ACLC COLLEGE TAGUIG

FTI Complex, Taguig City

COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES

STRUCTURED CABLING

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this research, you will be able to:

 Explain the operating principles of transmission line, types of transmission

mediums and losses in transmission line.
 Define what EMC is and understand the concepts enable
electromagnetic compatibility to be achieved from the outset.
 Identify common cables and connectors

1.TRANSMISSION LINES

A TRANSMISSION LINE is a device designed to guide electrical energy from

one point to another. It is used, for example, to transfer the output of energy of
a transmitter to an antenna. This energy will not travel through normal
electrical wire without great losses. Although the antenna can be connected
directly to the transmitter, the antenna is usually located some distance away
from the transmitter. On board ship, the transmitter is located inside a radio
room and its associated antenna is mounted on a mast. A transmission line is
used to connect the transmitter and the antenna.
The transmission line has a single purpose for both the transmitter and the
antenna. This purpose is to transfer the energy output of the transmitter to the
antenna with the least possible power loss. How well this is done depends on

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the special physical and electrical characteristics (impedance and resistance)

of the transmission line.

1.1 TERMINOLOGY
All transmission lines have two ends (see figure 3-1). The end of a two-wire
transmission line connected to a source is ordinarily called the INPUT END or
the GENERATOR END. Other names given to this end are TRANSMITTER
END, SENDING END, and SOURCE. The other end of the line is called the
OUTPUT END or RECEIVING END. Other names given to the output end are
LOAD END and SINK.

Figure 3-1. - Basic transmission line.

You can describe a transmission line in terms of its impedance. The ratio of
voltage to current (Ein/Iin) at the input end is known as the INPUT
IMPEDANCE (Zin). This is the impedance presented to the transmitter by the
transmission line and its load, the antenna. The ratio of voltage to current at
the output (Eout/Iout) end is known as the OUTPUT IMPEDANCE (Zout). This
is the impedance presented to the load by the transmission line and its source.
If an infinitely long transmission line could be used, the ratio of voltage to
current at any point on that transmission line would be some particular value of

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impedance. This impedance is known as the CHARACTERISTIC

IMPEDANCE.

1.2 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIUMS

The five types of transmission mediums that we will discuss include
PARALLEL-LINE, TWISTED PAIR, SHIELDED PAIR, COAXIAL LINE, and
WAVEGUIDES. The use of a particular line depends, among other things, on
the applied frequency, the power-handling capabilities, and the type of
installation.

1.2.1 Two-Wire Open Line

One type of parallel line is the TWO-WIRE OPEN LINE illustrated in figure
3-2. This line consists of two wires that are generally spaced from 2 to 6
inches apart by insulating spacers. This type of line is most often used for
power lines, rural telephone lines, and telegraph lines. It is sometimes used
as a transmission line between a transmitter and an antenna or between an
antenna and a receiver. An advantage of this type of line is its simple
construction. The principal disadvantages of this type of line are the high
radiation losses and electrical noise pickup because of the lack of shielding.
Radiation losses are produced by the changing fields created by the
changing current in each conductor.

Figure 3-2. - Parallel two-wire line.

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Another type of parallel line is the TWO-WIRE RIBBON (TWIN LEAD)

illustrated in figure 3-3. This type of transmission line is commonly used to
connect a television receiving antenna to a home television set. This line is
essentially the same as the two-wire open line except that uniform spacing
is assured by embedding the two wires in a low-loss dielectric, usually
polyethylene. Since the wires are embedded in the thin ribbon of
polyethylene, the dielectric space is partly air and partly polyethylene. 

Figure 3-3. - Two-wire ribbon type line.

1.2.2 Twisted Pair
The TWISTED PAIR transmission line is illustrated in figure 3-4. As the
name implies, the line consists of two insulated wires twisted together to
form a flexible line without the use of spacers. It is not used for transmitting
high frequency because of the high dielectric losses that occur in the rubber
insulation. When the line is wet, the losses increase greatly. 

Figure 3-4.Twisted pair.

1.2.3 Shielded Pair

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The SHIELDED PAIR, shown in figure 3-5, consists of parallel conductors

separated from each other and surrounded by a solid dielectric. The
conductors are contained within a braided copper tubing that acts as an
electrical shield. The assembly is covered with a rubber or flexible
composition coating that protects the line from moisture and mechanical
damage. Outwardly, it looks much like the power cord of a washing
machine or refrigerator. 

Figure 3-5. - Shielded pair.

The principal advantage of the shielded pair is that the conductors are
balanced to ground; that is, the capacitance between the wires is uniform
throughout the length of the line. This balance is due to the uniform spacing
of the grounded shield that surrounds the wires along their entire length.
The braided copper shield isolates the conductors from stray magnetic
fields.

1.2.4 Coaxial Lines

There are two types of COAXIAL LINES, RIGID (AIR) COAXIAL LINE and
FLEXIBLE (SOLID) COAXIAL LINE. The physical construction of both types
is basically the same; that is, each contains two concentric conductors.

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The rigid coaxial line consists of a central, insulated wire (inner conductor)
mounted inside a tubular outer conductor. This line is shown in figure 3-6. In
some applications, the inner conductor is also tubular. The inner conductor
is insulated from the outer conductor by insulating spacers or beads at
regular intervals. The spacers are made of Pyrex, polystyrene, or some
other material that has good insulating characteristics and low dielectric
losses at high frequencies.

Figure 3-6. - Air coaxial line.

The chief advantage of the rigid line is its ability to minimize radiation
losses. The electric and magnetic fields in a two-wire parallel line extend
into space for relatively great distances and radiation losses occur.
However, in a coaxial line no electric or magnetic fields extend outside of
the outer conductor. The fields are confined to the space between the two
conductors, resulting in a perfectly shielded coaxial line. Another advantage
is that interference from other lines is reduced.

The rigid line has the following disadvantages: (1) it is expensive to

construct; (2) it must be kept dry to prevent excessive leakage between the
two conductors; and (3) although high-frequency losses are somewhat less

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than in previously mentioned lines, they are still excessive enough to limit
the practical length of the line.

Leakage caused by the condensation of moisture is prevented in some rigid

line applications by the use of an inert gas, such as nitrogen, helium, or
argon. It is pumped into the dielectric space of the line at a pressure that
can vary from 3 to 35 pounds per square inch. The inert gas is used to dry
the line when it is first installed and pressure is maintained to ensure that no
moisture enters the line.

Flexible coaxial lines (figure 3-7) are made with an inner conductor that
consists of flexible wire insulated from the outer conductor by a solid,
continuous insulating material. The outer conductor is made of metal braid,
which gives the line flexibility. Early attempts at gaining flexibility involved
using rubber insulators between the two conductors. However, the rubber
insulators caused excessive losses at high frequencies.  

Figure 3-7. - Flexible coaxial line.

Because of the high-frequency losses associated with rubber insulators,

polyethylene plastic was developed to replace rubber and eliminate these
losses. Polyethylene plastic is a solid substance that remains flexible over a

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wide range of temperatures. It is unaffected by seawater, gasoline, oil, and

most other liquids that may be found aboard ship. The use of polyethylene
as an insulator results in greater high-frequency losses than the use of air
as insulator. However, these losses are still lower than the losses
associated with most other solid dielectric materials.

1.3 LOSSES IN TRANSMISSION LINES

The discussion of transmission lines so far has not directly addressed LINE
LOSSES; actually some line losses occur in all lines. Line losses may be any
of three types - COPPER, DIELECTRIC, and RADIATION or INDUCTION
LOSSES.

NOTE: Transmission lines are sometimes referred to as rf lines. In this text the
terms are used interchangeably.

1.3.1 Copper Losses

One type of copper loss is I2R LOSS. In rf lines the resistance of the
conductors is never equal to zero. Whenever current flows through one of
these conductors, some energy is dissipated in the form of heat. This heat
loss is a POWER LOSS. With copper braid, which has a resistance higher
than solid tubing, this power loss is higher.

Another type of copper loss is due to SKIN EFFECT. When dc flows

through a conductor, the movement of electrons through the conductor's
cross section is uniform. The situation is somewhat different when ac is
applied. The expanding and collapsing fields about each electron encircle

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other electrons. This phenomenon, called SELF INDUCTION, retards the

movement of the encircled electrons.
Copper losses can be minimized and conductivity increased in an rf line by
plating the line with silver. Since silver is a better conductor than copper,
most of the current will flow through the silver layer. The tubing then serves
primarily as a mechanical support.

1.3.2 Dielectric Losses

DIELECTRIC LOSSES result from the heating effect on the dielectric
material between the conductors. Power from the source is used in heating
the dielectric. The heat produced is dissipated into the surrounding medium.
When there is no potential difference between two conductors, the atoms in
the dielectric material between them are normal and the orbits of the
electrons are circular. When there is a potential difference between two
conductors, the orbits of the electrons change. The excessive negative
charge on one conductor repels electrons on the dielectric toward the
positive conductor and thus distorts the orbits of the electrons. A change in
the path of electrons requires more energy, introducing a power loss.

The atomic structure of rubber is more difficult to distort than the structure
of some other dielectric materials. The atoms of materials, such as
polyethylene, distort easily. Therefore, polyethylene is often used as a
dielectric because less power is consumed when its electron orbits are
distorted.

1.3.3 Radiation and Induction Losses

RADIATION and INDUCTION LOSSES are similar in that both are caused
by the fields surrounding the conductors. Induction losses occur when the

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electromagnetic field about a conductor cuts through any nearby metallic

object and a current is induced in that object. As a result, power is
dissipated in the object and is lost.

Radiation losses occur because some magnetic lines of force about a

conductor do not return to the conductor when the cycle alternates. These
lines of force are projected into space as radiation and this results in power
losses. That is, power is supplied by the source, but is not available to the
load.

2. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
Electromagnetic compatibility, EMC is the concept of enabling different electronics
devices to operate without mutual interference - Electromagnetic Interference, EMI
- when they are operated in close proximity to each other.

All electronics circuits have the possibility of radiating of picking up unwanted

electrical interference which can compromise the operation of one or other of the
circuits.

2.1 EMC definition

EMC is defined as the ability of devices and systems to operate in their

electromagnetic environment without impairing their functions and without faults
and vice versa.
Electromagnetic compatibility, EMC ensures that operation does not influence the
electromagnetic environment to the extent that the functions of other devices and
systems are adversely affected.

Electromagnetic interference can cause damaging effects to various technologies,

which is why electromagnetic compatibility aims to control this interference in order
to mitigate risk of equipment damage.

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2.2 EMC awareness build-up

In the early days of electronics comparatively few items of electronics equipment

were in use. However today the number of electronics items in everyday has
vastly risen. Some of these transmit signals, while many others are sensitive
receivers. Others may utilise digital electronics systems that could be falsely
triggered by transient signals. These any many more examples may EMC a crucial
element of any electronics design.

In the early days of electronics systems, pops, bangs and general noise received
by radios were taken as being part of "experience" of listening to a radio - even if
they were man-made from other local electrical equipment.

Some of the first major concerns of the effects of electrical interference on

electronics systems arose from military applications. After the Second World War,
with the rise in importance of nuclear weapons, the electronic pulse generated by
an explosion and its effect on equipment became a concern. Also the effects of
high powered radar systems on equipment were also a concern.

Later the risks to electronics equipment associated with ESD became visible. Not
only did these damage the electronics equipment, but they could also set false
triggers.

During the 1970s the use of logic circuitry grew rapidly, and with this the switching
speeds increased. The opened up these circuits to the effects of EMI, and
realisation grew of the need for EMC precautions to be incorporated into the
design if these items were to work satisfactorily in the real world.

As a result of this growing realisation, many nations became aware of EMC as a

growing problem. Some started to issue directives to the manufacturers of
electronic equipment, defining standards that the equipment should meet before
equipment could be sold. The European Community was one for the first areas
where EMC requirements were enforced. While many were sceptical at first, the
introduction of EMC standards has raised standards and enabled most types of
equipment to operate alongside each other without interference. This has been
particularly important with the rapid growth in the use of mobile phones

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2.3 EMC basics

The aim of employing EMC measures is to ensure that a variety of different items
of electronics equipment can operate in close proximity without causing any undue
interference.

The interference that gives rise to impaired performance is known as

Electromagnetic Interference, EMI. It is this interference that needs to be reduced
to ensure that various items of electrical equipment are compatible and can
operate in the presence of each other.

There are two main elements to EMC:

 Emissions:   The EMI emissions refer to the generation of unwanted

electromagnetic energy. These need to be reduced below certain acceptable
limits to ensure they do not cause any disruption to other equipment.
 Susceptibility & immunity:   The susceptibility of an item of electronics to
EMI is the way it reacts to unwanted electromagnetic energy. The aim of the
design of the circuit is to ensure a sufficiently high level of immunity to these
unwanted signals.

EMC standards
With the growing awareness and need to maintain high standards of electromagnetic
compatibility many standards have been introduced to help manufacturers meet the levels
they need to maintain full electromagnetic compatibility.

Many years ago the levels of EMC were low and interference often occurred - taxis driving
past a house whilst using their radio telephone were quite likely to disrupt the operation of a
television, and there were many other instances.

As a result, it became necessary to introduce EMC standards to ensure the required levels of
compatibility were attained.

EMC is now an integral part of any electronics design project. With standards now
implemented and enforced across the world, any new product needs to meet and have been
tested to ensure it meets the relevant EMC standards. While this presents an additional
challenge to the electronics design engineer, it is essential that good EMC practices have
been employed and that the EMC performance of the product is sufficient to ensure it operates
correctly under all reasonable scenarios.

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3. Cables and Connecting Hardware

Computer cables are confusing to most users. Here’s a visual guide to help you
quickly identify all the common cable and connectors that came bundled with your
computers, mobile phones and other electronic gadgets. You may also refer to this
guide for ideas on how to hook different devices using commonly available
connectors and converters.

3.1 Common Cables and Connectors

3.1.1 USB Cables and Connectors

You can use USB cables to connect most new devices to your computer including
flash memory sticks, portable media players, internet modems and digital
cameras.

Computer accessories like mice, keyboards, webcams, portable hard-drives,

microphones, printers, scanners and speakers can also be connected to the
computer through USB ports. Additionally, USB cables are also used for charging
a variety of gadgets including mobile phones or for transferring data from one
computer to another.

How to recognize USB Cables - The standard USB connector, USB-A,

is a rectangular connector. The USB-A end is present on every USB cable as it is
the end that connects to your computer.

The other end of the USB cable may have different connectors including USB-B (a
square connector commonly used with printers, external hard drives, and larger
devices) or smaller connectors such as the Mini-USB and Micro-USB that are
commonly used with portable devices such as media players and phones.

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Additionally, many other connectors have USB-A connectors at the end that
connects to the computer, and a device-specific connector at the other end (e.g.
the iPod or a Zune). Then you have USB Male to Female connectors for extending
the length of a USB cable.

Many other non-USB cables can also connect to your computer via a USB
converter; these cables have the standard USB-A connector on one end while the
other end could have connections for other ports such as Ethernet or audio.

3.2.1 Audio Cables and Connectors

3.2.1.1 - 3.5mm headphone jack

 The most common audio cable is the standard headphone

jack, otherwise known as a TSR connector. It is available in several sizes, but the
most common ones used with computers are the 3.5 mm or 1/8” mini audio jack.

Most speakers and microphones can connect to the computer with these audio
cables. The microphone port on your computer is usually pink while the speaker
port, where you insert the stereo audio cable, is colored green. Some computers

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have additional TSR audio ports colored black, grey, and gold; these are for rear,
front, and center/subwoofer output, respectively

A larger variety of the TSR connector, 1/4″ TRS, is commonly used in

professional audio recording equipment and it can be connected to a computer
using an 1/4” to 1/8” converter (pictured right).

3.2.2.2 - Digital Optical Audio

For high-end audio, like when you want to connect the output of a DVD player or a
set-top box to a Dolby home theater, you need the TOSLINK (or S/PDIF)
connector.

These are fiber optic cables and can therefore transmit pure digital audio through
light. Some laptops and audio equipment have a mini-TOSLINK jack but you can
use a converter to connect it to a standard TOSLINK (Toshiba Link) port.

3.3.1 Video Cables

3.3.1.1 - VGA

One of the most common video connectors for computer monitors and high-
definition TVs is the VGA cable. A standard VGA connector has 15-pins and other
than connecting a computer to a monitor, you may also use a VGA cable to
connect your laptop to a TV screen or a projector.

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Converter cables are lso available to let VGA monitors connect to newer
computers that only output HDMI or DVI signals. A smaller variant of VGA, Mini-
VGA, is available on some laptops but with the help of a converter, you can
connect any standard VGA monitor to a Mini-VGA port of your laptop.

3.3.1.2 - DVI Monitor Port

If you have purchased a computer in the recent past,

chances are that it uses DVI instead of VGA. The new breed of “thin” laptops use
the smaller variants of DVI like the Mini-DVI and Micro-DVI (first seen in MacBook
Air).

A DVI cable has 29 pins, though some connectors may have less pins depending
on their configuration. DVI’s video signal is compatible with HDMI, so a simple
converter can allow a DVI monitor to receive input from an HDMI cable.

Additionally, DVI to VGA converters are also available for connect your new
graphics card to old monitor that supports only VGA mode.

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3.3.1.3 - S-Video

S-Video cables, otherwise known as Separate Video or Super Video cables, carry

analog video signals and are commonly used for connecting DVD players,
camcorders, older video consoles to the television.

Standard S-Video connectors are round in shape and may have anywhere
between 4-9 pins.

3.4.1 Audio and Video Cables

3.4.4.1 - RCA Connector Cables

RCA connector cables are a bundle of 2-3 cables including Composite Video

(colored yellow) and Stereo Audio cables (red for right channel and white or black
for the left audio channel).

Sometimes additional cables may be included, offering additional audio channels

and/or component video instead of composite. Component video offers better

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picture than composite because the video signal is split in different signals while in
the case of composite, everything is transferred through a single yellow plug.

Uses of RCA Connectors - The RCA cables are usually used for connecting your
DVD player, stereo speakers, digital camera and other audio/video equipment to
your TV. You can plug-in an RCA cable to the computer via a video capture card
and this will let you transfer video from an old analog camcorder into your
computer’s hard drive.

3.4.4.2 - HDMI Cables

HDMI is the new standard that provide both audio and video transmission
through a single cable. HDMI support a maximum resolution of 4096×2160p
(HD is only 1920×1200) with up to 8 channels of digital audio and are used for
connecting Blu-Ray players to an HDTV.

Standard HDMI cables can be up to 5 meters long, but higher quality ones can be
up to 15 meters long, and the length can be further increased with amplifiers.
HDMI is backwards compatible with DVI so you can use a converter to watch
video on a DVI device through the HDMI cable though you will have to use another
cable for the audio.

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3.4.4.3 - DisplayPort

A
combined digital video and audio cable that is more commonly used in computers
is DisplayPort and the smaller derivative Mini DisplayPort. Both support
resolutions up to 2560 × 1600 × 60 Hz, and additionally support up to 8
channels of digital audio.

Mini DisplayPort connector is currently used in MacBooks but we could them in

other computers as well in the near future.

Standard DisplayPort cables can be up to 3 meters long, but at a lower resolution

cables can be up to 15 meters long.  DisplayPort connectors are available to
connect VGA, DVI video, or HDMI video and audio with a DisplayPort cable or
connection.  Additionally, converters are available to convert Mini DisplayPort into
standard DisplayPort.

3.5.1 Data Cables

3.5.1.1 Firewire IEEE 1394

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Firewire, otherwise known as IEEE 1394, i.LINK, or Lynx, is a faster alternate to

USB and is commonly used for connecting digital camcorders and external hard
drives to a computer. It is also possible to ad-hoc network computers without a
router over FireWire.

Firewire typically has 6 pins in its connector, though a 4 pin variety is common as
well.

3.5.1.2 - eSATA Cables

 While SATA cables are used internally for connecting the hard
drive to the computer’s motherboard, eSATA cables are designed for portable
hard drives, and can transfer data faster than USB or FireWire.

However, the eSATA cable cannot transmit power, so unlike USB, you cannot
power an external hard drive with eSATA. The eSATA cable is somewhat different
from the internal SATA cable; it has more shielding, and sports a larger connector.

3.6.1 Networking Related Cables

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3.6.1.1 - Phone RJ11 Cable

The telephone cable, otherwise known as RJ11, is still used around the world for
connecting to the Internet through DSL/ADSL modems. A standard phone cable
has 4 wires and the connector has four pins.

The connector has a clip at the top to help maintain a tight connection.

3.6.1.2 - Ethernet Cable

Ethernet is the standard for wired networking around the world. The Ethernet

cable, otherwise known as RJ45, is based on Cat5 twisted pair cable and is made
from 8 individual wires.

The Ethernet connector, likewise, has 8 pins and looks similar to a phone plug, but
is actually thicker and wider. It too has a clip to help maintain a tight connection
like a phone connector.

4. WORK AREAS

Work-Area Components 

The Work Area is defined as the connection between the

Telecommunications Outlet and the station equipment (such
as telephones, printers and video monitors). It consists of cords,
adapters, and other transmission electronics, such as wireless access
points, that permit the station equipment to connect to the horizontal
media via the Telecommunications Outlet.

Work Area Components

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 Station Equipment computers, data terminals, telephones, etc

 Patch Cables modular cords, PC adapter cables, fiber jumpers, etc
 Adapters and media convert-ers such as those used for cabling
transposition, adapter plugs/jacks, DB25, DB15, DB09 adapters,
coaxial conversion (baluns) etc.
 Adapters baluns etc. must be external to the Telecommunications
Outlet used for equipment cords in the work area.

Work Area Cabling Requirements 

 All devices that are specifically intended to support a given

application shall be installed external to the Telecommunications
Outlet/connector.

 Horizontal cables shall be terminated on connecting hardware that

meets the requirements specified in the Horizontal Distribution
section of this manual.

 All uninterrupted 4-pair balanced twisted-pair cables wired to the

Telecommunications Outlet/connector shall have all 4-pairs
terminated in an eight position, modular outlet at or near the Work
Area.

 When terminating to a Multi-user Telecommunications Outlet

Assembly or Consolidation Point, all cable pairs shall be
terminated.

 Balanced twisted-pair pin/pair assignments - the T568A

wiring scheme is preferred, however the T568B wiring scheme may
be used if necessary to accommodate certain 8-pin cabling
systems.

 Telecommunications Outlet/connectors shall be securely mounted

at planned locations.
 When using pathways incorporated into furniture or partitions,
pathways shall comply with all applicable codes and regulations.

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 Horizontal cable that runs between the Tele-communications Room

and the Telecommun-ications Outlet/connector shall not be routed
in the Work Area or other spaces with public access.

V. REFERENCES:

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/NEETS-Modules/NEETS-Module-10-3-1-3-10.htm

https://www.dintek.com.tw/index.php/Articles/Structured-cabling-installation-practices-part-two-
structured-cabling.html

https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/emc-emi-
electromagnetic-interference-compatibility/what-is-emc-basics-tutorial.php

https://www.labnol.org/gadgets/visual-guide-to-computer-cables-
connectors/10694/#1-usb-cables-and-connectors

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