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By-Pass
Stack HP Drum
SH-EVA-ECO coils
TEG
Multi
Louver Burner Main
Dampers Stack
P&ID – HP EVA system
Sat. Steam HP Drum
BFW
EVA ECO
P&ID – HP SH system
DSH Control Valve
DSH
Start Up Vent Water
Control Valve
LP steam
Steam Turbine
ST Trip Valve
ST Governor Vlv
MP steam
ST Bearings oil
circuit
P&ID – Duct Burner system
Pilot
Flame scanners
Main burner
Burner
elements/runners (7)
P&ID – Sampling System
Feed Boiler SH Sat.
water water steam steam
Nitrogen
Instrument air
Process Flow Diagram
Boiler Safety Valves
Boiler Safety Valves
Involved Systems
The following control & protection systems are involved during
HRSG operation:
• The controller function blocks within the DCS provide auto/manual facilities
on the outputs to the final control devices.
• Auto/Manual selection is indicated to the operator.
• The bump-less switching is provided during the Automatic to Manual control
and tracking functions.
• Flow signals from the field transmitters are linearized in the DCS (square
root inside DCS).
• Controllers actions: the error between a set point (SP) and the measure of
the same variable (PV) is calculated as: “SP – PV”, thus positive if set point
is bigger than measure; this error is the input of the controllers in the control
loops logic.
• The PID controllers is considered “direct” if a positive error in input,
generates an increment of the PID output, “reverse” if generates a reduction
of the PID output.
• Final Tuning of controllers and threshold settings will be done during the
commissioning.
HP DRUM LEVEL CONTROL
The purpose of the control is to maintain a constant water level
inside the HP steam drum during any load condition (during start-
up and in the transient states due to load changing) by modulation
of the boiler feed water control valve.
HP DRUM LEVEL CONTROL
P compensated
Involved process
variable
P, T compensated
HP DRUM LEVEL CONTROL
T compensated
Involved
process
variable
HP DRUM LEVEL CONTROL
• During startup, when water starts to boil, a drum level swelling takes
place due to the sudden formation of steam bubbles in the evaporator
• To prevent this problem, level setpoint during startup is lowered and goes
back to normal value as drum pressure reaches operating levels
HP Drum Set Point Generation
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
NWL (640 mm)
H P D ru m L e v e l (m m )
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300 NWL
250 Start-up Set Point
200 To be adjusted during
150 Commissioning
Set Point
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
HP Drum Pressure [%]
• Three-elements control is
based on the action of a
PID controller which acts
according to the level PV
and SP; the output is
scaled and added to the
HP main steam flow, Three elements control
generating the SP with
which the PI controller
acts according to the HP
FW flow.
HP DRUM LEVEL CONTROL
St eam Flo w
DCS LT
Boiler Drum
ECO
LCV
M
Bo iler feed
water
St eam Flo w
DCS LT
Boiler Drum
PT
ECO
LCV LEVEL COMPESATION
M
Bo iler Feed
water
FT
St eam Flo w
DCS
LT Boiler Drum
PT
ECO
LCV
FT M FLOW BALANCE:
FT steam- FT water
Bo iler feed
water
FF/Bias
Three element
Involved
process
variable
Control element
HP STEAM VENT CONTROL
During start-up, the HRSG has to follow the HRSG temperature ramp rate (HP
drum temperature gradient), in accordance to the HRSG temperature rise
gradient indicated by the HRSG Manufacturer Instruction book.
During startup phase, the controller TIC compares the set point (SP) with
actual boiler gradient temperature [d/dt of saturated temperature] and
processes the error by means of a PID algorithm.
The TIC controller is activated only when the GT is ON and the HP drum
pressure reaches 1 barg.
HP STEAM VENT CONTROL
Once a pre-defined operating pressure is achieved (boiler drum
pressure: 64 barg [Case 10 Fired FAF GT shutdown]), the vent TIC
control will switch to a PIC control, in order to maintain the reached
steam pressure. Set Point for PIC control is the operating HP SH
pressure achieved (i.e. 62,1 barg) and his measured variable is the
SH steam pressure.
The resulting signal (coming from TIC/PIC) is sent as output signal to
the start-up vent valve through a common Auto/Manual station.
At “GT Flame ON” the vent will be positioned according to the actual
HP Drum pressure as per the following table (to be tuned during
commissioning) [step function]: HP Drum pressure Vent opening
[barg] [%]
<1 50
>=1 40
>=40 10
>=64 0
HP STEAM VENT CONTROL
In order to ensure a minimum steam flow through the heat
exchangers, during the start-up phase a vent valve minimum opening
of 10% is foreseen.
The same minimum opening is applied, during the normal operation,
if the main steam MOV is detected closed.
This minimum opening has to be applied also in manual mode.
The output of the slave TIC is by-passed completely and the relevant
desuperheater valve forced to close in the following cases:
Control
TV system
Attemperating water
TT
Vapore A.P.
HP drum
SH-1 SH-2
HP STEAM TEMPERATURE CONTROL
Control
TV system
Attemperating water
TT TT
Vapore A.P.
HP drum
SH-1 SH-2
Cascade Control
Master Controller
Slave Controller
Control element
Involved
process
variable
DUCT BURNER LOAD CONTROL
HRSG limits are provided by DCS in order to limit the Duct burner gas
control valve maximum opening:
• HP Main Steam volumetric flow, to avoid too high steam velocity in
the steam pipe
• HP Main Steam pressure, to avoid too high steam pressure in the
steam pipe.
• HP SH2 Outlet temperature, to avoid too high steam temperature in
the steam pipe.
HRSG limits
Burner limits
Drain
Pots
Temperature
elements
Pneumatic on-off
vlv
Drain pot condensate removal
OPEN REQUEST
By the operator in manual mode or in auto mode if:
(temperature in drain pot is lower than saturation temperature at HP Drum
pressure + 20°C AND [GT in Crank Mode OR GT Running OR FA fan
running]) OR (HP Drum Pressure is lower or equal to 0,4 barg).
CLOSE PERMISSIVE
Always present
CLOSE REQUEST
By the operator in manual mode or in auto mode if:
(Temperature in drain pot is 30°C higher than saturation temperature at HP
Drum pressure OR [GT NOT Running AND FA fan not running AND GT
start-up sequence NOT initiated]) AND (HP drum pressure higher than 0,4
barg).
Drain pot condensate removal
HRSG & DUCT BURNER
PROTECTION
HRSG Protection (ESD)
HRSG shutdown will be initiated by one the following initiators:
1. plant shut-down
2. HP Boiler drum high-high level
3. HP Boiler drum low-low level
4. Cooling air to flame detector low low pressure, delayed to enable
cooling air fan change-over
5. Sealing air to FA duct damper low low pressure, delayed to enable
fan change-over of FA operation change over
6. SH steam HH temperature, 90 sec delayed (duct burner trip 60 sec.
Delayed)
7. HRSG stack damper not open
8. HRSG instrument air low-low pressure
9. HRSG emergency trip (push button in Control Room)
10. Diverter damper system open & GT running & FA duct damper not
closed, (with time delay 15 sec to enable the change-over from CC
to FA mode)
HRSG Protection (ESD)
11. HRSG change over from CC mode to FA mode initiated and time
expired
12. HRSG change over from FA mode to CC mode initiated and time
expired
13. GT trip; GT trip initiator shall be masked in case of HRSG in FA
mode operation
14. Diverter damper system discrepancy (diverter damper system NOT
closed & NOT open – signal delayed to enable the CC/FA mode
change over)
15. BFW pumps trip
HRSG Protection (ESD)
EFFECT
1. Emergency close diverter system (*)
2. Duct Burner Shutdown request
(*) Close HRSG damper and open By-pass stack damper (de-energizing
the ESD solenoid valve of the diverter dampers system). In the mean
time the ESD will start a timer of 12 seconds (shall be defined during
design and commissioning) to check correct by-pass stack damper
opening and HRSG damper closing. If the time expires and the HRSG
inlet damper is not closed OR the by-pass stack damper is not open, a
signal of “GT shutdown for HRSG shutdown and diverter system failure
to close” will be transmitted hardwired to GTS.
When the above trip initiators have been restored and HRSG trip
condition are reset from ESD, the diverter system will be released to be
operate from DCS (in manual mode by the operator or in auto mode by
logics) for the purge sequence (logic from GTS, BMS and ESD) and
operation in CC or FA mode.
Duct Burner trip request from ESD
Duct Burner Shutdown from ESD will be initiated by one of the following
initiators:
1. HRSG shutdown
2. SH steam HH temperature (60 sec. delayed)
3. HRSG flue gas (right or left side) high-high temperature (60 sec
delayed)
4. HRSG-HP EVA differential pressure < min
This initiator is masked during either CC to FA or FA to CC
changeover
5. Duct Burner emergency trip (push button in Control Room)
Duct Burner trip request from ESD
EFFECT
Duct Burner Shutdown request (Hardwired signals to BMS)
Moreover, the DCS shall track the gas control valve (231-FCV-6756A)
at the light-off position and shall force the relevant controller in manual
mode.
The DCS track shall be removed when the duct burner is confirmed IN
OPERATION
The BMS shall provide the closing of the pilot/burner valves and the
main pilot/burner double block & vent valve (vent will be open), and the
opening of pilot/burner header vent valves (for further details please
refer to the Duct Burner - BMS Function Specification). Moreover, the
“DUCT Burner purged” condition shall be reset.
Duct Burner Protection (BMS)
The duct burner shutdown will be initiated by the BMS by one of the
following initiators:
• Duct burner Shutdown from ESD
• Emergency trip from BMS local push button
• Others duct burner trip initiators from duct burner skid or runners
(Pressure, Flame, valves position, etc) see doc - Duct Burner - BMS
Function Specification
EFFECT:
BMS:
• The BMS shall provide the closing of the pilot/burner valves and the
main pilot/burner double block & vent valve (vent will be open), and
the opening of pilot/burner header vent valves
• Moreover, the “DUCT Burner purged” condition shall be reset.
• The HRSG can remain in service as simple recovery (if, before the
duct burner trip, HRSG were in CC mode).
Duct Burner Protection (BMS)
DCS:
• The DCS shall track the gas control valve (231-FCV-6756A) at the
light-off position and shall force the relevant controller in manual
mode. The DCS track shall be removed when the duct burner is
confirmed IN OPERATION.
NOTE
• The “Duct Burner Purge completed” condition is reset through
intervention of one of the above initiators.
• When all the trip initiators have been removed, then it will be
possible to perform the duct purge and the duct burner light-off.
Fresh Air Fan Protection (ESD)
FA Fan shutdown will be initiated by ESD by one of the following
initiators:
• Fixed bearing MDE high high temperature
• Floating bearing STDE high high temperature
• Fixed bearing MDE high high vibration
• Natural Draft
EFFECT
• FA Fan motor drive emergency stop
• FA Fan Steam turbine emergency stop
Fresh Air Fan Protection (ESD)
Motor drive shutdown will be initiated by ESD by one of the following
initiators:
• Motor drive bearing NDE high high temperature
• Motor drive bearing DE high high temperature
• FA Fan shutdown
EFFECT
• FA Fan motor emergency stop signal to MCC
Fresh Air Fan Protection (ESD)
Steam Turbine shutdown will be initiated by ESD by one the following
initiators:
• Bearing NDE high high temperature
• Bearing DE high high temperature
• FA Fan steam turbine emergency trip
• FA Fan Fan shutdown
EFFECT
Emergency close Steam turbine trip valve, by means of ESD SOV (de-
energize 231-HV-6650A)
Emergency shutdown Steam turbine signal to pick 150 local panel (ST
governor, for logic alignment purpose only).
NOTE:
In case of steam turbine over speed, the local speed governor control
unit will close the relevant steam inlet control valve 231-SCV-6651A, as
well as the steam turbine built-in over speed protection system will
force to close (emergency closure) the turbine trip valve 231-HV-
6650A.
Natural Draft (ESD)
During FA operation with Duct burner in operation, in case of Duct
burner trip caused by the loss of fresh Air (FA fan not running OR FA
downstream damper not open) the condition “natural draft” shall be set
by ESD and the following trip actions shall be kept for 15 minutes:
• Burner trip shall be request from ESD
• FA duct damper, HRSG stack damper and the FA fan damper shall
be locked-out open
• FA fan motor shall be locked-out stopped
• Diverter dampers system shall be locked-out in close position
• Steam turbine shall be tripped via valve 231-HV-6550A
After 15 minutes, the “natural draft” condition will be reset by the ESD
and the trip actions will be removed.
The Duct burner trip has to be reset also by operator before of the
restart in FA mode operation with the FA purge and duct burner
operation.
HRSG STATUS DEFINITION
START- UP & SHUT-DOWN
SEQUENCES
HRSG status definition, ramp rate
Actual HP drum operating temperature compared with normal base load
operating temperature define the HRSG status [Hot/Warm/Cold].
Following situations are possible :
HRSG Cold Status
HP drum temperature up to 110°C (pressure up to 0.4 barg)
HRSG Warm Status
HP drum temperature between 110°C and 230°C (0.4<pressure<27
barg)
HRSG Hot Status
HP drum temperature higher than 230°C (pressure>27 barg)
Operator can proceed with the unit purge and start up.
HRSG SHUT-DOWN SEQUENCE
This sequence is activated on operator request. Manual shut-down of
the boiler is also possible. Sequence steps shall be integrated,
customized and harmonized to plant procedures and standard.
Sequence can be started only if the GT and the Duct Burner are both
off.
Step 10
• This step checks that all equipments [not only the ones involved in
the sequence] are in available and in auto mode.
• If some equipment is not in auto mode, operator shall be requested
to put in auto mode or, alternatively, the sequence may put the
equipments in auto mode (according to the general plant
philosophy). Only the equipments that require a manual startup by
operator could be left in manual mode.
HRSG SHUT-DOWN SEQUENCE
Step 11
Once previous step is finished following actions are required:
• HP Drum water Interc. valve Close
Step 12
Once previous step is finished, following actions are required :
• HP System:
HP Desup. Interc. Valve Close
HP Interm. Blow-down Interc. Valve Close
HP Cont. Blow-down Interc. Valve Close
HP Main steam Interc. Valve Close
Step 13
• Once previous step is finished, and GT is OFF AND Duct Burner is
OFF AND [HRSG HRSG flue gas temp. left side right side <100°C]
the duct burner air Blowers can be switched OFF
• Stack Damper Close
END