‫الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية‬

People's Democratic Republic Of Algeria.

Ministry of Higher Education ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

and Scientific Research
‫ بشــار‬،‫جامـــعة طاهري محمد‬
Tahri Mohamed University Béchar
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
‫كلية الهندسـة الكهربــائيــة‬
Department of Electronics

End Of Study Dissertation

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to obtain a Licence Degree.
Field: Sciences and Technology
Faculty: Electrical Engineering.
Specialty: Electronics.

Titled

Fire and Dangerous Gas

embedded detection system (FGDS)

 Submitted by :

- CHAFI Abdel Fettah. - MOSTEFA Riadh Abdelmoujib. - BOUZIANE Anis.

 Supervised by :

- DR. REBHI Mohamed.

 Année Universitaire : 2019/2020

 Acknowledgements

All the praises and thanks go to ALLAH our creator and our master, who keeps

giving us the strength and patience to carry on during these long years of study.

We would like to Thank our supervisor, Mr. Rebhi Mohemmed, for providing us

with guidance in this work. Thanks also to our teachers of the electronics

department of Tahri Mohammed’s University. And the members of the jury of

our work. And finally, we would also love to thank our beloved mothers

especially and our families secondly who have always been there for us, and kept

on supporting and encouraging us during our realization of this dissertation.

Thanks to ALLAH. Thanks to all.

ALHAMDULILLAH.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Acknnowledgments………………………………………………………….II
Table of contents……………………………………………………………..III
List of figures………………………………………...………………………IV
General Introduction…………………………………………………………5
CHAPTER I:The Motivation for an embedded fire and gas detection system
(FGDS)
I.a) Carbon monoxide asphyxia in Algeria…………………………………...7
I.a.1) Introduction………………………………………………………….....7
I.a.2) The effect of concentration of CO gas on the person…………………..8
I.b) Fires in Algeria…………………………………………………………...9
I.c) Embedded systems……………………………………………………….9
I.c.1) Introduction…………………………………………………………….9
I.c.2) Definition of an Embedde system……………………………………...9
I.c.3) Characteristics of an Embedded System……………………………….10
I.d) Summary………………………………………………………………….12
CHAPTER II-Organs Implemented.
II.a) Control circuit: Arduino………………………………………………….14
II.a.1) Introduction…………………………………………………………….14
II.a.2) General presentation of Arduino……………………………………….14
II.a.3) What's on the board…………………………………………………….15
II.a.3.1) Power (USB / Barrel Jack)…………………………………………...15
II.a.3.2) Pins…………………………………………………………………...16
II.a.3.3) Reset Button………………………………………………………….16
II.a.3.4) Power LED Indicator………………………………………………...16
II.a.3.5) TX RX LEDs………………………………………………………...16
II.a.3.6) Main IC……………………………………………………………....16
II.a.3.7) Voltage Regulator……………………………….……………………17
II.b) Measuring circuit: Gas and smoke sensor (MQ2)……………………… 17
II.b.1) General presentation…………………………………………………...17
MQ-2 Specifications…………………………………………………………..18
MQ-2 Features…………………………………… …………………………18
II.c) summary………………………………………………………………….18
CHAPTER II-Organs Implemented.
III.a) Connecting MQ2 Gas Sensor Module to Arduino UNO……………..…20
III.b) Initializing Programme……… …………………………………….…..21
III.c)-CONCLUSION……………… ………………………………….....….21
EPILOGUE 23
Final Abstract……………………………………………………..……..….…24
REFERENCES……………………………………………………….…...…...25
 List of Figures

Figure I.1: Typical Embedded system

Figure II.1: an Arduino Uno

Figure II.2: Arduino uno board components

Figure II.3: MQ-2 Gas and Smoke Sensor

Figure II.4: The effect of smoke on the MQ-2 Sensor

Figure II.5: MQ-2 Sensor connected to an Arduino Uno.

List of Tables

Tab I.1 the concentration effect of CO gas

Tab II.1 Arduino Uno and MQ-2 Set-up
 General Introduction

General Introduction :
- Security measure are essential for Human safety and play an important role in
today's world and it is necessary that effective security systems are installed in
domestic environments, industrial and educational establishments. they aim to
eliminate and reduce of hazards to the health of the people and tampering of equipment
and the environment.

- In recent years, alarming figures have been recorded in Algeria on the

phenomenon of death by asphyxiation by dangerous gases. Hundreds of citizens find
death from carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, especially when approaching each
winter season. Several reasons are at the origin of this catastrophe, of which one can
quote: poor ventilation, counterfeiting, poor installation and non-compliance with
standards maintenance. Added to this risk is the risk of leaking flammable natural gas.
methane CH4, which presents risks of explosion that put people and buildings in
danger.Also in our modern life, fire protection has become a top concern, because there
are always fire hazards around us that can cause a great loss of property and human
life. Therefore, having a fire alarm system plays an important role, which help prevent
and handle in time the fire when it occurrs. Fire detection and alarm systems (FDAS)
are all structured and introduced with the same fundamental target in mind: to discover
a fire; effective alarm and provide information to the inhabitants; warn and give
information to first responders. How these objectives are satisfied is depend on the
particular situations – and also, the standard of the area of the world under
consideration.

- Thanks to the development of technology, we can combat these risks. In order to do

so

This document will be structured around Three chapters:

In the first chapter: a general description of the embedded systems and some statistics
on carbon monoxide asphyxia in Algeria will be exposed.
The second chapter: will be devoted to an in-depth study on the main organs used for
the implementation of the studied application. For the control-command part, the
Arduino microcontroller boards will be studied where a basic model which is Arduino
UNO will be detailed: its construction, its programming environment and its principle
of fonctioning, to simplify its use. Also the study of the MQ2 sensor for the acquisition
part with presentation of the technical characteristics relating to the measurement
ranges
The third chapter: will represent the connection of the MQ2 Gas sensor to the Arduino
Uno and we will present the initializing programme of the application.
Finally, we will end with a general conclusion which will summarize the interest of our
study, and various remarks and results obtained.

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 CHAPTER I
The Motivation for an embedded
fire and gas detection system
(FGDS)

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Chapter I The Motivation for an embedded
FGDS

I. a) Carbon monoxide asphyxia in Algeria :

I. a.1) Introduction:
The phenomenon of death by gas inhalation or the silent killer as they call it has reached
alarming proportions in Algeria. Hundreds of citizens die as winter approaches by carbon
monoxide (CO) poisoning.
For example, 145 people have been victims of asphyxiation in 2019 which marks a 40%
increase in comparison of the previous year 2018. There’s no year passing without this
danger taking with it whole families across the different regions of the country. Invisible
and odorless, this suffocating and undetectable gas surprises its victims especially in their
sleep at night. it displaces oxygen in the blood and deprives the heart, brain and other vital
organs of oxygen. Large amounts of CO can overcome you in minutes without warning —
causing you to lose consciousness and suffocate. and cause death in less than an hour.
Even conscious, most people are unable to respond. Statistics show that the appearance of
0.1% CO in air kills in 1 hour, 1% in 15 minutes and 10% immediately. This shows the
extent of the danger posed by this gas when it is released into the air. Some major reasons
are at the origin of the cases of suffocation by the carbon dioxide. Mention is made of the
obsolescence and defectiveness of the heating equipment. The failure ventilation and
ventilation inside dwellings also causes human damage and materials among the tenants.
When carbon monoxide is not released in time to outside the house, it will take the place
of oxygen, at that time, the irreparable will occurs! Also it must be added the
counterfeiting which targets heating equipment used. These do not meet the required
safety standards. They are sold at low prices but their quality is not guaranteed. Faced
with such a situation, several awareness campaigns across the different wilayas have been
launched. The objective is to give prevention advice to citizens that will allow him to
better protect himself from the CO poisoning risks, if the latter do not exercise caution and
do not respect the safety instructions. Carbon monoxide is the result of poor combustion
regardless of the source of energy used in particular butane, gasoline, coal, natural gas,
petroleum, propane ... "Its density is close to air. It therefore spreads very quickly in the
environment ”.

There are two types of poisoning. One is weak, called "chronic", manifested through
headache, nausea, mental confusion, fatigue. It is slow and its symptoms may not appear
immediately. The other is sharp, fast and causes dizziness, loss of consciousness, muscle
impotence, behavior disorders and even coma or death.

We can also add to the risk of carbon monoxide CO, the risk linked to gas leaks natural,
methane CH4 which powers our domestic installations. The leak of this gas and its
flammable in nature, presents a major danger to people and buildings, where several
Page | 7
Chapter I The Motivation for an embedded
FGDS

explosions recorded following a spark after the lighting was switched on presence of a
significant methane leak with a lack of ventilation. From all of the above, we draw the
interest of a low cost embedded system for detection, measuring and warning of these
dangerous gases in advance, and before the disaster strikes happen.

I. a.2) The effect of concentration of CO gas on the person:

The usual CO level in ambient air is around 0.2 ppm (particle per million).
The World Health Organization has defined, for the whole population, including
pregnant women and the elderly with heart or respiratory conditions (known or not),
reference values considered as harmless according to the duration of the exhibition:
 10 mg / m3
(10 ppm) for 8 hours.
 30 mg / m3
(25ppm) for 1 hour.
 60 mg / m3
(50ppm) for 30 min.
 100 mg / m3
(90ppm) for 15 min.
The severity of poisoning is a function of the concentration of CO in the air and the
duration of the exhibition:
Tab
I.1 the

concentration effect of CO gas

Labor regulations usually define maximum concentration values

workers can be exposed to without risk. They are only valid in Workplace.

8 | Page
Chapter I The Motivation for an embedded
FGDS

Keep in mind that a tolerable amount of CO for a worker

in good health can already represent a certain danger for an elderly person or for a
child.
I. b) Fires in Algeria :

- In recent years according to civil protection a Disturbing increase in indoors

fires has been registered. More than 72% of reported fires occurred in indoor
national establishments and industrial companies. And 32% fire deaths and 67% of
all reported injuries were caused by indoor fires. In 2019, 1631 indoor fires
occurred in the first six months only. These fires causes are: cooking, heating,
electrical distribution and lighting equipment, intentional fire setting, and smoking
materials.

Over the four year period from 2016 to 2017 as a whole, Power blast and meters
explosion were the leading cause of indoor fires and indoor fire injuries, also
cooking was one of the leading causes of home fires.

I. c) Embedded systems:

I. c.1) Introduction:

- Nowadays, embedded systems surround us and we are literally invaded by

them.

You just have to look around you every day to realize it. We withdraw money from
ATMs, it’s an embedded system. You drive a car, the speed regulator, the electric
power steering, the trajectory control system they are all embedded systems. The
autopilot in an airplane is an embedded system, and the examples do not end.
In various fields, in recent years, technological progress has made many functions
that are performed manually, mechanically and hydraulically all dematerialized in
favor of electronics and embedded computing. A considerable comfort that’s
becoming more and more difficult to give up. Electronic systems became necessary
in our day and age they are more and more present in our everyday life. Computers
and microcomputers are well-known electronic systems. But electronics are now
found in many common objects: telephones, electronic diaries, cars.

It is these electronic systems that are buried in in the devices and objects we use
daily that are called embedded systems. Embedded systems to function involve
different technologies, in addition to including a software part and a hardware part.

I. c.2) Definition of an Embedde system:

9 | Page
Chapter I The Motivation for an embedded
FGDS

- An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software

designed for a specific function or functions within a larger system. The systems
can be programmable or with fixed functionality.

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Chapter I The Motivation for an embedded
FGDS

I. c.3) Characteristics of an Embedded System:

The system should have the following characteristics:

Single-functioned

− An embedded system usually performs a specialized operation and does the same
repeatedly. For example: A pager always functions as a pager.

Tightly constrained

− All computing systems have constraints on design metrics, but those on an

embedded system can be especially tight. Design metrics is a measure of an
implementation's features such as its cost, size, power, and performance. It must be

P a g e | 11
Chapter I The Motivation for an embedded
FGDS
of a size to fit on a single chip, must perform fast enough to process data in real
time and consume minimum power to extend battery life.

Reactive and Real time

− Many embedded systems must continually react to changes in the system's

environment and must compute certain results in real time without any delay.

Consider an example of a car cruise controller; it continually monitors and reacts to

speed and brake sensors. It must compute acceleration or de-accelerations
repeatedly within a limited time; a delayed computation can result in failure to
control of the car.

Processors in Embedded Systems

We may characterize Embedded System based on the processor. The embedded

systems is of two types using microprocessor or microcontroller.

 Processor-Based Embedded Systems

 Microcontroller Based Embedded Systems
The selection of processor or microcontroller is based on different factors like:
 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit Architecture
 Amount of RAM and ROM
 Number of I/O pins
 Speed
 Packaging
 Cost
 Performance
 On-Chip Features
 Size

Ready-Made Boards

We know that embedded system is using the microcontroller or microprocessor as a

processing unit. For a particular application, we need to go through the different
design cycles to complete the embedded board for a particular application. And it
needs some expert to carry all the technical task.

P a g e | 12
Chapter I The Motivation for an embedded
FGDS

But now, there are different embedded boards are available from simple to
advanced level. According to the application need and complexity, we may use
these board and reduce the development time. boards like:

 Arduino Board
 Raspberry Pie
 Banana Pi
 Intel Galileo
 Beaglebone

Memory

− It must have a memory, as its software usually embeds in ROM. It does not need
any secondary memories in the computer

Connected

− It must have connected peripherals to connect input and output devices.

13 | P a g e
HW-SW systems

− Software is used for more features and flexibility. Hardware is used for
performance and security.

Figure I.1 Typical Embedded system

 I. d) Summary:

In this chapter, we presented The problem of Carbon Monoxide Asphyxias and

Indoor Fires in Algeria, and The effect of concentration of CO gas on the person.
Also a reminder on embedded systems and their characteristic.
CHAPTER II -Organs Implemented
Description.

CHAPTER II
-Organs Implemented
Description.
CHAPTER II -Organs Implemented
Description.
II.a) Control circuit: Arduino

II.a.1) Introduction

Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects.

Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to
as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) that runs on computers, used to write and upload computer code to
the physical board.

The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out
with electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable
circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate piece of hardware (called a
programmer) in order to load new code onto the board you can simply use a USB
cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it
easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that
breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.

Figure II.1 This is an Arduino Uno

CHAPTER II -Organs Implemented Description.

II.a.2) General presentation of Arduino

The Arduino hardware and software was designed for artists, designers,
hobbyists and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.
Arduino can interact with buttons, LEDs, motors, speakers, GPS units, cameras,
the internet, and smart-phones or TVs. This flexibility combined with the fact that
the Arduino software is free, the hardware boards are pretty cheap, and both the
software and hardware are easy to learn has led to a large community of users who
have contributed code and released instructions for a huge variety of Arduino-
based projects.

For everything from robots and a heating pad hand warming blanket to honest
fortune-telling machines, and even a Dungeons and Dragons dice-throwing
gauntlet, the Arduino can be used as the brains behind almost any electronics
project.

II.a.3) What's on the board

There are many varieties of Arduino boards that can be used for different
purposes. Some boards look a bit different from the one below, but most Arduinos
have the majority of these components in common:

Figure II.2: Arduino uno board components

II.a.3.1) Power (USB / Barrel Jack)

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source

CHAPTER II -Organs Implemented Description.

USB (1): UNO can be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer. The
USB connection is also how you will load code onto your Arduino board.

Barrel jack (2): wall power supply.

II.a.3.2) Pins

 GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’, can be used to ground your circuit.

 5V (4) & 3.3V (5): The 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the 3.3V pin
supplies 3.3 volts of power.

 Analog (6): These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor and convert it
into a digital value that we can read.

 Digital (7): These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is
pushed) and digital output (like powering an LED).

 PWM (8): These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for
something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM).

 AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes used to set an external
reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input
pins.
 II.a.3.3) Reset Button

The Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it will temporarily connect the reset
pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the Arduino.

 II.a.3.4) Power LED Indicator

This LED should light up whenever you plug your Arduino into a power source,
there’s a tiny LED next to the word ‘ON’ (11).

 II.a.3.5) TX RX LEDs

TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These LEDs will give us some
nice visual indications whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data.
TX and RX indicator LEDs (12).

 II.a.3.6) Main IC

Integrated Circuit (13). Think of it as the brains of our Arduino.

 II.a.3.7) Voltage Regulator

The voltage regulator (14), it controls the amount of voltage that is let into the
Arduino board.

II.b) Measuring circuit: Gas and smoke sensor (MQ2)

II.b.1) General presentation

A gas sensor is a device which detects the presence or concentration of gases in

the atmosphere and LPG –). It has higher sensitivity to natural gas, natural gas
and city gas. Based on the concentration of the gas the sensor produces a
corresponding potential difference by changing the resistance of the material
inside the sensor, which can be measured as output voltage. Based on this voltage
value the type and concentration of the gas can be estimated.
  Figure II.3: MQ-2 Gas and Smoke Sensor

MQ2 is one of the commonly used gas sensors in MQ sensor series. It is a Metal
Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) type Gas Sensor also known as Chemiresistors as the
detection is based upon change of resistance of the sensing material when the Gas
comes in contact with the material. Using a simple voltage divider network,
concentrations of gas can be detected. MQ2 Gas sensor works on 5V DC and
draws around 800mW. It can detect LPG, Smoke, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen,
Methane and Carbon Monoxide concentrations anywhere from 200 to 10000ppm.
 Figure II.4: The effect of smoke on the MQ-2 Sensor
MQ-2 Specifications

- Dimensions: 35 mm x 22 mm x 23 mm (length x width x height)

- Main chip: LM393, ZYMQ-2 gas sensor
- Working voltage: DC 5V
-
MQ-2 Features

- With signal output command.

- Dual signal output (analog output and high/low digital output).
- 0~4.2V analog output voltage, the higher the concentration, the higher the voltage.
- It has higher sensitivity to natural gas, natural gas and city gas.
- Long service life, stable and reliable.
- Fast response and recovery features.

II.c) summary: we explained the main job of the Arduino Uno and its
characteristics, We explained Also the job of the Gas and smoke sensor (MQ2) and
how it works, and we have presented the characteristics of the MQ2 sensor that
detect several types of gasses.
CHAPTER III -Connecting the MQ2 gas sensor, and initialization

CHAPTER III
Connecting MQ2 Gas Sensor
Module to Arduino UNO, and
initializing.
CHAPTER III -Connecting the MQ2 gas sensor, and initialization

III.a) Connecting MQ2 Gas Sensor Module to Arduino UNO and initialzing
programme:

Connecting the MQ2 Gas sensor module to the Arduino is an easy task. We start by
placing the sensor on to our breadboard. Connect VCC pin to the 5V pin on the
Arduino and connect GND pin to the Ground pin on the Arduino.

We connect D0 output pin on the module to Digital pin#8 on the Arduino and A0
output pin own the module to Analog pin#0 on the Arduino.

Figure II.5: MQ-2 Sensor connected to an Arduino Uno.

Arduino MQ2

A0 A0

5V VCC

GND GND
Tab II.1 Arduino Uno and MQ-2 Sensor Set-up
CHAPTER III -Connecting the MQ2 gas sensor, and initialization
III.b) Initializing Programme:

#include <MQ2.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
//I2C pins declaration
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 2, 1, 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, POSITIVE);
int Analog_Input = A0;
int lpg, co, smoke;

MQ2 mq2(Analog_Input);

void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);//Defining 16 columns and 2 rows of lcd display
lcd.backlight();
mq2.begin();
}
void loop(){
float* values= mq2.read(true); //set it false if you don't want to print the values in
the Serial
//lpg = values[0];
lpg = mq2.readLPG();
//co = values[1];
co = mq2.readCO();
//smoke = values[2];
smoke = mq2.readSmoke();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("LPG:");
lcd.print(lpg);
lcd.print(" CO:");
lcd.print(co);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("SMOKE:");
CHAPTER III -Connecting the MQ2 gas sensor, and initialization

lcd.print(smoke);
lcd.print(" PPM");
delay(1000);
}

III.c)- CONCLUSION

- Firstly, we have presented in this chapter how the MQ2 gas sensor is
connected to the Arduino Uno and its Set-Up.

- Secondly, we have presented the initializing programme of the application that

will allow us to start using the MQ2 gas sensor with the Arduino Uno.
Epilogue

EPILOGUE
Epilogue

Epilogue:

Based on our researches:

-The gas detector is effective in detecting the abnormal presence of flammable

hydrocarbon gases and smoke in an enclosed area with its corresponding
concentration. Now we can be aware of all dangers that can be caused by gas
leakage that may lead to catching fire

-The gas sensors can be implemented for detecting various gases either in
domestic area such as places of educational institutions, residential and industrial
areas which avoids endangering of human lives. This system provides quick
response rate and the diffusion of the critical situation can be made faster than the
manual methods.

FINAL ABSTRACT

Our graduation project focused on developing a dangerous gases and fire

detection system.Using a MQ-2 Sensor and Arduino uno. The main goal is to
detect certain gases and to monitor real-rime risk in our homes, schools,
workplaces etc… and alerting the people in those place so that they can react
quickly and appropiately in case of gas leakage or fire.
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2020,2019,2018,2017,2016,2015,2014,2013

 A Practical Guide to Fire Alarm Systems 2011 Third Edition .

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 Selvapriya, Sathya Prabha, Abdulrahim , Aarthi K“LPG Leakage Monitoring and Multilevel
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 Raj Kamal, “Embedded System Architecture Programming and Design”

 K. Katole, S. N. Tamgade, P. Morey Design and Implementation of Hazardous Gas Leakage

Detection system for industrial area

 B. Palaniappan Published 2012 Computer Science International Journal of Distributed and

Parallel systems “Embedded system for Hazardous Gas detection and Alerting”

 WIKIPEDIA (2020) [Online] Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety

 WIKIPEDIA (2020) [Online] Available from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system

 WIKIPEDIA (2020) [Online] Available from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxiant_gas
Internet Websites :

- https://www.arduino.cc/
- https://maker.pro/
- http://www.protectioncivile.dz/
- https://www.ennaharonline.com/
- https://www.echoroukonline.com/
- https://www.elwatan.com/
- https://lastminuteengineers.com/
- https://www.instructables.com/
- http://www.theorycircuit.com/
- https://www.projectsof8051.com/
- https://projetsdiy.fr/

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