Review Session4 Stability of Gravity Dams With Corrections PDF

A DAM is a barrier that
stops or restricts the

flow of water or
underground streams.
Stability of Gravity Dams

REVIEW IN HYDRAULICS A reservoir is, most
commonly, an enlarged
natural or artificial lake,
Engr. SiddArtha Valle | AY 2020-21 1st Sem GRANDE DIXENCE DAM, switzerland
pond, or impoundment
: a concrete gravity dam on the Dixence at the head
created using a dam or
of the Val d'Hérémence in the canton of Valais. At
lock to store water. 285 m high, it is the tallest gravity dam in the world,
Review in Hydraulics: Stability of Gravity Dams | Engr. S. Valle
HOOVER DAM, u.s.a. DANIEL-JOHNSON DAM, canada

: a concrete arch-gravity dam in the : a multiple-arch buttress dam on
Black Canyon of the Colorado the Manicouagan River. It the
River, which impounds Lake Mead, largest buttress dam at 214 m, and
the largest reservoir in the United is composed of 14 buttresses and
TYPE OF DAM: States by volume TYPE OF DAM: Designed to transfer water load 13 arches.
Designed to transfer water loads to
both downward and to the
the adjacent rock formation
buttresses
ARCH BUTTRESS
Constructed only in canyons with Buttresses are supports that transmit
DAM solid rock walls that are able to resist
the pressure of the dam
DAM the water force to a bedrock
foundation
Review in Hydraulics: Stability of Gravity Dams | Engr. S. Valle Review in Hydraulics: Stability of Gravity Dams | Engr. S. Valle
Weight of the Dam G
G = ɣdam Voldam
Friction f between the dam

and the foundation
THREE-GORGES DAM, china Hydrostatic Force F f = μN
: a hydroelectric gravity dam that
FH = ɣfluid ℏ A
spans the Yangtze River that has
been the world's largest power FV = ɣfluid Volabove
Hydrostatic Uplift U
station in terms of installed capacity → caused by seepage
TYPE OF DAM: Designed to transfer the entire (22,500 MW) since 2012 U = Area of the pressure diagram
water load downward
GRAVITY Stability of a Gravity Dam:
Utilizes its weight to resist the
DAM horizontal pressure of water pushing
against it
FORCES ACTING ON THE DAM
motion ΣFX = FH1 - FH2 - f = 0 ΣMtoe = R.M - O.M

FH1 - FH2 = f = 𝜇N
Let FH1 - FH2 = RH Overturning Moment (O.M):
G G * FH1
FV FV *U
ΣFY = N + U - G - FV = 0
FH1 FH1
G + FV - U = N Righting Moment (R.M):
FH2 Let N = RV FH2 *G
* FV
FH1 - FH2 = 𝜇N * FH2
f = ᘈN RH = 𝜇RV motion
RM
𝜇RV
FSoverturning= > 1.0
U FSsliding = > 1.0 U OM
RH
N
Stability of a Gravity Dam: Stability of a Gravity Dam:
FAILURE DUE TO SLIDING FAILURE DUE TO OVERTURNING

: occurs when there is an unbalanced horizontal force pushing the dam forwards : occurs when there is a residual couple toppling the dam forwards (pivot at the toe)
Location of Resultant
Eccentricity of x from cg at base:
of External Forces:
e = B/2 - x
RM - OM
G x= A gravity dam depends on its weight to oppose the horizontal
RV Distribution of Pressure if:
pressure of a fluid against it.
● ⅓B < x < ⅔B , or |e| ≤ B/6
FH1 R RV FV
The factor of safety against sliding and overturning must at least
FH2 RV 6e
𝜎= 1± be equal to 1 for a dam to be stable against these modes of
B B failure.
𝜎toe (+) ; 𝜎heel (-)
The factor of safety against sliding is 𝜇RV/RH.
● |e| > B/6,
U x 2RV The factor of safety against overturning is RM/OM
𝜎 max= ; 𝜎min = 0
B 3x
The pressure distribution at the base is the sum of the normal
Stability of a Gravity Dam: stress and the bending stress, and is estimated as
𝜎 = (RV/B) [1 ± (6e/B)] when |e| ≤ B/6
PRESSURE ON THE FOUNDATION 𝜎max = ⅔(Rv/x) and 𝜎min = 0 when |e| > B/6
Calculate the width of concrete dam that is necessary to prevent the Calculate the width of concrete dam that is necessary to prevent the
dam from sliding. The specific weight of the concrete is 150 lb/ft 3, and dam from sliding. The specific weight of the concrete is 150 lb/ft 3, and
EXAMPLE 1 the coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the EXAMPLE 1 the coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the
foundation is 0.42. Use 1.5 as the factor of safety (F.S) against sliding. foundation is 0.42. Use 1.5 as the factor of safety (F.S) against sliding.
Will it also be safe against overturning? w Will it also be safe against overturning? w
FORCES ACTING ON THE DAM:

*When the length of the dam perpendicular to the board is not provided G
in the problem, use 1 unit.
20 ft 20 ft
15 ft 15 ft
FH1 = ɣfluid ℏ A = ɣw [½(15 ft)] [15 ft)(1 ft)] = 7 020 lb
FH1
G = ɣdam Voldam = (150 lb/ft3) [(20 ft)(w)(1 ft)]
G = 3000w
Calculate the width of concrete dam that is necessary to prevent the Calculate the width of concrete dam that is necessary to prevent the
dam from sliding. The specific weight of the concrete is 150 lb/ft 3, and dam from sliding. The specific weight of the concrete is 150 lb/ft 3, and
EXAMPLE 1 the coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the EXAMPLE 1 the coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the
foundation is 0.42. Use 1.5 as the factor of safety (F.S) against sliding. foundation is 0.42. Use 1.5 as the factor of safety (F.S) against sliding.
Will it also be safe against overturning? w Will it also be safe against overturning? 8.35 ft
xG
STABILITY AGAINST SLIDING: STABILITY AGAINST OVERTURNING:
F.S.sliding = 𝜇RV / RH G F.S.overturning = RM / OM G
20 ft ℏ 20 ft
RV = N = G + FV - U = 3000w - 0 - 0 = 3000w RM = G (xG) = [(3000)(8.35)] [½(8.35)] = 104 762.76 lb ⅔h
15 ft 15 ft
RH = FH1 - FH2 = 7 020 lb - 0 = 7 020 lb OM = FH1 (⅓h) = (7 020 lb) [⅓(15 ft)] = 35 100 lb-ft e
FH1 ⅓h FH1
overturn
F.S.sliding = 𝜇RV / RH F.S.overturning = 104 762.76 lb / 35 100 lb
1.5 = [(0.42)(3000w)] / (7 020 lb) F.S.overturning = 2.98 > 1,
w = 8.36 ft ∴ The dam is safe against overturning.
If the specific weight of the concrete is 150 lb/ft 3, find the factor of If the specific weight of the concrete is 150 lb/ft 3, find the factor of
safety against sliding, the factor of safety against overturning, and the safety against sliding, the factor of safety against overturning, and the
EXAMPLE 2 pressure intensity on the base of the dam. Assume the foundation soil is EXAMPLE 2 pressure intensity on the base of the dam. Assume the foundation soil is
impermeable and that the coefficient of friction between dam and impermeable and that the coefficient of friction between dam and
foundation soil is 0.45. 10 ft foundation soil is 0.45. 10 ft
FV1
FORCES ACTING ON THE DAM:
FH1 = ɣfluid ℏ A = ɣw [½(42 ft)] [(42 ft)(1 ft)] = 55 036.80 lb G1
50 ft 50 ft
42 ft 42 ft G2 G3
For the base of FV1: b / 42 ft = 10ft / 50ft ; b = 8.4 ft
FV1 = ɣfluid Volabove = ɣw [½(42 ft)(8.4 ft)(1 ft)] = 11 007.36 lb FH1
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft G1 = ɣdam1 Voldam1 = (150 lb/ft3) [(50 ft)(10)(1 ft)] = 75 000 lb 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft
G2 = ɣdam2 Voldam2 = (150 lb/ft3) [½(50 ft)(10)(1 ft)] = 37 500

lb
From symmetry of the dam, G3 = G2 = 37 500 lb
Due to impermeable foundation, U = 0
FV1 FV1
STABILITY AGAINST SLIDING: STABILITY AGAINST OVERTURNING:
RV = G 1 + G 2 + G 3 + F V - U G1 RM = G1 (xG1) + G2 (xG2) + G3 (xG3) + FV1 (xV1) G1
RV = 75 kips + 37.5 kips + 37.5 kips + 11.01 kips - 0 = 50 ft RM = 75 kips [10 ft + ½(10 ft)] + 37.5 kips [20 ft + ⅓ (10 ft)] 50 ft
42 ft G2 G3 42 ft G2 G3
RV = 161.01 kips + 37.5 kips [⅔(10 ft)] + 11.01 kips [30 ft - ⅓(8.4 ft)]
FH1 RM = 2 549 kip-ft FH1

RH = FH1 - FH2 = 55.04 kips - 0 = 55.04 kips overturn
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft OM = FH1 (⅓h) = (55.04 kips) [⅓(42 ft)] = 770.52 kip-ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft
F.S.sliding = 𝜇RV / RH
F.S.sliding = [(0.45)(161.01 kips)] / (55.04 kips) F.S.overturning = 2 544 kip-ft / 770.52 kip-ft
F.S.sliding = 1.32 > 1, ∴ safe against sliding F.S.overturning = 3.31 > 1, ∴ safe against overturning
FV1 FV1
PRESSURE INTENSITY ON THE BASE: PRESSURE INTENSITY ON THE BASE:
x = (RM - OM) / RV G1 𝜎toe = (161.01 kips / 30 ft) {1 + [6(3.95 ft)/30 ft]} G1
x = (2 549 kip-ft - 770.52 kip-ft) / 161.01 kips 50 ft 𝜎toe = 9.61 kips/ft2 50 ft
42 ft G2 G3 42 ft G2 G3
x = 11.05 ft from the toe
FH1 𝜎heel = (161.01 kips / 30 ft) {1 - [6(3.95 ft)/30 ft]} FH1

e = B/2 - x = (30 ft / 2) - 11.01 ft 𝜎heel = 1.13 kips/ft2
R RV
e = 3.95 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft
x
B/6 = 30 ft / 6 = 5 ft
𝜎heel = 1.09 kips/ft2
∴ |e|< B/6, use 𝜎 = (RV/B) [1 ± (6e/B)] 𝜎toe = 9.65 kips/ft2
If the specific weight of the concrete is 23.5 kN/m3, find the factor of safety If the specific weight of the concrete is 23.5 kN/m3, find the factor of safety
against sliding and overturning, and the pressure intensity on the base of the against sliding and overturning, and the pressure intensity on the base of the
EXAMPLE 3 dam. Assume there is a hydrostatic uplift that varies uniformly from full EXAMPLE 3 dam. Assume there is a hydrostatic uplift that varies uniformly from full
hydrostatic head at the heel of the dam to zero at the toe and that the hydrostatic head at the heel of the dam to zero at the toe and that the
coefficient of friction between dam and foundation soil 0.45. coefficient of friction between dam and foundation soil 0.45.
3m 4m 3m 4m
3m 3m
FORCES ACTING ON THE DAM: G1
FH1 = ɣw [½(14 m)] [(14 m)(1 m)] = 961.38 kN FV1 G3
12 m FV1 = ɣw [(11 m)(3 m)(1 m)] = 323.73 kN 12 m
14 m 14 m
G2
G1 = (23.5 kN/m3) [(4 m)(15 m)(1 m)] = 1 410 kN FH1

3m 3m
G2 = (23.5 kN/m3) [(3 m)(15 m)(1 m)] = 1 057.5 kN
7m 8m 7m 8m
G2 = (23. 5 kN/m3) [½(12 m)(8 m)(1 m)] = 1 128 kN
3m 4m 3m 4m
3m 3m
FORCES ACTING ON THE DAM: G1 STABILITY AGAINST SLIDING: G1
For the distribution of the uplift force, find the FV1 RV = G 1 + G 2 + G 3 + F V - U FV1
G3 G3
pressure intensity at the base and at the toe: 12 m RV = 1410 kN + 1057.5 kN + 1128 kN + 323.73 kN 12 m
14 m 14 m
G2 G2
- 1030.05 kN
at the heel: “full hydrostatic head”, FH1 RV = 2889.18 kN FH1
3m 3m
pheel = ɣwhheel = ɣw(14 m) = 137.34 kN/m2
U 7m 8m U 7m 8m
at the toe: ptoe = 0 RH = FH1 - FH2 = 961.38 kN - 0 = 961.38 kN
Get the volume of the pressure diagram: F.S.sliding = 𝜇RV / RH = [(0.45)(2889.18 kN)] / (961.38 kN)
U = ½ (137.34 kN/m2) (15 m) = 1 030.05 kN F.S.sliding = 1.36 > 1, ∴ safe against sliding
3m 4m 3m 4m
STABILITY AGAINST OVERTURNING:
3m 3m
G1 PRESSURE INTENSITY ON THE BASE: G1
RM = G1 (xG1) + G2 (xG2) + G3 (xG3) + FV1 (xV1)
FV1 x = (RM - OM) / RV FV1
RM = 1410 kN [8 m + ½(4 m)] + 1057.5 kN [½(15 m) G3 G3
12 m x = (32 417.61 kN / 14 786.94 kN) / 2889.18 kN 12 m
+ 1128 kN [⅔(8 m)] + 323.73 kN [12 m + ½(3 m)] 14 m 14 m
G2 G2
x = 6.10 m from the toe
RM = 32 417.61 kN
FH1 FH1
3m 3m
OM = FH1 (⅓h) + U(⅔B) e = B/2 - x = (15 m / 2) - 6.10 m
U 7m 8m U 7m 8m
OM = 961.38 k [⅓(14 m)] + 1030.05 kN + [⅔(15 m)] e = 1.40 m
OM = 14 786.94 kN
B/6 = 15 m / 6 = 2.5 m
F.S.overturning = 32 417.61 kN / 14 786.94 kN
∴ |e|< B/6, use 𝜎 = (RV/B) [1 ± (6e/B)]
F.S.overturning = 2.19 > 1, ∴ safe against overturning
If the specific weight of the concrete is 23.5 kN/m3, find the factor of safety
Shown below is the cross section of an earthwork (s.g = 2.5) dam. Assuming
against sliding and overturning, and the pressure intensity on the base of the
that hydrostatic uplift varies linearly from one-half the hydrostatic head at
EXAMPLE 3 dam. Assume there is a hydrostatic uplift that varies uniformly from full EXAMPLE 4 the upstream edge of the dam to zero at the downstream edge, find the
hydrostatic head at the heel of the dam to zero at the toe and that the
maximum and minimum pressure intensity in the base of the dam.
coefficient of friction between dam and foundation soil 0.45.
3m 4m 10 ft 60 ft
3m
PRESSURE INTENSITY ON THE BASE: G1 30 ft
𝜎toe = (2889.18 kN / 15 m) {1 + [6(1.40 m)/15 m]} FV1 G3

𝜎toe = 300.30 kPa 12 m 97 ft
14 m
G2 90 ft
𝜎heel = (2889.18 kN / 15 m) {1 - [6(1.40 m)/15 m]} FH1

3m
𝜎heel = 84.93 kPa
R RV U 7m 8m
x
𝜎heel = 84.93 kPa
𝜎toe = 300.30 kPa
Shown below is the cross section of an earthwork (s.g = 2.5) dam. Assuming Shown below is the cross section of an earthwork (s.g = 2.5) dam. Assuming
that hydrostatic uplift varies linearly from one-half the hydrostatic head at that hydrostatic uplift varies linearly from one-half the hydrostatic head at
EXAMPLE 4 the upstream edge of the dam to zero at the downstream edge, find the EXAMPLE 4 the upstream edge of the dam to zero at the downstream edge, find the
maximum and minimum pressure intensity in the base of the dam. maximum and minimum pressure intensity in the base of the dam.
10 ft 60 ft 10 ft 60 ft
FORCES ACTING ON THE DAM: G1 30 ft PRESSURE INTENSITY ON THE BASE: G1 30 ft
FH1 = ɣw [½(97 ft)] [(97 ft)(1 ft)] = 293 560.8 lb RV = G 1 + G 2 - U

97 ft RV = 187.2 kips + 421.2 kips - 105.9 kips 97 ft
G2 G2
90 ft 90 ft
G1 = 2.5ɣw [(10 ft)(120 ft)(1 ft)] = 187 200 lb RV = 502.48 kips
FH1 FH1
G2 = 2.5ɣw [½(60 ft)(90 ft)(1 ft)] = 421 200 lb
RM = G1 (xG1) + G2 (xG2)
U U
pupstream = pheel = ½ɣwhheel = ½ɣw(97 ft) = 3026.4 RM = 187.2 kips [60 ft + ½(10 ft)] + 421.2 kips [⅔(60 ft)]
lb/ft2 RM = 29 016 kip-ft
pdownstream = ptoe = 0
U = ½ (3206.4 lb/ft2 - 0) (70 ft) = 105 924 lb
Shown below is the cross section of an earthwork (s.g = 2.5) dam. Assuming Shown below is the cross section of an earthwork (s.g = 2.5) dam. Assuming
that hydrostatic uplift varies linearly from one-half the hydrostatic head at that hydrostatic uplift varies linearly from one-half the hydrostatic head at
EXAMPLE 4 the upstream edge of the dam to zero at the downstream edge, find the EXAMPLE 4 the upstream edge of the dam to zero at the downstream edge, find the
maximum and minimum pressure intensity in the base of the dam. maximum and minimum pressure intensity in the base of the dam.
10 ft 60 ft
PRESSURE INTENSITY ON THE BASE: G1 30 ft PRESSURE INTENSITY ON THE BASE: R RV

OM = FH1 (⅓h) + U(⅔B) e = B/2 - x = (70 ft / 2) - 29.02 ft
OM = 293.56 kips [⅓(97 ft)] + 105.92 kips + [⅔(70 ft)] 97 ft e = 5.98 ft x
G2
90 ft
OM = 14 434.92 kip-ft
FH1
B/6 = 70 ft / 6 = 11.67 ft 𝜎heel = 3.50 kip/ft2
x = (RM - OM) / RV ∴ |e|< B/6, use 𝜎 = (RV/B) [1 ± (6e/B)] 𝜎toe = 10.86 kip-/ft2
U
x = (29 016 kip-ft / 14 434.92 kip-ft) / 502.48 kips
x = 29.02 ft from the toe 𝜎 = (502.48 kips / 70 ft) {1 + [6(5.98 ft)/70 ft]}
𝜎toe = 𝜎max = 10.86 kip/ft2
𝜎heel = 𝜎min = 3.50 kip/ft2
Any
Questions?
s.valle
ning :)
u for liste
Thank yo

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A DAM is a barrier that

stops or restricts the

Stability of Gravity Dams

Review in Hydraulics: Stability of Gravity Dams | Engr. S. Valle

HOOVER DAM, u.s.a. DANIEL-JOHNSON DAM, canada

Friction f between the dam

motion ΣFX = FH1 - FH2 - f = 0 ΣMtoe = R.M - O.M

Stability of a Gravity Dam: Stability of a Gravity Dam:

FAILURE DUE TO SLIDING FAILURE DUE TO OVERTURNING

FORCES ACTING ON THE DAM:

10 ft 10 ft 10 ft G1 = ɣdam1 Voldam1 = (150 lb/ft3) [(50 ft)(10)(1 ft)] = 75 000 lb 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft

G2 = ɣdam2 Voldam2 = (150 lb/ft3) [½(50 ft)(10)(1 ft)] = 37 500

FH1 RM = 2 549 kip-ft FH1

10 ft 10 ft 10 ft OM = FH1 (⅓h) = (55.04 kips) [⅓(42 ft)] = 770.52 kip-ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft

FH1 𝜎heel = (161.01 kips / 30 ft) {1 - [6(3.95 ft)/30 ft]} FH1

G1 = (23.5 kN/m3) [(4 m)(15 m)(1 m)] = 1 410 kN FH1

𝜎toe = (2889.18 kN / 15 m) {1 + [6(1.40 m)/15 m]} FV1 G3

𝜎heel = (2889.18 kN / 15 m) {1 - [6(1.40 m)/15 m]} FH1

FORCES ACTING ON THE DAM: G1 30 ft PRESSURE INTENSITY ON THE BASE: G1 30 ft

FH1 = ɣw [½(97 ft)] [(97 ft)(1 ft)] = 293 560.8 lb RV = G 1 + G 2 - U

PRESSURE INTENSITY ON THE BASE: G1 30 ft PRESSURE INTENSITY ON THE BASE: R RV

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