17-Aug-18

Department of Chemical Engineering

Course Code: CE1302/1306

Momentum Transfer
Instructor: Dr Gaurav A Bhaduri
Faculty Block 3, 1 AB Building
Email: gaurava.bhaduri@jaipur.manipal.edu

Fluid Statics
• Hydrostatics
• Application of hydrostatics
• Buoyancy
• Barometers
• Manometers
• Gravity settling
• Centrifugal decanters

Fluid Statics: Hydrostatics

Basic equation of fluid statics

𝑑𝑃
= −𝜌𝑔
𝑑𝑧

𝑃 − 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔(𝑧 − 𝑧 )

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Graduate Aptitude Test for Engineers-2008

Illustration:
There are three different kinds of storage containers that need can be installed in
the storage yard of a potassium permanganate plant. The three designs are shown
in the figure below. These are used for the storage of process water. The pressure
acting at the bottom of the containers is P1, P2 and P3 respectively. Is there any co-
relationship between P1, P2 and P3?

Fluid Statics: Application of hydrostatics

A. Isochoric/incompressible B. Isothermal (barometric head)
𝑝 ∆
+ 𝑍𝑔 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌 𝑝 =𝑝

C. Isentropic/ constant entropy D. Real world application

𝑘−1 𝑀𝑔∆𝑧 ΓΔ𝑧
𝑝 =𝑝 1− 𝑝 = 𝑝 1−
𝑘 𝑅𝑇 𝑇 − Γ𝑧

𝑘−1 𝑀𝑔∆𝑧 Where Γ = 𝑑𝑇⁄𝑑𝑧 = −6.5 ℃/𝑘𝑚

𝑇 =𝑇 1− T0 = 288 K and 0 < z < 11 km
𝑘 𝑅𝑇

Fluid Statics: Application of hydrostatics

ELEVATION FROM DATUM

20,061 m
Stratosphere

Isothermal Atmosphere

11,021 m
Troposphere

−92.8 ℃ −56.5 ℃ 15 ℃
−135 ℉ −69.7 ℉ 59 ℉
TEMPERATURE

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Fluid Statics: Application of hydrostatics

Storage tank design
𝑃
𝜃

∆𝑥 ∆𝑠
𝑃
∆𝑦 𝜃

𝑃
 

𝐹= 𝑃𝑑𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
 

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝑑𝐹 = −𝑖 −𝑗 −𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Brownell & Young; Process Equip. Design; Wiley, pp 45

Fluid Statics: Application of

hydrostatics
Design of flat bottomed storage vessel
𝑡 𝐷
𝑃𝐷
Longitudinal stress: 𝑡=
4𝜎

𝑃𝐷
Circumferential stress: 𝑡 = ∆𝑧
2𝜎

Dawande S.N.; Process Design of Equip.; Central Techno Publishers; pp 361

Fluid Statics: Application of hydrostatics

𝑃𝐷
Circumferential stress: 𝑡=
2𝜎
Surface area to volume of
a sphere is minimum

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Mahajani, M.M.; Umarji S.B.; “Joshi’s Process Equipment Design”,

Trinity Press, pp 701-112

Fluid Statics: Application of hydrostatics

Ambient Pressure Design
(a) Flat Head   𝑝
𝑡 = 𝐶𝐷
𝜎
C- edge flixity constant (0.3-0.7)
Internal Pressure Design
(g) Conical Head 𝑡 = 𝑃𝐷
2𝜎 cos 𝛼
𝛼 is the half apex angle of cone (≥ 45°)

Mahajani, M.M.; Umarji S.B.; “Joshi’s Process Equipment Design”,

Trinity Press, pp 701-112

Fluid Statics: Application of hydrostatics

Internal Pressure Design (cont.)
(b & c) Shallow dished and Torispherical Head
𝑃𝑅 𝑊
𝑡=
2𝜎
Rc – Crown Radius 1   𝑅
𝑊= 3+
W- Stress intensification factor 4 𝑅
R1- Knuckle radius

(d & e) Elliptical Head 𝑃𝐷 𝑉

𝑡=
2𝜎
𝐷 is the major axis of the ellipse
V- stress intensification factor 1 𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑉= 2 + 𝑘 ;𝑘 =
6 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Mahajani, M.M.; Umarji S.B.; “Joshi’s Process Equipment Design”,

Trinity Press, pp 701-112

Fluid Statics: Application of hydrostatics

Internal Pressure Design (cont.)
(f) Hemispherical Head
𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝐷
𝑡= =
2𝜎 + 𝑃 2𝜎 − 𝑃
D0 – Outer diameter
Di – Inner diameter
External Pressure Design
(g) Elliptical, Torispherical & Hemispherical Head
/  
𝑡 = 𝛼𝑅 3 (1 − 𝜇2) 𝑃/2𝐸 + 𝐶
𝛼 is factor of safety, E- Modulus of elasticity, C- corrosion allowance
𝜇 is Poisson's ratio

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Fluid Statics: Barometer 𝑃

• Barometer is an equipment used to
measure atmospheric pressure

𝑃 −𝑃 = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ ℎ

• In the case of a Hg barometer 𝑃 is 𝑃

equal to the vapor pressure of Hg
that is 10-6 atm.

Fluid Statics: Application of hydrostatics

• Absolute Pressure
• Vacuum Pressure
• Gauge Pressure GAUGE
PRESSURE
VACUUM ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE PRESSURE
𝑃 =𝑃 + 𝑃

ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE 0 atm

Illustration:

What are the gauge pressure and absolute pressure at a point 3 m below the free
surface of a liquid having a density of 1.53 x103 kg/m3 if the atmospheric pressure
is equivalent to 750 mm of Hg. The specific gravity of Hg is 13.6.

Ans: Pab= 145.09 kPa

Pg= 45.03 kPa

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Fluid Statics: Buoyancy

• Buoyancy force acts vertically
upward

FB
FB
Wd

http://twistedsifter.com/2011/12/picture-of-the-day-adorable-waterproof-duckling/

Fluid Statics: Buoyancy

Buoyancy force
 

ℱ =ℱ = −𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝐴
  Water
For our wooden block example 𝑙
ℎ Wooden Block
ℱ = 𝜌 𝑔𝑉 + 𝜌 𝑔𝑉

∆𝑦

∆𝑥

Illustration:
A wooden block is floating between a layer of hexane and water as seen in the
figure. What will be the faction of wood that will be below the interface.

Hexane SGhexane= 0.65

Wood

SGwood= 0.96
Water
Ans: 0.886

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Fluid Statics: Manometers 𝑃 𝑃

• Manometers measure 1 5
differential pressure 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐵
𝑍
• It is governed by the following 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜌
equation 4
𝑃 − 𝑃 = 𝑔𝑅 (𝜌 − 𝜌 ) 𝑅
2 3

𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐴
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜌

Illustration:

If the pressure gauge A reads 140 kPa absolute, find the pressure in the closed air
space B. The manometer is filled with Mariam red oil, SG = 0.827
0.6 m 0.3 m
0.9 m

AIR
1.2 m

A Ans: 121.54 kPa

Fluid Statics: Decanters

• Design of gravity settling
decanters
• Separation of two liquids
having density 𝜌 and 𝜌
Light 𝑍 − 𝑍 (𝜌 ⁄𝜌 )
Liquid 𝑍 =
𝑍
out 1 − 𝜌 ⁄𝜌

𝑍 • Decanter size depends on

𝑍
𝑍 time for separation
100 𝜇
𝑡=
Heavy liquid Out 𝜌 −𝜌

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(A) (B)
Fluid Statics: Rotating
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
liquids
• Consider a fluid in a continuous centrifuge.
• There is centrifugal force acting on the fluid in
the radial direction (dotted arrow in Figure A)
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
• The pressure drop over the entire ring is given
by
𝜔 𝜌 (𝑟 − 𝑟 )
∆𝑧 𝑃 −𝑃 =
2
𝑏 • Centrifugation also leads to vortex formation. In
this case there is an increase in height of the
liquid along the periphery and decrease in
liquid height along the central axis Figure B. This
relative increase in height of liquid is given by
𝑟 𝑟
𝑟 𝑟 𝜔𝑟
𝑟 𝑟 𝑧=
2𝑔

Fluid Statics: Decanters

• Like horizontal decanters one can
also use centrifugal force for
Feed
design of centrifugal separators
Oil • Separation of mixture of two
𝑟 Water liquids with different densities
𝑟
  𝑟 − (𝜌 ⁄𝜌 )𝑟
𝑟 =
1 − 𝜌 ⁄𝜌
𝑟

Solid