MATH 101 - Functions: S Sial

Outline Differential calculus Sets Examples and simple properties Notations and definitions Functions New functions from
old
MATH 101 - Functions
S Sial
Dept of Mathematics
LUMS
June 2019
Outline Differential calculus Sets Examples and simple properties Notations and definitions Functions New functions from old
Outline
Differential calculus
Sets
Examples and simple properties
Notations and definitions
Functions
New functions from old
Inverses of functions
Differential calculus
Language for talking about change
Want a calculus for calculations
Need to be precise about functions first
So we need to talk about sets

Sets
Definition? Don’t define, base/primitive notion
Intuitively a collection of elements

Example
One example of a set is
S = {♥, ♦, banana}
S defined by listing its elements

Order
Order does not matter
{♦, 1, banana} = {1, ♦, banana}

Example
S is set of all students registered in MATH 101 this semester.
Defined by giving a property common to all elements of the set

Well-defined
If you use a property to defined a set, the set must be

well-defined
Eg - Set of all good Bollywood movies

Not a set for our purposes because we can’t determine whether or
not a particular Bollywood movie belongs to the set or not.
Sets of real numbers
Examples
{x ∈ R|x 2 > 5}
real numbers whose square is greater than 5.
(5, 7) = {x ∈ R|5 < x < 7}
[5, 7) = {x ∈ R|5 ≤ x < 7}
(5, 7] = {x ∈ R|5 < x ≤ 7}
[5, 7] = {x ∈ R|5 ≤ x ≤ 7}
Other important sets of numbers
Z, Z+
Notations
a is an element of A
a∈A
Empty set/null set is the set with no elements
{} = ∅
Cross product of sets A and B
Definition
A × B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A and b ∈ B}
Example
S = {♦, banana}
T = {1, 2}
S × T = {(♦, 1) , (♦, 2) , (banana, 1) , (banana, 2)}

Subsets
Set A is a subset of a set B if every element of A is in B
Notation: A ⊂ B
Examples
∅ ⊂ A
A ⊂ A
{♦} ⊂ {♦, banana}
Q ⊂ R
Functions
Functions
Definition of a function - Dirichlet
Definition - Dirichlet
If A and B are sets then a function f : A → B is a subset of A × B
such that no two ordered pairs in f have the same first element
and a different second element.
Example
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {∇, 4}
f = {(1, ∇), (2, ∇), (3, ∇)} ⊂ A × B

is a function from A to B and
g = {(1, ∇), (1, 4)} ⊂ A × B

is not a function from A to B.
Function notation
If (x, y ) is an element of a function f often write
y = f (x)
Domain and range of a function
Domain of f : A → B
A = Set of all first elements of the ordered pairs of a function f .
Codomain of f : A → B
B.
Range of f : A → B
Set of all second elements of the ordered pairs of a function
f : A → B.
Example
Consider f : R → R defined by
f (x) = x 2
Domain is R
Codomain is R
Range is [0, ∞)
Injective/one-to-one functions
Definition
If f is a function such that for p and q in its domain
f (p) = f (q) ⇒ p = q
then f is said to be injective or one-to-one.
Example
Why is f not 1-1?
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {∇, 4, banana}
f = {(1, ∇), (2, ∇), (3, ∇)} ⊂ A × B

Exercise
Comment on the injectivity of f and g
f (x) = x 2 , x ∈ (0, 1)
g (x) = x 2 , x ∈ (−1, 1)
Surjective/onto functions
f : A → B is said to be onto B if its range is all of B
That is, for every b ∈ B there is an a ∈ A such that f (a) = b

Example
Consider sets ...
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {∇, 4}
And the function ..
f = {(1, ∇), (2, 4), (3, 4)} ⊂ A × B

Example
Consider f : R → R defined by
f (x) = x 2 for all real numbers x
Is f onto R?
Sum of real-valued functions
Suppose f : A ⊂ R → B ⊂ R and g : A → B are real-valued

functions
(f + g )(a) ≡ f (a) + g (a)

for all a in A.
Difference of real-valued functions
f − g defined by
(f − g )(a) ≡ f (a) − g (a)

Product of real-valued functions
fg defined by
(fg )(a) ≡ f (a) · g (a)

for all a in A.
Scalar multiples of real value functions
If c ∈ R and f : A → B is a real-valued function then define

function cf by
(cf )(a) ≡ c · f (a), for all a in A

Quotient of functions
f /g defined by
(f /g )(a) ≡ f (a)/g (a), for all a in A, except if g (a) = 0

Composition of functions
Suppose f : A → B and g : B → C
Define function g ◦ f : A → C by
(g ◦ f )(a) ≡ g (f (a)), for all a in A

Definition of inverse
Suppose f : A → B and g : B → A such that
(g ◦ f )(a) = a for all a ∈ A

and
(f ◦ g )(b) = b for all b ∈ B
Then we call g the inverse of f and say that f is invertible

This requires that f be 1-1 and onto B.
Notation
Sometimes use f −1 for the inverse of f if it exists.
Example
Exercise
Consider f : R → R defined by f (x) = x 2 for all real numbers x.
Why is f not invertible?
Exercise
Consider f : (−∞, 0) → (−∞, 0) defined by f (x) = x 3 all real
numbers x in (−∞, 0). Why is f invertible? What is its inverse?

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Outline Differential calculus Sets Examples and simple properties Notations and definitions Functions New functions from

MATH 101 - Functions

Examples and simple properties

Notations and definitions

New functions from old

Language for talking about change

Want a calculus for calculations

Need to be precise about functions first

So we need to talk about sets

Definition? Don’t define, base/primitive notion

Intuitively a collection of elements

One example of a set is

S defined by listing its elements

Order does not matter

{♦, 1, banana} = {1, ♦, banana}

S is set of all students registered in MATH 101 this semester.

Defined by giving a property common to all elements of the set

If you use a property to defined a set, the set must be

Eg - Set of all good Bollywood movies

Sets of real numbers

(5, 7) = {x ∈ R|5 < x < 7}

[5, 7) = {x ∈ R|5 ≤ x < 7}

(5, 7] = {x ∈ R|5 < x ≤ 7}

Other important sets of numbers

Empty set/null set is the set with no elements

Cross product of sets A and B

S × T = {(♦, 1) , (♦, 2) , (banana, 1) , (banana, 2)}

Set A is a subset of a set B if every element of A is in B

Definition of a function - Dirichlet

f = {(1, ∇), (2, ∇), (3, ∇)} ⊂ A × B

g = {(1, ∇), (1, 4)} ⊂ A × B

If (x, y ) is an element of a function f often write

Domain and range of a function

Why is f not 1-1?

f = {(1, ∇), (2, ∇), (3, ∇)} ⊂ A × B

Comment on the injectivity of f and g

f : A → B is said to be onto B if its range is all of B

That is, for every b ∈ B there is an a ∈ A such that f (a) = b

Consider sets ...

And the function ..

f = {(1, ∇), (2, 4), (3, 4)} ⊂ A × B

f (x) = x 2 for all real numbers x

Sum of real-valued functions

Suppose f : A ⊂ R → B ⊂ R and g : A → B are real-valued

(f + g )(a) ≡ f (a) + g (a)

Difference of real-valued functions

(f − g )(a) ≡ f (a) − g (a)

Product of real-valued functions

(fg )(a) ≡ f (a) · g (a)

Scalar multiples of real value functions

If c ∈ R and f : A → B is a real-valued function then define

(cf )(a) ≡ c · f (a), for all a in A

(f /g )(a) ≡ f (a)/g (a), for all a in A, except if g (a) = 0

(g ◦ f )(a) ≡ g (f (a)), for all a in A

Suppose f : A → B and g : B → A such that

(g ◦ f )(a) = a for all a ∈ A

(f ◦ g )(b) = b for all b ∈ B

Then we call g the inverse of f and say that f is invertible

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