by
scientists in the laboratory
1. ANALGESICS

FUNCTIONS:
Relieves pain without affecting
consciousness
1. ANALGESICS
EXAMPLES:
ASPIRIN – for inflammation such
as arthritic pain and dental pain.
The active ingredient is
Acetylsalicylic acid.
1. ANALGESICS
The structure is:
COOH

O CH3
C

O
 1. ANALGESICS - EXAMPLES
CODEINE – used in headache
tablets and cough medicines

PARACETAMOL – relieves
moderate pain
2. ANTIBIOTICS

FUNCTIONS:
Kill or inhibit growth of infectious
bacteria
2. ANTIBIOTICS
EXAMPLES:
PENICILIN – to kill bacteria that
cause tuberculosis (TB) and
pneumonia

STREPTOMYCIN – used to treat

whooping cough and pneumonia
3. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC
MEDICINES
FUNCTIONS:
Control symptoms of mental
illness

EXAMPLES:
STIMULANTS – to reduce fatigue
and elevate mood e.g.
Amphetamine
3. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC
MEDICINES
ANTIDEPRESSANT – to reduce
tension and anxiety e.g.
Tranquilisers and barbiturates

ANTIPSYCHOTIC – to treat
psychiatric illness such as
schizophrenia e.g. clozapine
 WHY SHOULD YOU TAKE FULL COURSE
OF ANTIBIOTICS?
•To ensure all the bacteria are killed
•the bacteria may become more
resistant to the antibiotic.
•When this happens, the antibiotic is
no longer effective.
•a different and stronger antibiotic to
fight the same infection is needed
SIDE EFFECTS OF
MEDICINES
TYPES OF MEDICI SIDE EFFECTS
MEDICINE NES
Analgesics Aspirin Cause internal
bleeding
Cause brain and
liver damage if
given to children
Paracet Cause liver damage
amol if taken for a long
time
TYPES OF MEDICI SIDE EFFECTS
MEDICINES NES
Codein May cause
e addiction over a
long period of time
Antibiotics Headache, allergic
reaction and
diarrhea
TYPES OF MEDICI SIDE EFFECTS
MEDICINE NES
S
Psychoth High dose may
era- cause depression,
peutic coma, death ,rapid
medicine heartbeat and
dizziness
END