GL 4101 Migas Non-Konvensional dan

Energi Terbarukan
Shale Gas 2
Semester 1 2020/2021
Safety induction
• In case of fire, don’t panic, please beware
of your steps, get down through the
emergency exit (stair & handrail), go to
the assembly points.

• In case of earthquake, don’t panic, don’t

run, stay next to the triangle concrete or
massive things, cover you head!

• Mind your steps!

 Stress Fields/Fracturing

• Hydraulic fractures develop ⊥ to s3

• In simple stress regimes, orientations are usually quite consistent with depth
• In complex regimes, things may change!
–Proximal to strong thrust zones
–Near flanks of fault structures, salt domes
–In listric fault regimes
–In basins that have been buried, then eroded
• Careful deconvolution of the geological history can help assess fracture response in
advance of the fracture treatment
Range of Stress Magnitudes at Depth
Typical Stress Conditions

stress (or pressure) stress (or pressure)

vertical stress. sv
vertical stress, sv
horizontal stress. sh
horizontal stress, sh
pore pressure, po
pore pressure, po

strongly
overpressured
region at depth

mild
4 km 4 km
overpressure
depth depth
a. Gulf Coast of USA b. Western Alberta, 100 km from Rockies
Stress Reversion at Depth

stress (or pressure)

vertical stress, sv
horizontal stress, sh
pore pressure, po

Note that shmin can become > sv

4 km
depth Region of strong
overpressure

Higher k rocks Stresses “revert” to

Z (fractured shales) more ordinary state
Porosity vs Depth & Overpressure
 HOMEWORK I
• Making Overburden Stress from Density Log
• Making Pore Pressure from Sonic Log
• Identified Pressure charachteristic

Overburden Stress

Pore Pressure Eaton

SHALE GAS II

• Geomechanics in Fractures Model

• Evironmental Effect of Shale Gas

Slipping Faults
DFN
DFN
Geomechanically Constrains DFN Model
Geomechanically Constrains DFN Model
Hydraulic Fracturing
at every perforation
Concentrate Stimulation in
Pre Existing Faults
Shale Gas Pros and Cons
 Enviromental Isuues

• Surface Contamination
• Impacts on Residents and Land Use
• Air Pollution
• Hydraulic Fracturing Affects Well Water
• Utilization of insufficient Water Supplies
• Methane Leakage from Wells
• Earthquake Trigerring Associated with Injection of Flow Back Water
Summary
Hydraulic Fracturing in Barnett Shale