UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR

ELE-410 INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

BY DR. ADAM KHAN

LECTURE # 07

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

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• Text Book: Electric Motors and Control Systems
• By Frank D Petruzella 2nd Edition

Chapter 3: Motor Transformers and Distribution Systems

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Introduction
• Transformers transfer electric energy from one electric circuit to
another by means of electromagnetic mutual induction.
• In its broadest sense, a distribution system refers to the manner in
which electrical energy is transmitted from the generators to its many
points of use.

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PART 1 Power Distribution Systems
• Transmission Systems
• The central-station system of power generation and distribution
enables power to be produced at one location for immediate use at
another location many miles away.
• Transmitting large amounts of electric energy over fairly long
distances is accomplished most efficiently by using high voltages.
• Figure 3-1 illustrates the typical transformation stages through which
the distribution system must go in delivering power to a commercial
or industrial user.

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Transmission Systems

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Transmission Systems
• Their purpose in a power distribution system is to convert AC power at one
voltage level to AC power of the same frequency at another voltage level.
• High voltages are used in transmission lines to reduce the amount of
current flow.
• The power transmitted in a system is equivalent to the voltage multiplied
by the current. If the voltage is raised, the current can be reduced to a
smaller value, while still transmitting the same amount of power.
• Because of the reduction of current flow, the size and cost of wiring are
greatly reduced.
• Reducing the current also minimizes voltage drop(IR) and amount of power
lost (I 2R) in the lines.

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Transmission Systems
• The circuits of Figure 3-2
illustrate how the use of high
voltage reduces the required
amount of transmission current
required for a given load.
• Their operation is summarized
as follows:

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Transmission Systems
• 10,000 W of power is to be transmitted.
• When transmitted at the 100 V level, the required transmission
current would be 100 A:
• P = V × I = 100 V × 100 A = 10,000 W
• When the transmission voltage is stepped up to 10,000 V, a current
flow of only 1 A is needed to transmit the same 10,000 W of power:
• P = V × I = 10,000 V × 1 A = 10,000 W

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Transmission Systems
• The use of transformers in power systems allows generation of
electricity at the most suitable voltage level for generation and at the
same time allows this voltage to be changed to a higher and more
economical voltage for transmission.
• At the distribution points, transformers allow the voltage to be
lowered to a safer and more suitable voltage for a particular load.
• Limitations
• The higher the voltage, the more difficult and expensive it becomes to
safely insulate between line wires, as well as from line wires to
ground.
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Transmission Systems
• Power grid transformers,
used to step up or step
down voltage, make
possible the conversion
between high and low
voltages and accordingly
between low and high
currents (Figure 3-3).

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Unit Substations
• Electric power comes off the transmission lines and is stepped down
to the distribution lines.
• This may happen in several phases. The place where the conversion
from transmission to distribution occurs is in a power substation.
• A substation has transformers that step transmission voltage levels
down to distribution voltage levels.
• Basically a power substation consists of equipment installed for
switching, changing, or regulating line voltages.
• Substations provide a safe point in the electricity system grid for
disconnecting the power in the event of trouble.

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Unit Substations
• The power needs of some users are so great that they are fed through
individual substations dedicated to them.
• These secondary unit substations form the heart of an industrial
plant’s or commercial building’s electrical distribution.
• They receive the electric power from the electric utility and step it
down to the utilization voltage level of 600 V nominal or less for
distribution throughout the building.
• Unit substations offer an integrated switchgear and transformer
package.

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Unit Substations
• A typical unit substation is shown in
Figure 3-4.
• Substations are factory assembled and
tested and therefore require a
minimum amount of labor for
installation at the site.
• The unit substation is completely
enclosed on all sides with sheet metal
(except for the required ventilating
openings and viewing windows) so that
no live parts are exposed.
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Unit Substations
• The single-line diagram for a typical
unit substation is illustrated in
Figure 3-5. It consists of the
following sections:
• High-voltage primary switchgear
• Transformer section
• Low-voltage distribution section

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Distribution Systems
• Distribution systems used to distribute power throughout large
commercial and industrial facilities can be complex.
• Power must be distributed through various switchboards,
transformers, and panel boards without any component overheating
or unacceptable voltage drops.
• This power is used for such applications as lighting, heating, cooling,
and motor-driven machinery.
• The single-line diagram for a typical electrical distribution system
within a large premise is shown in Figure 3-7.

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Distribution Systems

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Distribution Systems
• All conductors installed in a building must be properly protected, usually by
installing them in raceways.
• Raceways provide space, support, and mechanical protection for
conductors, and they minimize hazards such as electric shocks and electric
fires.
• Conduits are available in rigid and flexible, metallic and nonmetallic types.
40% fill ratio
• Cable trays are used to support feeder and branch circuit cables
• Low-impedance busways (bus duct) are used in buildings for high-current
feeders.
• Plug-in busways are used for overhead distribution systems.

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Distribution Systems

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 Switchboards and Panel boards
• The Code defines a
Switchboard as a single panel
or group of assembled panels
with buses, overcurrent
devices, and instruments.

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Switchboards and Panel boards
• The proper grounding
and bonding of
electrical distribution
systems in general and
panel boards in
particular are very
important.

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Switchboards and Panel boards

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Motor Control Centers (MCCs)
• When the incoming power, control
circuitry, required overload, and
overcurrent protection are
combined into one convenient
center (central location).
• This center is called the motor
control center.

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Transformer Principles
• Transformer Operation
• A transformer is used to transfer AC energy from one circuit to another.
• This transfer of energy may involve an increase or decrease in voltage, but
the frequency will be the same in both circuits.
• The average efficiency of a transformer is well over 90 percent. A
transformer is made up of
• Core, which provides a path for the magnetic lines of force.
• Primary winding, which receives energy from the source.
• Secondary winding, which receives energy from the primary winding and delivers it
to the load.
• Enclosure, which protects the components from dirt, moisture, and mechanical
damage.

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Transformer Operation

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Transformer Operation
• If the primary has more turns than the secondary, you have a step-down
transformer that reduces the voltage.
• If the primary has fewer turns than the secondary, you have a step-up
transformer that increases the voltage.
• If the primary has the same number of turns as the secondary, the outgoing
secondary voltage will be the same as the incoming primary voltage. This is
the case for an isolation transformer.
• In certain cases, one large coil of wire can serve as both the primary and
secondary. This is the case with autotransformers.
• The primary volt-amperes (VA) or kilovolt-amperes (kVA) of a transformer
will be equal to that of the secondary less a small amount of losses.

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Transformer Voltage, Current, and Turns Ratio

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Transformer Voltage, Current, and Turns Ratio

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Transformer Voltage, Current, and Turns Ratio

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Transformer Power Rating

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Transformer Power Rating

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Transformer Power Rating

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Transformer Performance
• Core losses (also known as iron or hysteresis losses) consist of those
generated by energizing the laminated steel core. Whenever a
transformer is energized, the core losses remain essentially constant
regardless of how much electric power is flowing through it.
• Coil losses (also known as copper or I 2R losses) result from resistance
of the windings and vary with the square of the electric current
flowing through the windings.
• Transformer temperature rise is defined as the average temperature
rise of the windings above the ambient (surrounding) temperature
when the transformer is loaded at its nameplate rating.

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Transformer Performance
• The output secondary voltage of a transformer varies some from no-
load to the full-load condition, even with a constant input voltage
applied to the primary. This is due in part to:
• Primary and secondary winding resistance and inductance.
• The degree of mutual inductance (magnetic coupling) between the
primary and secondary windings.
• The measure of how well a power transformer maintains constant
secondary voltage over a range of load currents is called the
transformer’s voltage regulation and is calculated as follows:

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Transformer Performance
• The steady-state magnetizing current for a transformer is very low,
but the momentary, primary inrush current when it is first energized
can be quite high.
• This may result during the first few cycles of the AC voltage.
• The magnitude of the inrush current depends on the point on the AC
wave where the transformer is switched on.
• Inrush currents can be typically many times the normal full load
current and result in nuisance tripping of the input over current
protection device.

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 Transformer Connections and Systems
• Transformer Polarity
• Transformer polarity refers to the relative direction or polarity of the
induced voltage between the high-voltage and low-voltage terminals
of a transformer.
By convention,
H1 and X1 have the same polarity,
which means that
when H1 is instantaneously positive,
X1 also is instantaneously
positive.

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Transformer Polarity
A transformer is said to have additive polarity when terminal H1 is diagonally opposite terminal X1.

Similarly, a transformer has subtractive polarity when terminal H1 is adjacent to terminal X1

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Single-Phase Transformers

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Single-Phase Transformers

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Three-Phase Transformers
• Large amounts of power are generated and transmitted using high-
voltage three-phase systems. Transmission voltages may be stepped
down several times before they reach the motor load. This
transformation is accomplished using three-phase wye- or delta-
connected transformers or a combination of the two.

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Three-Phase Transformers
For Delta connected Transformer For Wye connected Transformer

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Three-Phase Transformers

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Three-Phase
Transformers

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Assignment
• Instrument Transformers
• Theory and
• 5 numerical of your choice but not from text book
• Submission deadline is 21-07-2020

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