FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101

CONCEPT OF MAN - exchanges matter or energy or information

with his environment
What is MAN? - directly affected by events or changes in other
system
According to Aristotle, Man is RASOLBMS
- Rational Animal Close System
o Man is capable of thinking and - is self-sufficient and does not allow external
making rational decisions stimuli to penetrate or go beyond its
- Sensient Organism boundaries
o Man uses his senses to interact with - uses up his energy resources which in doing
others and his surroundings so eventually fails to function and
- Living Being disintegrates
o Man is alive; has life
- Material Substance MAN AS PSYCHOSOCIAL BEING
o Man is made up of matter,
therefore, occupies space Ø Man is capable of logical, rational thinking most of
the time in different ways and means but can
Man is Homo sapiens sapiens meaning wise wise man. become irrational and illogical when provoked
Man can be defined in different perspectives Ø Man is capable of relating with others and is
depending on the kind of being he/she is concerned endowed with capacity to know, to like, to love, to
with. respond, and even respond to the uniqueness of
others
MAN AS A BIOLOGICAL BEING
MAN AS A SPIRITUAL BEING

Ø Involves the belief that man is an important

Ø Man is a living organism that is composed of basic
units if life known as cells
Ø “Man is like all other men”
Hierarchy of Biological Classification
MAN AS A SYSTEM BEING
Open System
- composed of subsystems that act as a unified
whole
creation of God
Ø Established direct relationship with Him
Ø Created in God’s own image and likeness
Ø Given intellect and will and exercises virtues
What differentiates Intellect and Will?
Intellect:
- allows man to look for the truth
- gives him the ability to perceive his
surroundings or the forces within or outside
him or to understand the meaning of events
Will:
- expresses man’s own wishes, desire, or
longing to do what he has set his mind to do

c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics

August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101

- gives him the power of conscious and - People strive to meet basic needs at any given
deliberate action or self-control in initiating, time which can be met, partially met, or
sustaining or terminating human activity unmet
Want:
Virtues: Faith, Hope, and Charity - Involves things that are beyond our means of
survival and can be considered forms of luxury
Faith: - Having these things may constitute
o An unquestioning belief in someone or in gratification or satisfaction of a particular
something or the complete trust and confidence, unnecessary ‘craving
or reliance in a person or thing. It is the foundation
of hope MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Hope:
o Closely related to faith and plays a vital factor in This was proposed by Abraham Maslow, a psychologist
the health care setting
o Its presence or absence often plays a part in
determining the patient’s prognosis or illness,
state of well-being and acceptance of the dying
process
Charity:
o Involves love of man for his fellowmen allowing
him to give up his own pleasures while serving
another without even thinking of the sacrifice it
entails.
Something is a basic need if:
MAN AS A HOLISTIC BEING - Its absence results to illness
- Its presence signals or promotes health
Ø Traces the patterns of man’s relationship with - Meeting an unmet need restores health
other beings in the suprasystem of society
Physiologic Needs
Ø A whole organism with interrelated and
Ø Involves air, food, water, shelter, rest, sleep,
interdependent parts functioning to produce
activity, temperature maintenance, and
behavior unacceptable or acceptable to him or
procreation to assure continuation of human
society
existence

Safety and Security Needs

HUMAN NEEDS Physiological Safety
o Safe physical environment/ Shelter
Need vs. Want
Psychological Safety
Need: o Regular contact with people we trust and
- Something that is essential to the emotional feel love
and physiologic health and survival of human

c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics

August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101

Love and Belonging Needs - Friendly, loving and governed more by inner
Ø Giving and receiving affection, meaningful directives than by society
relationship with other people, maintaining the - Problem centered rather than self centered
feeling of belonging - Accepts the world for what it is

Self-Esteem Needs CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC NEEDS

Ø Involves independence, competence, and self-
respect
Ø Feeling that we are valued by those around us
Ø Feeling good about ourselves when the people
who are important to us expresses acceptance and
approval
Self-Actualization Needs
Ø Involves the need to reach one’s potential through
development of one’s unique characteristics
Ø This usually comes later in the life of an individual
- Needs are universal
- Needs may be met in different ways
- Need may be external and internal factors
- Priorities may be altered
- Some needs may be deferred
- Needs are interrelated
Ø Failure to meet needs results in one or more
homeostatic imbalance which can eventually
result to illness

CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-ACTUALIZED PERSON COURSE OF CARE

- Realistic, sees life clearly, objective about his 1. Assessment

observations 2. Planning
- Judges people correctly 3. Implementation
- Has superior perception, its more decisive 4. Evaluation
- Clear notion of right and wrong
- Is usually accurate in predicting future events
- Understands arts, music LEVELS OF CLIENTELE
- Possesses humility, listens to others carefully
- Dedicates to some work, task, duty or Client vs. Patient
vocation
- Highly creative, flexible, spontaneous, Client and Patient both require health care needs.
courageous and willing to make mistakes
- Open to new ideas Client:
- Self-confident and has self-respect - Seeks medical help in order to improve
- Low degree of self-conflict; personality is his/her current health condition
integrated - May or may not be sick
- Respect self, does not need fame, possesses - ‘wellness’
a feeling of self-control Patient:
- Highly independent, desires privacy - Seeks medical help in order to restore health
- Can appear remote and detached - ‘cure’
- Can make decisions contrary to popular
opinion

c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics

August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101

Levels Ø Children alternate between the two homes

Ø Parents have equal responsibility and legal rights
1. Individual 4. Cohabitation Family
2. Family Ø Heterosexual couples who live together like a
3. Population nuclear family but remain unmarried
4. Community Ø May be temporary, long-lasting and as meaningful
as more traditional alliance
FAMILY Ø Offers as much psychological support/comfort and
Ø Marriage: union of a man and woman financial security as marriage
Ø Group of people related by blood, marriage or Ø ‘live-in’ partners in layman’s term
adoption living together ( US Census Bureau, 5. Extended Family or Multigenerational Family
2000) Ø With grandparents or a minimum of at least 3
Ø Two or more people who live in the same area, generations living in one roof
share a common bond, and perform certain
interrelated social tasks ( Spradley & Allender, Advantages:
2000) - Contains more people to serve as resources
Ø The family is the basic unit of care and society - Provides more role models for behavior or
values
Two Major Functions Disadvantages:
- Reproduction - Family resources both financial and
- Socialization psychological must be stretched to
Two Basic Family Structures accommodate all members
- Family of Orientation 6. Single-Parent Family
- Family of Procreation Ø Born out of wedlock or widowed

THE FAMILY TYPES Advantages:

- Close relationship
1. Dyad - Child independence and self-reliance
Ø 2 people: mother and father or husband and wife Disadvantages:
2. Nuclear Family - No back-up person/ No support person
Ø Parents with their biological child(ren) - Decreased financial stability
- Difficulty in role modelling
Advantages: Ø Identifying the custodial parent is important in
- Ability to provide support to family members signing consent forms
- Genuine affection for each other 7. Blended Family
Disadvantages: Ø Also called ‘Remarried’ or ‘Reconstituted’ families
- Few family members to share the burden with Ø ‘legal separation’ – has legal documents
and offer support Ø A divorced or widowed person with a child(ren)
3. Binuclear Family marries someone who also has a child(ren)
Ø Two separate families
Ø Post-divorce family in which the biological Advantages:
children are members of two nuclear households, - Increased security and resources
both that of the father and of the mother
c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics
August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101

- Children are exposed to different ways of life. 6. Health Manager

Thus, becomes more adaptable to situations 7. Gatekeeper
Disadvantages:
- Rivalry FAMILY TASKS
- Children may not welcome stepparent
- Children may become distressed at seeing 1. Physical Maintenance
their biological parent more into another a 2. Socialization of Family Members
home 3. Allocation of Resources
8. Communal Family 4. Maintenance of Order
Ø Comprised of groups of people who have chosen 5. Division of Labor
to live together as an extended family 6. Reproduction, Recruitment and Release of Family
Ø Social or religious values rather than kinship Members
9. Gay/Lesbian Family 7. Placement of Members into the Larger Society
Ø A homosexual family or union – individuals of 8. Maintenance of Motivation and Morale
same-sex
Ø May include children through adoption for FAMILY STAGES
instance
Ø Offers support in times of crisis Stage One : Marriage and the Family
10. Foster Family Ø This stage is completed if 3 tasks are attained:
Ø Shelter or compounds o Establish a mutually satisfying
relationship
Disadvantages: o Learn to relate
- Almost constant insecurity o If applicable, engage in reproductive life
- Emotional difficulties planning
11. Adoptive Family
Ø In charge of taking care of children without parents Stage Two: The Early Child Bearing Family
Ø Birth or adoption of a first baby
FAMILY FUNCTIONS
Stage Three: The Family with Preschool Children
1. Socialization of Children Ø Demands a great deal of time related to their
2. Economic growth and developmental needs and safety
3. Care, supervision, monitoring, and interaction considerations
4. Reproduction
5. Legitimizing sexual relations Stage Four: The Family with School-age Children
6. Affection, emotional support and companionship
Stage Five: The Family with Adolescent Children
FAMILY ROLES Ø Loosening of family ties is the major task
Ø Major health concern is safety
1. Wage Earner Ø Major causes of adolescent deaths
2. Financial Manager • Violence/accidents
3. Problem-Solver • Suicide
4. Decision-Maker • Homicide
5. Nurturer
c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics
August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101
Stage Six: The Launching Center Family
Ø The children of the household transfer to their own
households. Thus, bringing back the family to a
dyad. This is called the ‘Empty Nest Syndrome’
Stage Seven: The Family of the Middle-aged Parents
Ø Prime of time
Stage Eight: The Family in Retirement
POPULATION
Ø Share common characteristics, developmental
stage or common exposure to particular
environmental factors, common health problems,
issues and concerns
COMMUNITY
Ø Group of people sharing common geographic
boundaries and/or common values and inherit
within a specific social system
HEALTH, WELLNESS AND ILLNESS
HEALTH
Ø Traditionally, health is defined in terms of the
presence and absence of disease
Ø Health is a state of being well and using every
power the individual possesses to the fullest
extent (Nightingale, 1969)
Ø Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity. (WHO, 1948)
Ø Health is a dynamic state of being in which the
developmental and behavioral potential of an
individual is realized to the fullest extent possible
(American Nurses Association, 1980)
Ø Health is a dynamic process, which continually
changes as the interactions between individuals
and their internal & external environments
change (Brill & Kilts, 1980)
Ø Health has also been defined in terms of role and
performance, health as the ability to maintain
normal roles (Parsons, 1951)
Ø Health is every organ working properly (Harding
& Shyrock, 1991)
Ø Health is a continuous balancing of the physical,
emotional, social, intellectual and spiritual
components of an individual in such a fashion as
to produce happiness and higher quality of
existence. This definition indicates that health is
not static and that the potential for change is
always present.
NOTE: Health is a highly individual perception. Many
factors affect individual definitions of health.
Definitions vary according to an individual’s previous
experiences, expectations of self, age, and socio-
cultural influences.
WELLNESS
Ø A state of well-being
Ø Basic aspects of wellness include self-
responsibility; an ultimate goal; a dynamic,
growing process; daily decision-making; and
whole being
Ø Engaging in attitudes and behaviors that enhance
the quality of life and maximize personal potential
DIMENSIONS/ COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS
1. Physical Dimension
Ø Ability to carry out daily tasks, develop
cardiovascular fitness, maintain adequate
nutrition and proper body fat, avoid abusing drugs
and alcohol or using tobacco products, and
generally invest in positive lifestyle habits
Ø Genetic make-up, age, and developmental level
race, and sex are all part of an individual’s physical
dimensions and strongly influence health status
and practices
c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics
August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101
2. Emotional Dimension
Ø Ability to control stress and to express emotions
appropriately and comfortably
Ø Emotional wellness is the ability to recognize,
accept, and express feelings and to accept one’s
limitations.
Ø It focuses on the degree to which a person feels
positive about self and enthusiastic about life.
Ø It emphasizes:
o awareness and acceptance of one’s
feeling
o the capacity to manage one’s feeling
o the ability to cope effectively with stress
o the ability to maintain satisfying
relationships with others
o the assessments and acceptance of one’s
limitations
3. Intellectual Dimension
Ø Ability to learn and use information effectively for
personal, family, and career development
Ø Intellectual wellness means striving for continued
growth and being able to learn to deal with new
challenges effectively
Ø It encourages stimulating and creative mental
activities and the use of available community
resources to expand one’s knowledge and
increased the potential for sharing with others
Ø The intellectual dimensions encompass cognitive
abilities
4. Social Dimension
Ø Ability to interact successfully with people and
within the environment of which each person is a
part.
Ø Ability to develop and maintain intimacy with
significant others
Ø Develop respect and tolerance for those with
different opinions and beliefs
5. Spiritual Dimension
Ø The belief in some forces that’s serves to unite
human beings. This force can include nature,
science, religion, or a higher power. It also
includes a person’s own morals, values and ethics
Ø Provides meaning and direction in life and
enables each person to grow, learn, and meet new
challenges
Ø Ability to discover, articulate, and act on his basic
purpose in life. It involves seeking meaning and
purpose in human life.
6. Occupational Dimension
Ø Ability to achieve a balance between work and
leisure time
Ø Person’s belief about education, employment, and
home influence personal satisfaction and
relationships with others
7. Environmental Dimension
Ø Ability to promote health measures that improve
the standard of living and quality of life in the
community
NOTE: Health and wellness are not synonyms. Health
refers simply to a physical body being free from
diseases, but wellness is an overall balance of your
physical, social, spiritual, emotional, intellectual,
environmental, and occupational well-being. Wellness
is a lifestyle and is not an end to be achieved. Wellness
means that one strives for balance throughout his
whole life. Health is a goal one can achieve while
wellness is a dynamic concept that continues for a
lifetime
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
1. Clinical/ Traditional/ Medical Model
Ø Health is identified by the absence of signs and
symptoms of disease or injury
Ø It is considered as the state of not being sick. In this
model the opposite of health is disease or injury
c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics
August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101
2. Role Performance Model
Ø Health is the ability to fulfill societal roles, that is,
to perform his or her work
Ø This means that an individual is healthy if he/she
is able to do his/her duties & responsibilities given
to him/her in a particular field from which he/she
belongs
Ø In this model sickness is the inability to perform
one’s work role
3. Adaptive Model
Ø Health is a creative process; disease is a failure in
adaptation, or maladaptation
Ø The aim of treatment is to restore the ability of a
person to adapt (to cope)
Ø The focus of this model is stability, although there
is an element of growth and development
4. Eudaemonistic Model
Ø Health is seen as a condition of actualization or
realization of a person’s potential. Actualization is
the apex of the fully developed personality,
described by Abraham Maslow
Ø In this model the highest aspiration of people is
fulfillment and complete development, which is
actualization
Ø Illness in this model, is a condition that prevents
self-actualization
5. Agent-Host-Environment Model
Ø Also called ‘Ecologic’ Model
Ø This is also known as the ‘Epidemiologic Triad’
Ø Predicting illness rather than in promoting
wellness
Example: Common colds (Rhinitis)
Agent: Rhino virus
Host: Human being
Environment: Flu Season
Three dynamic interactive elements:
1. Agent: any environmental factor or stressor
(biologic, chemical, mechanical, physical, or
psychosocial ) that by its presence or absence can
lead to illness or disease
2. Host: person(s) who may or may not be at risk of
acquiring a disease. Family history, age, lifestyle
habits influence the host reaction’s. The physical or
psychological situations or conditions putting
people at risk for illness
3. Environment: all factors external to the host that
may or may not predispose the person to the
development of the disease
NOTE: Agent-host-environment factors constantly
interacts with the others, health is an ever changing
state. When the variables are in balance, health is
maintained; when variables are not in balance, disease
occurs
6. Health-Illness Continua
Ø Grids or graduated scales can be used to measure
a person’s perceived level of wellness
Ø Health and illness or disease can be viewed as the
opposite ends of a health continuum
Ø People move back and forth within this continuum
day by day. There is no distinct boundary across
which people move from health to illness or from
illness back to health.
A.) Dunn’s High-level Wellness Grid
o A health axis and an environmental axis
intersect
c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics
August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101
o The grid demonstrates the interaction of
the environment with the illness-
wellness continuum
B.) Illness-Wellness Continuum
o Proposed by Travis & Ryan, 2004
o Ranges from high-level wellness to
premature death
o The model illustrates two arrows pointing
in opposite directions and joined at a
neutral point. Movement to the right of
the neutral point indicates increasing
levels of health and well-being for an
individual. This is achieved in (3) steps of
wellness: awareness, education, and
growth
Awareness
Ø Take charge of your own life and health by taking
calculated risks or recognition that you have a
choice and carries with it the consequences of
those choices
Ø Seeing how you are presently conducting your life
Education
Ø Exploring options; looking within and receiving
others
Ø Self-trust means learning about how your body
works, and at the same time loving and respecting
it for the magnificent and powerful creation it is.
Ø It also includes listening to yourself to discover
what you want to change
Ø Only the body heals itself
Growth
Ø Trying out some options
C.) The 4+ Model of Wellness
o Proposed by Baldwin and Conger, 2001
o Consists four domains of the inner self –
physical, spiritual, emotional, and
intellectual plus the elements of the
outer systems – environment, culture,
nutrition, safety, and many other
elements
7. Health Belief Models
Ø Help to determine whether an individual is likely
to participate in disease prevention and health
promotion activities
A.) Health Locus of Control Model
o This can be used to determine whether
clients are likely to take action regarding
health
B.) Rosenstock’s and Becker’s Health Belief
Model
o Rosenstock (1950s) proposed a health
belief model intended to predict which
individuals would or would not use
preventive measures.
o Becker (1974) modified Rosenstock’s
health belief model to include individual
perceptions, modifying factors, and
variables likely to affect initiating action
Individual perceptions include:
o Perceived susceptibility – a family
history of a certain disorder may
make the individual feel at increased
risk.
c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics
August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101
o Perceived seriousness – In the
perception of an individual, does the
illness cause death or have serious
consequences?
o Perceived threat – perceived
susceptibility and perceived
seriousness combine to determine
the total perceived threat of an
illness to a specific individual.
Modifying factors (factors that modify a
person’s perceptions)
o Demographic variables – include
age, sex, race and ethnicity
o Sociopsychological variables –
social pressure or influence from
peers or other reference groups may
encourage preventive health
behaviors even when individual
motivation is low
o Structural variables – knowledge
about the target disease and prior
contact w/ it are structural variables
that are presumed to influence
preventive behavior.
o Cues to action – cues can be either
internal or external. Internal cues
include feelings of fatigue,
uncomfortable symptoms,
thoughts about the condition of an
ill person who is close.
Likelihood of action (The likelihood of a
person taking recommended preventive
health action depends on the perceived
benefits of the action minus the perceived
barriers to the action.)
o Perceived benefits of the action –
examples include that in order to
prevent lung cancer, one refrains
from smoking, and to maintain
weight, one eats nutritious foods
and avoid snacks.
o Perceived barriers to action –
examples include cost,
inconvenience, unpleasantness, and
lifestyle changes.
8. Ying and Yang
Ø The Chinese define health as a flow of energy
called Yin and Yang
Yin Yang
Ø Negative Ø Positive
Ø Dark Ø Light
Ø Cold (contraction) Ø Hot (expansion)
Ø Female Ø Male
Ø Outside of the body Ø Inside of the body
Ø Front of the body Ø Back of the body
Ø Receptive female Ø Creative male
Yin Yang
Compassion + Knowledge = ‘Wholeness of Tao’
Harmony Will
Ø Any imbalance between Yin and Yang causes
disease
Ø “Tai chi” – “Tao” supreme ultimate
Ø Chinese seek health through acupuncture,
massage, spiritual healing, herbs, medication,
and philosophy
or
9. Iceberg Model
Ø The individual’s current state of health – is it one of
disease or vitality – is just like the tip of an iceberg
Ø This is the apparent part – what shows; your
present health condition, whether you are fat or
slim, or whatever.
Ø If you do not like it, you can attempt to change it.
But whenever you knock some off, more of the
same comes up to takes its place.
Ø Underneath this tip is the remaining parts of the
iceberg, which are not seen above the water.
Similarly with individual’s state of health, to be to
understand all that creates and supports the
c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics
August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101
health status of the individual, you have to look
underwater, to see the other levels
Ø The submerged part of the ‘iceberg’ can be
separated into three levels
1. Lifestyle/ Behavioral Level
2. Psychological/ Motivational Level
3. Spiritual/ Being/ Meaning Level
10. Triage Model
Ø Health can be upheld by order of prioritization
ILLNESS
Ø A particular aspect of an individual is
compromised
Ø It is not synonymous with disease and may or may
not be related to disease. An individual could have
a disease and not feel ill. Illness is highly
subjective; only the individual person can say he
or she is ill.
Ø Response of the person to a disease
DISEASE
Ø Body functions are affected
Ø Refers to an alteration in body function resulting
in a reduction of capacities or a shortening of the
normal life span
Ø Medical term meaning there is a pathologic
change in the structure or function of the body and
mind
ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
Ø A coping mechanism, involves ways individuals
describe, monitor, and interpret their symptoms,
take remedial actions and use the health care
system
STAGES OF ILLNESS
1. SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE
Ø It is transition stage during which people come to
believe that something is wrong
2. ASSUMPTION OF THE SICK ROLE
Ø It signals the acceptance of the illness. They decide
that the symptoms or concerns are sufficiency
severe to suggest that they are sick
3. MEDICAL CARE CONTACT
Ø Sick people seek the advice of a health
professional either on their own initiative or advice
of significant others
4. DEPENDENT CLIENT ROLE
Ø When a health professional has validated that the
person is ill, the individual becomes a client,
dependent on the professional for help
5. RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION
Ø They learn to give up the sick and returns to former
roles and functions
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Ø Promotes Equality and Equity
o EQUALITY: giving someone care
regardless of any factors
o EQUITY: giving something to someone
according to his emerging needs in order
for him to cope up and meet other
individual’s need ( sense of justice)
CHARACTERISTICS OF PHC
Ø Essential
o Fundamental/ Basic/ Necessity
Ø Acceptable
o Respects other religious beliefs,
practices, and traditions
c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics
August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101

Ø Accessible o Barangay Health stations and Rural

o Republic Act 7160/ Local Government Health Units
Code
o Devolution or decentralization of Health 3. SET OF ACTIVITIES/ SERVICES
Care service o Education
o Locally-endemic disease control program
o Expanded program on Immunization
o Maternal and child health
o Essential Drugs
o Nutrition
o Treatment of Common diseases and
injuries
o Safe water and sanitation
o An advantage of this is faster
mobilization of Health Care (Services) ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS OF PHC
Ø Affordable
o Cheaper costs for Health Care Ø Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention and
Ø Full Involvement Control
o All are involved even patients Ø Dental Health
o PHC promotes self-reliance Ø Care of the Elderly and the Disabled

NOTE: Primary Health care is basically essential health WHY PRIMARY HEALTH CARE?
care that is based on practical, scientifically sound, and Ø Primary Health care is the answer to our health
socially acceptable methods and technology; made problems
universally acceptable to individuals and families in o High in infant and child deaths
the community. Through their full participation and at o Increased incidence of communicable
a cost that the community and government can afford diseases
and maintain at every stage of development in the o Environmental sanitation remains a
spirit of self-reliance and self-determination problem
o Rapid population growth, ignorance, and
3 WAYS OF VIEWING PHC poverty
o Inadequate and unusual distribution of
1. PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW health resources
o Equity / bias for the poor o Increasing cost of medical care
o Focus on prevention o Isolation of health care activities for other
o Multi-sectoral approach developmental activities
o Community participation
o Appropriate Technology Ø Health is not an isolated phenomenon. Health is
affected by, and in turn, affects the political,
2. STRUCTURE economic, and socio-cultural aspects of man/
o First contact society
o Community Health workers

c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics

August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101

HISTORY OF PHC CHC PHC

The Sick, The Well,
Focus:
1977 - World Health Organization Curative Preventive
- Health-For-All Movement Urban-based Rural-based,
Setting:
1978 - Alma Ata Conference in Russia Hospitals, clinics Satellite clinics
1979 - Global Strategy for Health-For-All People: Passive Active
- Ferdinand Marcos issued Letter of Instruction Health is Health is
Structure:
(LOI) 949 isolated integrated
o PHC as an approach to health Process: Top à Bottom Bottom à Top
development Preventive,
Curative,
1981 th
- 34 World Health Assembly: Global Strategy Technology: Accepts traditional
Doctor-centered
For Health-For-All medicine
Reliance on health
Outcome:
professionals
Self-reliance
Primary Health Care
Ø Health in the hands of the Filipino people by 2020
STRATEGIES OF PHC
Ø Health for all Filipinos by year 2000
Ø Self-reliance
1. 4 A’s à Accessibility, Availability, Acceptability,
Affordability, Appropriateness of health services
PHC OBJECTIVES
2. Partnership between community and health
agencies in the provision of quality, basic, and
Ø Improved Health Status
essential health services
Ø Favorable population growth and structure
3. Community participation à capacity building
Ø Decreased prevalence of communicable disease
4. Self-reliance
and preventable diseases
5. Social mobilization à stakeholders/resources
Ø Intersectoral development
6. Decentralization
Ø Capability development
HFA in the 21st Century: The Millennium
Ø Improvement in basic sanitation
Development Goals (MDGs)
Ø Delivery of essential health care services
Ø Decreased mortality and morbidity rates
Ø Created in September 2000
Ø By 2015 à No Poverty
PHC PRINCIPLES
Millennium Development Goals
1. Health and development are interrelated
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Essential health services must be accessible,
2. Achieve universal primary education
available, acceptable, and affordable
3. Promote gender equality
3. Genuine people’s participation is essential
4. Reduce child mortality
o Sepsis or Septicemia
Primary Health Care vs. Conventional Health Care
o Pneumonia

NOTE: Conventional Health Care plus Primary Health

Care is called Complementary Health Care

c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics

August – October 2018
FOUNDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE 101

5. Improve Maternal Health

o “pre-natal check-up”
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Tuberculosis
o Human Immunodeficiency Virus
o Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
o Malaria
§ Female Anopheles
o Dengue
§ Female Aedes aegypti
o Tuberculosis
§ Hemoptysis: coughing of blood
7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development

CARE ENHANCEMENT QUALITIES

CARING
Ø Helping another to grow and actualize his
potential
Ø A way of relating to someone
Ø Involves mutual trust

CARATIVE ELEMENTS

1. Humanistic – Altruistic Value System

2. Faith and Hope
3. Sensitivity to self and to others
4. Helping-Trust relationship
5. Ability to accept positive and negative expression
of feeling
6. Interpersonal teaching and learning
7. Personality Type
8. Solid Family Background
9. Experience of having been loved and to love
10. Spiritual Life
11. Sense of Humor
12. Relaxed Attitude
13. Open-Mindedness
14. Quick Decision Making

c/o Francis Gerico O. Magugat, VP for Academics

August – October 2018