Objective to Proficiency (p.

14 - 15)

Word formation

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

curriculum - curricular ≠ extracurricular = describes an activity -
or subject that is not part of the usual school or
college course
benefit benefit beneficial -
opinion - opinionated = expressing very strong opinions -
about things
compulsion compel = to force compelling =compelling reason/argument/case compellingly
compulsiveness someone to do etc = an argument etc that makes you feel certain compulsively
something that something is true or that you must do
something about it / compulsive = compulsive
behaviour is very difficult to stop or control, and is
often a result of or a sign of a mental problem
[↪ obsessive]
appearance appear apparent apparently
innovator = someone innovate innovative (also: innovatory) -
who introduces
changes and new
ideas /innovation
constraint constrain constrained = 1) forced to do something against -
your will 2) describes behaviour that is forced and
unnatural a constrained voice/manner
consumption / consume consuming =a consuming feeling is so strong that
consumer = someone you think of little else
who buys and uses
products and services
/ consumerism =
υπερκαταναλωτισμό
ς
domesticity = life at domesticate = to domestic/ domesticated domestically
home with your make an animal
family / able to work for
domestication people or live
with them as a
pet [↪ tame]
strength strengthen strong strongly
fortune ≠ misfortune - fortunate ≠ unfortunate fortunately ≠
unfortunately
replacement replace replaceable ≠ irreplaceable -
approval ≠ approve approved / approving = showing support or approvingly
disapproval agreement for something an approving

1
 nod/glance/smile etc [≠ disapproving]
occupant = someone occupy occupational = relating to or caused by your job /
who lives in a house, occupied = describes a place that is being
room etc controlled by an army or group of people that has
[↪ resident] / moved into it
occupancy =
someone's use of a
room or building for
the purposes of living
or working /
occupation = a
person's job

Compounds

1. framework (n) = 1) a set of ideas, rules, or beliefs from which something is developed, or on which decisions
are based 2) social/legal/political etc framework = the structure of a society, a legal or political system etc
2. upturn (n) = an increase in the level of something, especially in business activity e.g. an economic upturn
update (v/n) = to add the most recent information to something or to make something more modern in the
way it looks or operates
3. outbreak (n) = if there is an outbreak of fighting or disease in an area, it suddenly starts to happen
outfall (n) = a place where water flows out, especially from a drain or river
4. windfall (n) = 1) an amount of money that you get unexpectedly windfall gain/profit etc (=high profits that
you did not expect to make) 2) a piece of fruit that has fallen off a tree
windbreak (n) = a fence, line of trees, or wall that is intended to protect a place from the wind
windproof (adj.) = impervious to or resistant to wind windproof jacket
5. rainfall (n) = the amount of rain that falls on an area in a particular period of time
rainproof (adj.) = able to keep rain out [↪ waterproof]
6. creditworthy (adj.) = considered to be able to pay debts
7. downfall (n) = 1) complete loss of your money, moral standards, social position etc, or the sudden failure of
an organization 2) something that causes a complete failure or loss of someone's money, moral standards,
social position etc be somebody's downfall
downturn (n) = a period or process in which business activity, production etc is reduced and conditions
become worse [≠ upturn]

ex. 3, p. 15

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

will /willfulness/ - willful = continuing to do what you want, even willfully / willingly
willingness after you have been told to stop wilful
damage/disobedience/exaggeration etc =
deliberate damage etc, when you know that
what you are doing is wrong / willing = eager to
do sth

2
antique/ antiquity = in - antique/ antiquated = old-fashioned and not -
antiquity = ancient suitable for modern needs or conditions - used
times/ antiquarian = a to show disapproval [= outdated]/ antiquarian =
person who studies or connected with the trade, collection, or study of
collects old and valuable old and valuable or rare objects
or rare objects
domination /dominance dominate = to dominating = a dominating -
= the fact of being more control characteristic/personality/dominant = more
powerful, more someone or important, strong, or noticeable than anything
important, or more something or else of the same type
noticeable than other to have more
people or things importance
[↪ dominate] than other
people or
things
custom / customization customize = to customized /custom-built = If a car, machine, -
make or etc. is custom-built, it is made according to the
change needs of a particular buyer./ custom-made = If
something an article of clothing is custom-made, it is
according to specially made for a particular buyer
the buyer's or
user's needs
kin = your family next of
kin = your most closely
related family / kinship
=1) the relationship
between members of
the same family 2) a
feeling of being close or
similar to other people
or things
line / outline underline = - -
emphasize /
outline = to
give the main
facts about
something
argument / argue arguable = not certain, or not definitely true or SOS!!! arguably =
argumentation correct, and therefore easy to doubt used when stating an
[= debatable] / argumentative = someone who is opinion or belief that
argumentative often argues or likes arguing you think can be
shown to be true /
argumentatively
infinity finite = having a limit or an end ≠ infinite Infinitely = very or
very much

Leisure Activities handout

3
1. be cut out for something (phr. v) = to have the qualities that you need for a particular job or activity
2. gasp for breath (v) = to breathe quickly in a way that can be heard because you are having difficulty
breathing [↪ pant]
3. straggler (n) = a person or animal that is behind the others in a group, because they are moving more slowly:
4. personal best (n) = an achievement in a race, competition etc that is better than anything that you have
achieved before
5. handful (adj.) = 1) an amount that you can hold in your hand 2) a handful of sth = a very small number of
people or things
6. invariable (adj.) = 1) always happening in the same way, at the same time etc 2) never changing [≠ variable]
7. (in the) foreseeable (future) (adj.) = for as long as it is possible to know what is likely to happen
8. association (n) = an organization that consists of a group of people who have the same aims, do the same
kind of work etc
confederation (n) = a group of people, political parties, or organizations that have united for political
purposes or trade
authorities (n) = the people or organizations that are in charge of a particular country or area
body (n) = a group of people who work together to do a particular job or who are together for a particular
purpose the governing body of the museum (=the group who control the museum)./ The student body
(=all the students in a school or college) numbers 5000./ The research will be used by government
departments and other public bodies (=groups whose work is connected to the government)
9. turn a blind eye to sth (idiom) = to deliberately ignore something that you know should not be happening
10. occurrence (n) = something that happens [↪ occurrence] frequent/rare/common occurrence
11. branch (n) = 1) a part of a government or other organization that deals with one particular part of its work
[↪ department] the executive/judicial/legislative branch (=the three main parts of the US government)
2) one part of a large subject of study or knowledge [↪ field] a branch of mathematics/physics/biology etc
division (n) = a group that does a particular job within a large organization
wing (n) = a group of people within a political party or other organization who have a particular opinion or
aim left-wing/right-wing
limb (n) = an arm or leg on the limb = alone and without help or support
12. doer (n) = someone who does things instead of just thinking or talking about them
13. aspiring (adj.) = hoping to be successful in a particular job, activity, or way of life
14. strive (v) = to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or
against difficulties
15. wishful thinking (adj.) = when you believe that what you want to happen will happen, when in fact it is not
possible e.g. I think she rather likes me. But maybe that's just wishful thinking.