Subject: Practical Research 1

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

MODULE 7

Dear Student,

Welcome to the PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Course offered by The

University of the Cordilleras, Integrated School, Senior High School. This
course module emphasizes on self-directed, research-based, and
outcome-based learning. The key in successfully passing this subject lies in
your commitment in learning and complying with the requirements. It is our
desire that you pass this subject fully equipped with the necessary 21st
Century skills. This module was designed to provide you with a fun and
meaningful learning experiences and opportunities. You will be enabled to
process the content of this module while being an active learner.

Enjoy and maximize the learning while in your own homes.

JOSEPHINE S. GALANZA

In this module, you will be encountering the following parts and icons. (Parts depending per subject)

This part enumerates the objectives of the module. This part shall give
TARGET you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to
acquire upon completion of this module.

This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already
TESTER know about the lesson to take.

In this portion, a new lesson will be introduced. This section provides a

TEACHING discussion of the lesson. This section aims to help you explore and
understand new concepts and skills.

This involves the reflective part of the module. It contains various

TAKE AWAY activities that will allow you to reflect and state what you have
learned.

This is the assessment presented at the end of each module. This

section aims to check how much have you learned from the module.
TOUCHSTONE This will also evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

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 Subject: Practical Research 1
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

MODULE 7

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

OBJECTIVES

After completing this chapter, you’ll be able to:

1. plans data collection procedure;

2. plans data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing (if appropriate);
and
3. define data collection and data analysis.

CONTENT

1. Data Gathering
Instruments
2. Data Analysis

LECTURES

DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENTS

Data Collection is the process of gathering data.

Data refers to a set of values that is being organized by variables.

In experimental research design, the independent variable is the condition that you change.
It is the variable that you control. The dependent variable is the condition that you measure.
You are assessing how it responds to a change in the independent variable. The extraneous
variables are also called mediating or intervening variables. These variables are already
existing during the conduct of an experiment and could influence the result of the study.

Kinds of Data

1. Qualitative Data – This is a characteristic that is observable (based on our senses).

Example: Color, Sex, Name, Birth Place, Address

2. Quantitative Data – This is a characteristic that is countable.

Example: Length, Age, number of siblings

Quantitative Data Collection

Quantitative data collection may be time consuming because of the bigger sample size,
the benefit of the quantitative approach is that the information gathered is objective, this
means that we cannot falsify the result.

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 Subject: Practical Research 1
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

MODULE 7

Main Method to Collect Quantitative Data

1. Survey

Commonly, researchers use survey questionnaires to measure levels or extent of a

phenomenon. Survey questionnaires could either be Yes-No type, Likert-type (containing
dichotomous scales such as agree-disagree, always-never, etc.), Ranking, Multiple or single
choice response.

Although survey questionnaires are not exclusively the only instruments that can be
used in quantitative research, let’s focus first on them before discussing other instruments
that may be used in your study.

There are three types of questionnaires that you can use for your study depending on
the topic, the availability of a questionnaire and the scope or context of your study.

1.1 Adopted

If there is a readily available questionnaire that may be used for your research, you may
adopt that questionnaire without changing anything in the material, provided the
original author already tested the tool’s validity and reliability. If this is the case, you do
not need to do a pre-testing of the questionnaire but mention the complete reliability
and validity result of the tool, with proper citation of the original source.

1.2 Modified

You can modify a questionnaire based on two instances:

a. if the context is not suitable for the current population but it can measure the
problem being asked.

b. the items need to be further developed because they cannot completely answer
the problem but the tool is anchored from an appropriate theory or framework that
is applicable for the particular study.

1.3 Self-constructed

When your topic is specific and could not be answered through the use of readily
available tools or questionnaires around, you may make your own questionnaire.

However, crafting your own questionnaire is a systematic process that needs

consideration of theories and series of testing to make it standardized.

Standardization of questionnaires

To be able to ensure that you are able to standardized your questionnaire. To do this,
tools should be tested through validity and reliability testing (only the modified and self-
constructed questionnaires must undergo the testing for standardization).

Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure.

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 Subject: Practical Research 1
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

MODULE 7

Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures something. If the same result
can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the
measurement is considered reliable.

2. Test

A test is a tool used to assess the knowledge of the respondents. In doing test, there is
a usual time limit to take it.

3. Checklist

A checklist is a comprehensive list that allows the respondents to give a multiple

answer.

4. Point Scale System

A point scale system is a tool used to determine the level of a specific measurement.
The most commonly used scale is the 5 – point scale or also known as the Likert scale.

DATA ANALYSIS
You cannot draw conclusion from a raw data. That is why we have data analysis. Data
Analysis is a way to organize, analyze, and interpret data. In general, quantitative research
uses statistics in analyzing the gathered data. In addition, visualizations (graphs and tables)
are used in the presentation of data and for further interpretations.

It is important to consider three things when identifying the statistical tool to be used in
your research, these include the following:

1) What is the objective of your research? (i.e., describe, relate, differentiate)

2) What type of variable is involved in your research? (i.e., nominal, ordinal, interval/ratio)

Numeric variables
a. Continuous variables
These variables can assume any value between a certain set of real numbers. The
values depend on the scale used. Continuous variables are also called interval
variables.

Examples are time, age, temperature, height, and weight

b. Discrete variables
These variables can only assume any whole value within the limits of the given
variables.

Examples are the number of registered cars, number of business locations, number
of children in the family, population of students, and total number of faculty
members.

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 Subject: Practical Research 1
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

MODULE 7

Categorical variables
a. Ordinal variables
These variables can take a value which can be logically ordered or ranked.

Examples are academic grades such as A, B, C; clothing size such as X, L, M, S; and

measures attitude like strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree.

b. Nominal variables
These are variables whose values cannot be organized in a logical sequence.

Examples are business types, eye colors, kinds of religion, various languages, and
types of learners.

c. Dichotomous variables
These variables represent only two categories.

Examples are gender (male and female), answer (yes or no), and veracity (true or
false).

d. Polychotomous variables
These are variables that have many categories.
Examples are educational attainment (elementary, high school, college,
graduate, and postgraduate), level of performance (excellent, very good, good,
satisfactory, or poor

3) How many groups are being compared or related? (i.e., 1, 2, 3 or more)

Statistical Tool for Data Analysis

1. Descriptive Statistics

If the aim of your research is simply to describe the phenomenon, particularly on the level,
frequency, trends, etc., the statistical tool that you should use is Descriptive Statistics,
regardless of variable type and groups.

When you aim to organize data, tables and graphs (e.g., bar graph, line graph, pie
graph) are the most appropriate, while summarizing a data involves Central Tendency
(e.g., mean, median, mode) and Variation (e.g., range, interquartile range, variance,
standard deviation).

The table below summarizes the appropriate tools based on the type of data in a
descriptive research.

Type of data Appropriate statistical tool/s

Nominal For 2 categories: Frequency table, Proportion
(percentage)
For more than 2 categories: Frequency table, Proportion
(percentage), mode
Ordinal Rank order
Median
Interval Arithmetic mean
Ratio Means
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 Subject: Practical Research 1
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

MODULE 7

2. Correlation Statistics

If the aim of your research is to know the relationship between variables to explain a
phenomenon, the statistical tool that you should use is Correlation Statistics.

The type of data is the biggest factor in this analysis, regardless of the number of groups.

The table below summarizes the appropriate tools based on the type of data when doing
correlation research.

Type of data Appropriate statistical tool/s

Nominal Contingency Coefficient
Phi and Cramer’s V
Ordinal Spearman’s Rank
Kendall’s Tau
Interval Pearson Product Correlation

The presentation and analysis of findings derived from the use of the aforementioned
statistical tools are commonly described through the strength of the relationship
observed from the data.

The table below shows the strength of relationship based on the computed correlation
coefficient.

Type of data Strength of relationship

±.70 or higher Very strong relationship
±.40 to +.69 Strong relationship
±.30 to +.39 Moderate relationship
±.20 to +.29 Weak relationship
±.01 to +.19 No or negligible relationship

3. Difference Test

If the objective of your research problem is to test hypothesis or find the significant
difference between variables to explain a phenomenon, the statistical tool that you
should use is Difference Statistics.

The type of data and the number of groups compared are the bases for determining
appropriate tool for this kind of study.

In summary, the table below illustrates the appropriate tools for the different types of data
when doing correlation

Type of data Number of Appropriate statistical tool/s

groups
Nominal N/A Chi-square
Ordinal 2 Wilcoxon
Mann-Whitney Test
3 or more Kruskall Wallis Test
Interval 2 Independent Sample t-test
3 or more Analysis of Variance

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 Subject: Practical Research 1
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

MODULE 7

REFERENCES

Practical Research: A Step-by-Step Guidebook for the SHS and Beyond, Galanza et al,
2018.

Practical Research 1: An Introduction to Qualitative Research, Torneo et al, 2017

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/reliability-vs-validity/#:~:text=Reliability