SAMPLE LESSON: MATHEMATICS

Class: Upper Sixth/ Further Mathematics

Module: Geometry II TOPIC: Complex Numbers

Title of Lesson: Polar form (trigonometric form), exponential form of a Duration of Lesson: 120mins
non-zero complex number and Euler’s formula

Name of Authors: Inspectorate of Pedagogy/Sciences for the Far North Region

Module 4 : GEOMETRY II
Topic: Complex Numbers
Lesson: Polar form (trigonometric form), exponential form of a non-zero complex number and Euler’s formula
Objectives: At the end of this lesson, the learners should be able to:
1) Calculate the modulus of a complex number
2) Find Argument of a non-zero complex number;
3) Give the polar form of a non-zero complex number;
4) Give the exponential form of a non-zero complex number.
5) Use Euler’s formula in some operations.
Key question:
What is the polar form of a non-zero complex number?
Prerequisite knowledge:
 Verify whether students can calculate the norm of a vector.
 Verify whether students can determine the measurement of the angle between the positive X-axis and a vector.
Motivation: The study of complex numbers comes to reinforce our knowledge and skills necessary to study plane geometry.
Didactic materials
Chalk, colour chalk, Chalkboard, ruler and set square.
REFERENCES
- EWANE ROLAND ALUNGE. Further Pure Mathematics Made Easy Third Edition.
-Further Mathematics Teaching Syllabuses (January 2020)
STAGES/ TEACHING/LEARNING ACTIVITIES TEACHER’S LEARNERS’ LEARNING POINTS
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INTRODUCTIO Verification of Pre-requisites -Copies -Solve on the Verification of Pre-requisites
N Exercise questions board as Exercise
5mins a) Calculate the norm of given in the on the called by the a) Calculate the norm of given in the
Cartesian plane. board teacher Cartesian plane.
b) Determine the measure of the angle between -Calls b) Determine the measure of the angle
and . students between
to the and
board
Lesson Activity Activity
Development In an orthonormal reference system (O, , ),we consider -Copies -Follow the In an orthonormal reference system (O, ,
and Summary the points A,B and C with respective affixes activity on instructions ),we consider the points A,B and C with
(100mins) and the and carry respective affixes and
1) Plot the points A, B and C in this reference system. chalkboard out the
2) Calculate the values of OA,OB and OC. -Instructs activity while 1) Plot the points A, B and C in this reference
3) Determine the measure of the following angles:
students interacting system.
a) The angle between and . to copy in with each 2) Calculate the values of OA,OB and OC.
b) The angle between and . their other 3) Determine the measure of the following
c) The angle between and . notebooks angles:
and allows a) The angle between and .
them 10 b) The angle between and .
minutes to
c) The angle between and .
research

-Copy notes
STAGES/ TEACHING/LEARNING ACTIVITIES TEACHER’S LEARNERS’ LEARNING POINTS
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Resolution in their Resolution
1) books 1)

-Copies
notes on
the board

-Explains
concepts

Copy notes
in their
2)OA= =2,OB =3 notebooks 2)OA= =2,OB =3
OC= = OC= =

3)According to the figure above,

3)According to the figure above,
a)The angle between and is
a)The angle between and is -Dictates
notes b)The angle between and is 0
b)The angle between and is 0
c) The angle between and is .
c) The angle between and is .
Observation
Observation
For example
For example
Follow up as Is called modulus of the complex number
Is called modulus of the complex number
the teacher
STAGES/ TEACHING/LEARNING ACTIVITIES TEACHER’S LEARNERS’ LEARNING POINTS
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. explains, .
( ; )= will be called argument of the complex asking and ( ; )= will be called argument of the
number . answering complex number .
Definition (modulus) questions Definition (modulus)
Let be a complex number, where Let be a complex number,
We call the modulus of the strictly positive real necessary We call the modulus of the strictly positive real
number denoted by | | and define by Solves the number denoted by | | and define by
| |= examples | |=
Example one after Example
Calculate the modulus of the complex number the other Calculate the modulus of the complex number
𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖 while 𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖
Resolution| |= questionin Resolution| |=
Properties g the Properties
Let and ’ two complex numbers students Let and ’ two complex numbers
| |=0 if and only if . | |=0 if and only if .
| |=| | | |=| |
→)|𝑧 𝑛 | = |𝑧|𝑛 ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ →)|𝑧 𝑛 | = |𝑧|𝑛 ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
| |=| | | |=| |

→)|𝒛 + 𝒛′ | ≤ |𝒛| + |𝒛′| →)|𝑧 + 𝑧 ′ | ≤ |𝑧| + |𝑧′|

→)|𝒛 + 𝒛′| ≥ ||𝒛| − |𝒛′ || →)|𝑧 + 𝑧′| ≥ ||𝑧| − |𝑧 ′ ||

Remark Remark
For any and For any and
𝑴𝑴’ = |𝒁𝑴′ − 𝒁𝑴 | 𝑴𝑴’ = |𝒁𝑴′ − 𝒁𝑴 |
Definition (argument) Definition (argument)
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Let be a non-zero complex number, Let be a non-zero complex number,
M the image of the complex number ,in the complex M the image of the complex number ,in the
plane with an orthonormal reference system (O, , ), complex plane with an orthonormal reference
-We call Argument of the angle system (O, , ),
-We call Argument of the angle
denoted
denoted
- We call argument of the measure of angle
- We call argument of the measure of angle
denoted
denoted

̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
𝐚𝐫𝐠(𝒛) = 𝐦𝐞𝐬(𝑖⃗; 𝑂𝑀
̂
Example 𝐚𝐫𝐠(𝒛) = 𝐦𝐞𝐬(𝑖⃗; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑀)
𝜋
̂
𝐀𝐫𝐠(2 + 2𝑖) = ( ) Example
4
̂𝜋
𝐀𝐫𝐠(2 + 2𝑖) = ( )
4

Remark
If the affix of the vector is ,then
Remark
̂
𝐚𝐫𝐠(𝑧𝑢⃗⃗ ) = 𝐦𝐞𝐬(𝑖⃗; 𝑢
⃗⃗)
is ,then
If the affix of the vector
Polar form of a non-zero complex number 𝐚𝐫𝐠(𝑧𝑢⃗⃗ ) = 𝐦𝐞𝐬(̂ ⃗⃗)
𝑖⃗; 𝑢
Let be a non-zero complex number
And M the image of in an Argand Diagram. Polar form of a non-zero complex
We suppose that , | |=r number
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Let be a non-zero complex number
And M the image of in an Argand Diagram.
We suppose that ,| |=r

Cos = a=r Cos

sin = b=r sin

Cos = a=r Cos
=r(
sin = b=r sin
= ( is called the polar
(trigonometric) form of the complex number
This polar form can also be written as follow =r(
= = ( is called the polar
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Exponential form of a non-zero complex number (trigonometric) form of the complex number
let = be a complex number, This polar form can also be written as follow
the exponential form of is =
Remark Exponential form of a non-zero
If then complex number
| |= let = be a complex number,
𝑎 𝑏 the exponential form of is
𝑧 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ( +𝑖 ) Remark
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 If then
By definition
| |=
and
𝑎 𝑏
example : 𝑧 = √𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 ( +𝑖 )
2
√𝑎 + 𝑏 2 √𝑎 + 𝑏 2
2
give the polar and exponential form of the following By definition
complex numbers: and
and
example :
Resolution give the polar and exponential form of the following
|𝑧1 | = 2 complex numbers:
1 √3 and
𝑧1 = 2 ( + 𝑖 )
2 2 Resolution
|𝑧1 | = 2
and implies that
1 √3
Then the polar form of 𝑧1 = 2 ( + 𝑖 )
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑧1 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = [2; ] and implies that
3 3 3
Then the polar form of
its exponential form is =2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑧1 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = [2; ]
1 1 3 3 3
|𝑧2 | = √2; 𝑧2 = √2 ( + 𝑖 )
√2 √2 its exponential form is =2
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1 1
and implies that |𝑧2 | = √2; 𝑧2 = √2 ( +𝑖 )
√2 √2
Then the polar form of and implies that
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑧2 = √2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = [√2; ]
4 4 4 Then the polar form of
its exponential form is = 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑧2 = √2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = [√2; ]
Properties 4 4 4
Let = and = its exponential form is =
be two complex numbers; Properties
Polar form Exponential form Let = and =
𝑧̅ = [𝑟; −𝛼] 𝑧̅ = 𝑟𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 be two complex numbers;
- = −𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝜋) Polar form Exponential form
= = 𝑧̅ = [𝑟; −𝛼] 𝑧̅ = 𝑟𝑒 −𝑖𝛼
1 1 1 1 −𝑖𝛼 - = −𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝜋)
= [ ; −𝛼] = 𝑒 =
𝑧 𝑟 𝑧 𝑟 =
𝑧 𝑟 𝑧 𝑟 1 1 1 1
= [ ; 𝛼 − 𝛼′] = 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛼′) = [ ; −𝛼] = 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼
𝑧′ 𝑟′ 𝑧′ 𝑟′ 𝑧 𝑟 𝑧 𝑟
Remark 𝑧 𝑟 𝑧 𝑟
From the properties we can deduce that : = [ ; 𝛼 − 𝛼′] = 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛼′)
𝑧′ 𝑟′ 𝑧′ 𝑟′
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧𝑧’) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) + 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧’) Remark
g( From the properties we can deduce that :
Euler’s formula 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧𝑧’) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) + 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧’)
g(
and
Euler’s formula
for any real number and
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for any real number

Exercises of
Application Exercise Exercise
(10mins) 1)Determine and represent the loci of points such Dictates the Take down 1)Determine and represent the loci of points
that: exercise the exercise such that:
and do it
|𝑧 + 2 − 𝑖| = |𝑧 + 𝑖| |𝑧 + 2 − 𝑖| = |𝑧 + 𝑖|
|𝒛 + 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊| = 𝟐|𝒛 + 𝟏 + 𝒊| |𝑧 + 2 − 3𝑖| = 2|𝑧 + 1 + 𝑖|
arg( )= arg( )=

2)Given that = and 2)Given that = and

a)Determine the modulus and argument of and a)Determine the modulus and argument of
b) Give the algebraic ,polar and exponential form of the and
quotient b) Give the algebraic ,polar and exponential form
c) Deduce the values of and . of the quotient

3)Use Euler’s formula to express in terms of cos4 c) Deduce the values of and .
and and deduce the value of the integral 3)Use Euler’s formula to express in terms
𝜋
of cos4 and and deduce the value of the
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2
𝜋
4
integral ∫𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4
Conclusion Bilingual game
(5mins) Give the equivalence of the following words in French: Copies Copy Bilingual game
modulus; argument; polar form; Euler formula. questions questions in Give the equivalence of the following words in
Home work on the their note French: modulus; argument; polar form;Euler
board books formula.
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Announcement of the next lesson. Home work
The next lesson will be on the nth-root of a complex
number and their representation on the Argand diagram Announcement of the next lesson.
and solutions of quadratic equations. The next lesson will be on the nth-root of a
complex number and their representation on the
Argand diagram and solutions of quadratic
equations.