Faculty of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning

Civil Engineering Department

Dr. Eng. Mustafa Maher Al-Tayeb

2nd Semester 2014/2015

CVL 4325
 Load combinations:
1. 1.4(D+F).
2. 1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+ 0.5(Lror S or R).
3. 1.2D+1.6(Lror S or R)+(0.5L or 0.8W).
4. 1.2D+1.6W+0.5L +0.5(Lror S or R).
5. 1.2D+1.0E+0.5L+0.25.
6. 0.9D+1.6W+1.6H.
7. 0.9D+1.0E+1.6H.

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D Dead load
E Earthquake load
F Load due to fluid with well defined pressures and maximum heights.

H Load due to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure or pressure due
to bulk materials.
L Live load
Lr Roof live load
R Rain load
S Snow load
T Self strain force
W Wind load

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 Trusses and Frames
 Example:2.1
Dead load ( D ) = 109 kips compression.
Floor live load ( L ) =46 kips compression.
Roof live load ( Lr ) =19 kips compression.
Snow ( S ) = 20 kips compression.

1. Find the controlling load combination and the

corresponding factor load

 Trusses and Frames
 Example:2.1 (Cont.).
the controlling load combination is that procedure largest factored load from
the following load combination
Combination 1
1.4(D).
= 1.4× 109=152.5 kips.
Combination 2
1.2(D) + 1.6(L)+ 0.5(Lror S or R).
Because S larger than Lr we will use S instead of Lr
1.2(D) + 1.6(L)+ 0.5(S)
=1.2 ×109 +1.6 × 20 + 0.5 ×46 =214.4 kips
 Trusses and Frames
 Example:2.1 (Cont.).
Combination 3
1.2D + 1.6(Lror S or R)+(0.5L or 0.8W).
1.2D + 1.6(S )+(0.5L)

= 1.2 × 109+ 1.6 × 20+0.5 ×46 = 185.5 kips

Combination 4
1.2D + 1.6W+0.5L +0.5(Lror S or R)
1.2D + 0.5L +0.5( S )
=1.2 ×109 + 0.5 × 46 +0.5 × 20
Smaller than combination 3

Trusses
Example:2.1 (Cont.).
and Frames
Combination 5
1.2D ± 1.0E+0.5L+0.25.
Smaller than combination 4

Combination 6
0.9D ± (1.6W or 1.0E).
Note that dead load was multiplied to 0.9 this was reduce it , so this
case is smaller than any combination.

Answer
Combination 2 controls, and factored load = 214.4 kips
Trusses and Frames
Introduction -Steel Design
Introduction -Steel Design
 Introduction -Steel Design
 Standard cross-sectional shapes
Cross-sections of some of the more commonly used hot-rolled shapes :
W- shape OR Wide –flange Shape.
• For example :(w 18×50)
W-type of shape. Flange
18 section depth in inches .
50 section weight in pounds per foot .
18" + Web

Flange

W-shape
W18×50
 Introduction -Steel Design
 Standard cross-sectional shapes
S- shape OR American standard S
 For example :(S 18×70)
Flange
S-type of shape
18 -section depth in inches . Sloping inside Face
70 section weight
18" + Web 18"
in pounds per foot .
Flange

W-shape American Standard. S

W18×50 S18 × 70

6" 3"
 18" + Web 1

Introduction -Steel Design Flange

W-shape
 Standard cross-sectional shapes W18×50
L- shape OR Angle shape .
 For example :
 (L6 ×L6 ×¾’’) 6" 3"

 (L6 ×L3 ×5/8’’)

3/4"
SEE FIGURE
6" 6" 5/8"

Equal-Leg Unequal-Leg
angle, L angle
L6 × 6 × 3/4 L6 × 3 × 5/8
 Sloping inside Face

18" + Web 18"

Introduction -Steel Design

W-shape
Flange

American Standard. S
W18×50 S18 × 70
 Standard cross-sectional shapes
C- shape .
 For example :
6" 3"

Sloping inside
 (C9 ×70)
3/4" face
6" 6" 5/8" 9"

SEE FIGURE
Equal-Leg Unequal-Leg
angle, L angle
L6 × 6 × 3/4 L6 × 3 × 5/8
American Standard.
Channel, C
C18 × 70
C9 ×70
 18" + Web 18"

Introduction -Steel Design

Flange

W-shape American Standard. S

W18×50 S18 × 70

 Standard cross-sectional shapes

C- shape OR-American standard channel.
6"
 For example : 3"

Sloping inside
3/4"  (C9 ×20) face
6" 6" 5/8" 9"
SEE FIGURE

Equal-Leg Unequal-Leg
angle, L angle
L6 × 6 × 3/4 L6 × 3 × 5/8
American Standard.
Channel, C
C18 × 70
C9×20
 Equal-Leg Unequal-Leg

Introduction
angle, L
L6 × 6 × 3/4
angle
-Steel
L6 × 3 Design
× 5/8
America
Ch
 Standard cross-sectional shapes
C1
T- shape OR- standard Tee .
 For example :
 (WT18 ×115)

SEE FIGURE
Note
This section produced by cutting 18"

an I-shape member at middepth

(W36 ×230)(WT18 ×115)

Standard. Tee: WT , ST.

WT18 × 115
 Introduction -Steel Design
 There are many shapes as :

Honed Shafting Round Shafting

 Introduction -Steel Design
 There are many shapes as :

Hexagon Bares Square Tubing Round Bares

Square Bares Flat Bares

Introduction -Steel Design
Introduction -Steel Design
Introduction -Steel Design
 Introduction
Advantages of steel as a construction material

1- High load resisting

2- High ductility
3- Easy control for steel structure
4- No formed as in a concrete structure
5- Elastic properties
 Introduction
Disadvantages of steel as a construction material

1- No ability to resist the fire

2- No ability to resist the corrosion
3- High cost
4- Engineering properties of steel
Introduction
 Introduction –Structural steel
 The most interest test for steel engineering characteristics is Tensile Test
 If specimen is subjected to an axial load (P)

Area = A

P P

Section

L L
 Introduction –Structural steel
 The applied load leads to a strain  , stress f

 f - axial tensile stress.

 P- axial load
 A – cross-sectional area.
  - Axial strain.
 L - length of specimen
 ΔL-change in length of specimen.
 Stress–Strain Diagram
Ultimate Strength
Yield Strength Failure
2 3
Stress

1
4
1 Proportional limit

Plastic 2 Elastic limit

Elastic 3 Upper Yield Strength

4 Lower Yield Strength

Strain
 Introduction
 Type of steel and composition
Introduction
 Introduction -Steel Design
 The relationship between stress and strain is linear up to the proportional
limit, the material is said to follow
Hook’s law
 The stress f is directly proportional to the strain 

 Where:

E- Modulus of elasticity.
 Introduction -Steel Design

 Where:
e - Elongation (expressed as percent).
Lf -Length of specimen at fracture.
Lo -Original length.
 Introduction -Steel Design
 Examples 1: Examples 1: 

1.5-1 A 20-foot-long W8 x 67 is suspended from one end. If the modulus of

elasticity is 29,000 ksi,
a. What is the maximum tensile stress?
b. What is the maximum normal strain?

Solution: •
B. Maximum normal strain Hooke's low.
A. p=20×67=1340 Ib.
The stress is directly proportional to
A=19,70 in2 . the strain
1340
f   68 psi f  68 psi E  29 106 psi
19, 70
68
  2.35  10 6
.
29 10 6
 Introduction -Steel Design
 Examples 2:
During a tensile test of a specimen of unknown material, an increase in length of
6.792 x 10-3 inches within the gage length was recorded at a load of 5000 lb. The
specimen diameter was 0.5 inch and the gage length was 8 inches. (The gage length
is the distance between two marks placed along the length of the specimen.)
a. Based on this one data point, what is the modulus of elasticity?
b. If the load at fracture was 14,700 lb. what is the ultimate tensile stress?

Solution: •
a. l  6.792 10 3
in. P  5000 Ib
D  0.5in. l  8in. E -?
f
f  E . Hooke' s lae E  .

P 5000
f    25510.2 psi
A  0.5  2
a. l  6.792 10 3
in. P  5000 Ib
D  0.5in. l  8in. E -?
f
f  E . Hooke' s lae E  .

P 5000
f   2
 25464.54 psi
A  0.5 
  
 2 
L 6.792 10 3
   8.49 10  4.
L 8
f 25464.54
E   30 106 psi
 8.49 10 4

 30 103 ksi

b. f ?
P 14700
f   2
 75000 psi
A  0.5 
  
 2 
Thank You

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