Concrete Properties Guide

12/26/2017
CE-106: Civil Engineering Materials & Concrete

Technology
Lecture-12 Properties of Harden Concrete
By
Engr. Asim Abbas
1 By: Engr Asim Abbas
Lecture Outlines
 Concrete Strength Development
 Properties of Harden Concrete
 Concrete Strength
 Shrinkage
 Creep
 Special Types of Concrete
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Concrete Strength Development
Properties of Harden Concrete

 Concrete that is in a solid state and has developed a certain strength is called
hardened concrete.
 Hardened concrete properties:
 Strength
 Compressive strength 2000-8000 psi
 Tensile strength 200-800 psi
 Deformation
 Shrinkage
 Creep
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 Factors Affecting Strength
 Curing conditions, humidity
 Temperature
 W/C , (inversely related)
 Air content, (inversely related), short and long term
 Aggregate characteristics, roughness, grading.
 Cement type, composition, fineness, type I vs. type III
 Cement content (directly related)
 Strength porosity relationship
 Mixing water

 Compressive Strength of Concrete
 The strength of concrete is basically referred to compressive strength and it
depends upon three factors.

 Paste Strength
 Interfacial Bonding
 Aggregate Strength
 Paste strength: It is mainly due to the binding properties of cement that the
ingredients are compacted together. If the paste has higher binding strength,
higher will be strength of concrete.
 Interfacial bonding: Interfacial bonding is very necessary regarding the strength.
Clay hampers the bonding between paste and aggregate. The aggregate should
be washed for a better bonding between paste and aggregate.
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 Compressive Strength of Concrete
 Aggregate strength: It is mainly the aggregate that provide strength to concrete
especially coarse aggregates which act just like bones in the body. Rough and
angular aggregate provides better bonding and high strength.
 Testing of Compressive Strength (cylindrical / cube specimen)
 ASTM C31 and C39
 Empty moulds are filled with fresh concrete using a standard procedure. After 24
hours the specimens are taken out of the moulds and moist cured for 28 days at
the end of the curing period they are tested by Universal testing machine.
 Apply load continuously at a rate of movement corresponding to a stress rate on
the sample of 35 ± 7 psi per second.
 Continue to apply load until the sample fails and displays a well-defined fracture
pattern

 Testing of Compressive
Strength
 Universal Testing Machine
(UTM)
 A universal testing
machine (UTM), also known
as a universal tester,
materials testing machine or
materials test frame, is used
to test the tensile strength
and compressive strength of
materials.
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 Testing of Compressive Strength
 P = failure load
 D = diameter of cylinder
 a = one side of cube

 Testing of Compressive Strength
 Typical Fracture Patterns
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 Stress-Strain Curve for Normal Weight
Concrete in Compression
 Compressive strength is affected by many
factors (environmental, curing condition).

Therefore, the actual strength of concrete
will not be the same as the strength of
specimen.
 Stress-Strain curves in figure rise to a
maximum stress, reached at a strain

between 0.0015 and 0.003
 Modulus of elasticity = Stress/Strain

 Modulus of Elasticity
 Density = 90 to 155 lb/ft3
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 Rate of Gain of Compressive Strength of Concrete with time

 Tensile Strength of Concrete
 The tensile strength of concrete is important to resist cracking from shrinkage and
temperature changes.
 Direct Tensile Strength:
 Difficult to measure and is not usually done.
 Splitting Tensile Strength:
 The cylindrical specimens (on cube) (placed with its axis horizontal) is subjected to
a line load (uniform) along the length of the specimen.(10% of compressive

strength)
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 Tensile Strength of Concrete
 Splitting Tensile Strength:

 Core Test
 The strength of concrete in a structure (in-place strength)
is frequently measured on cores drilled from the structure

 Core tests have two main uses. The most frequent use of
core test is to asses whether concrete in a new structure

is acceptable. ACI code section 5.6.5.2 permit the use of
core tests in such cases and requires three cores for each
strength test more than 500psi below the specified value
of compressive strength.
 ACI code section 5.6.5.3 requires that cores prepared for
shipping to the testing lab by wrapping them in watertight

bags or container immediately after drilling
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 Time-dependent volume changes
 Concrete undergoes three main types of volume change, which may cause
stresses, cracking or deflections that affect the in-service behavior of reinforced

concrete structures
 These are:
1. Shrinkage
2. Creep
3. Thermal expansion or contraction

 Shrinkage
 Shrinkage is the decrease in the volume of concrete during hardening and drying
under constant temperature. The amount of shrinkage increase with time, as

shown in Figure below
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 Shrinkage
 Shrinkage of concrete is caused by the settlement of solids and the loss of free
water from the plastic concrete (plastic shrinkage)
 By the chemical combination of cement with water (autogenous shrinkage) and
 By the drying concrete (drying shrinkage)
 Cracking: Where movement of the concrete is restrained, shrinkage will produce
tensile stress within the concrete, which may cause cracking.

 Plastic Shrinkage
 Shrinkage, which takes place before concrete has set, is known as plastic
shrinkage.
 Occurs as a result of the loss of free water and the settlement of solids in the
mix.
 Plastic shrinkage is most common in slab construction and is characterized by the
appearance of surface cracks which can extend quite deeply into the concrete.
 Preventive measures:
 Reduce water loss by any curing methods (cover concrete with wet polythene
sheets or by spraying a membrane curing compound).
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 Plastic Shrinkage Cracks

 Autogenous Shrinkage
 It Is occurs without loss of moisture due to hydration reaction inside the cement
mix
 As hydration continues in an environment where the water content is constant,
such as inside a large mass of concrete, this decrease in volume of the cement
paste results in shrinkage of the concrete.
 This is known as autogenous shrinkage, it is self produced by the hydration of
cement.
 Factors influencing the rate and magnitude of autogenous shrinkage:
 Chemical composition of cement,
 Initial water content,
 Temperature and time.
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 Dry Shrinkage
 When a hardened concrete, cured in water, is allowed to dry it first loses water
from its voids and capillary pores and only starts to shrink during further drying
when water is drawn, out of its cement gel. This is known as drying shrinkage.
 After an initial high rate of drying shrinkage concrete continues to shrink for a long
period of time, but at a continuously decreasing rate.
 For practical purposes, it may be assumed that for small sections 50 per cent of
the total shrinkage occurs in the first year .

 Dry Shrinkage
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 Dry Shrinkage (Factors Affecting Drying Shrinkage)
 Type, content and proportion of the constituent materials of concrete (cement,
water, aggregates, etc). More finely ground cements have a larger surface area
per unit volume and thus there is more adsorbed water to be lost during shrinkage.
 There is less shrinkage in concrete made of quartz or granite aggregate than with
sandstone aggregate because quartz and granite have higher modulus of elasticity
 Size and shape of the concrete structure, For large members the ratio of volume to
surface area increases resulting in less shrinkage because there is more moist
concrete to restrain the shrinkage. Shrinkage also develops more slowly in large
members

 Amount and distribution of reinforcement,
 Relative humidity of the environment.
 Drying shrinkage is directly proportional to the water-cement ratio and inversely
proportional to the aggregate-cement ratio (Figure Next slide). Because of the

interaction of the effects of aggregate-cement and water-cement ratios, it is
possible to have a rich mix with a low water-cement ratio giving higher shrinkage
than a leaner mix with a higher water-cement ratio.
 The composition of the concrete mix and type of cement used. The hardened
cement paste shrinks, whereas the aggregate act to restrain shrinkage. Thus the
larger the fraction of the total volume of the concrete that is made up of hydrated
cement paste, greater the shrinkage
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 ACI Code Procedure to determine shrinkage strains
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 Creep
 When concrete is loaded in compression, an instantaneous elastic strain develops.
If this load remain on the member, creep strain develop with time.
 Long-term deformation of concrete under a continuous (Sustain) load.

 Creep
 Creep occur because the adsorbed water layers tend to becomes thinner between
gel particles transmitting compressive stress
 This change in thickness occurs rapidly at first, slowing down with time.
 With time, bonds form between the gel particles in their new position. if the load is
eventually removed, a portion of the strain is recovered elastically and other

portion by creep, but a residual strain remains (Figure in previous slide), due to the
bonding of the gel particles in the deformed position.
 Creep strain, which continue to increase over a period of two to five years, are on
the order of one to three times the instantaneous elastic strains
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 Creep
 Increased concrete compression strains due to creep will lead to an increase in
deflections with time, may lead to redistribution of stresses within cross sections,
and cause a decrease in prestressing forces
 For stresses less than 0.4fc’ creep is assumed to be linearly related to stress.
 Beyond this stress, creep strains increase more rapidly and may lead to failure of
the member at stresses greater 0.75fc’
 Similarly, creep increases significantly at mean temperature in excess of 90oF

 Creep
 The amount of creep that the concrete undergoes is dependent upon
1. The magnitude of the sustained loading
2. The age and strength of the concrete when the stress is applied, and
3. The total amount of time that the concrete is stressed
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 Micro Cracking
 Micro cracks are internal cracks 1/8 to1/2 in length. Micro cracks that occur along
the interface between paste and aggregate are called bond cracks
 Those that cross the mortar between pieces of aggregate are known a mortar
cracks

 Various stages in development of micro cracks
 When concrete is subjected to stresses greater than 30 to 40 percent of its
compressive strength, the stresses on the inclined surfaces of the aggregate

particles will exceed the tensile and shear strength of the paste-aggregate
interfaces, and new cracks, known as bond cracks will develop.
 These cracks are stable; they propagate only if the load is increased. Once such a
crack has formed, however, any additional load that would have been transferred
across the cracked interface is redistributed to the remaining unbroken interfaces
and to the mortar.
 As the load is increased beyond 50 or 60 percent of ultimate, localized mortar
cracks develop between bond cracks
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 These cracks develop parallel to the compressive loading and care due to the
transverse tensile strains. During this stage there is stable crack propagation;
cracking increase with increasing load but does not increase under constant load
.the onset of this stage of loading is called the discontinuity limit
 At 75 to 80 percent of the ultimate load, the number of mortar cracks begin to
increase, and a continuous pattern of micro cracks begin to form.
 As a result, there are fewer undamaged portions to carry the load, and the stress
versus longitudinal-strain curve becomes even more markedly nonlinear. The

onset of this stage of cracking is called the critical stress.

 As the load exceeds 75 to 80 percent of the ultimate compressive strength, the
cracks and lateral strains increase rapidly, and the volumetric strain (relative
increase in volume),begin to increase.
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Special Types of Concrete
Assignment # 04
 Special Type of Concrete
 Non Destructive Testing of Concrete
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Thank You..
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12/26/2017

CE-106: Civil Engineering Materials & Concrete

1 By: Engr Asim Abbas

 Concrete Strength Development

 Properties of Harden Concrete

 Special Types of Concrete

2 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Concrete Strength Development

3 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Properties of Harden Concrete

 Compressive strength 2000-8000 psi

 Tensile strength 200-800 psi

4 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Properties of Harden Concrete

 Curing conditions, humidity

 W/C , (inversely related)

 Air content, (inversely related), short and long term

 Aggregate characteristics, roughness, grading.

 Cement type, composition, fineness, type I vs. type III

 Cement content (directly related)

 Strength porosity relationship

5 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Properties of Harden Concrete

 The strength of concrete is basically referred to compressive strength and it

depends upon three factors.

Properties of Harden Concrete

Properties of Harden Concrete

Properties of Harden Concrete

 a = one side of cube

9 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Properties of Harden Concrete

 Typical Fracture Patterns

10 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Properties of Harden Concrete

factors (environmental, curing condition).

maximum stress, reached at a strain

11 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Properties of Harden Concrete

 Density = 90 to 155 lb/ft3

12 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Properties of Harden Concrete

13 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Properties of Harden Concrete

 Difficult to measure and is not usually done.

 Splitting Tensile Strength:

a line load (uniform) along the length of the specimen.(10% of compressive

14 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Properties of Harden Concrete

 Splitting Tensile Strength:

15 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Properties of Harden Concrete

 The strength of concrete in a structure (in-place strength)

is frequently measured on cores drilled from the structure

core test is to asses whether concrete in a new structure

shipping to the testing lab by wrapping them in watertight

16 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Properties of Harden Concrete

stresses, cracking or deflections that affect the in-service behavior of reinforced

3. Thermal expansion or contraction

17 By: Engr Asim Abbas

Properties of Harden Concrete

under constant temperature. The amount of shrinkage increase with time, as

18 By: Engr Asim Abbas