Formula Sheet – Electric Power Systems

The allowed tools at the exam are: this formula sheet, TEFYMA (or equivalent) and a
pocket calculator.

9D  90  1 1 1 2π
1 1 1
9  =     M
1 
 E $ 91  where $ = 1 D 2 D  with D = H 3 −1
; $ = 1 D D2 
3
9F  92  1 D D 2  1 D 2 D 
 

Three-phase per-unit base definitions according to Glover-Sarma:

6 EDVH1φ 6EDVH 3φ
6 EDVH 3φ = 36EDVH1φ , EDVH = =
9EDVH/1 39EDVH//
9EDVH/1 9 2
9EDVH//
2
9EDVH/1 = 9EDVH// / 3 = EDVH = = =
EDVH/1

, EDVH 6EDVH1φ 6EDVH 3φ

<EDVH = 1 / = EDVH

Zero sequence networks of transformers, neglecting phase shift and shunt admittance:

Zn1 Zn2 Zn

3Zn1 Zeq 3Zn2 3Z n Zeq Zeq

Electric Power Systems – Formula Sheet

Zero, positive and negative sequence fault currents (In-0, In-1, In-2) for a fault at bus n

9)
Three-phase fault , Q −1 = ; , Q−0 = , Q−2 = 0
= QQ −1

9)
Single line-to-ground, phase a , Q − 0 = , Q −1 = , Q − 2 =
= QQ − 0 + = QQ −1 + = QQ − 2 + 3= )

9)
Line-to-line fault, phases b and c , Q −1 = − , Q − 2 = ; , Q −0 = 0
= QQ −1 + = QQ − 2 + = )

 9)
 , Q −1 = = (= + 3= ) )
 = QQ −1 + QQ − 2 QQ − 0
 = QQ − 2 + = QQ − 0 + 3= )
 = QQ − 0 + 3= )
 , Q − 2 = − , Q −1
Double line-to-ground fault, phases b and c  = QQ − 2 + = QQ − 0 + 3= )
 = QQ − 2
 , Q − 0 = − , Q −1
 = QQ − 2 + = QQ − 0 + 3= )


Znn-0, Znn-1 and Znn-2 denote element (n,n) of zero, positive and negative sequence bus
impedance matrix Zbus.

If prefault currents are neglected, bus voltages during fault at bus n,

V bus = V F − Z bus IF

where IF only has one nonzero element being In – the fault current leaving bus n.

rms short-circuit current unloaded synchronous machine

 1  − W / 7 "G  1  − W / 7 ’G 1 
, DF (W ) = (J 
1 1
Symmetrical (ac) − H +  − H + 
 ; "G ; ’G   ; ’G ; G  ; G 

, UPV (W ) = , DF (W ) + LGF (W )
2 2
Asymmetrical (ac+dc)

Asymmetrical (ac+maximum dc) , UPV (W ) = , DF (W ) +

2
[ 2 , " H −W / 7$ ] where , " = ;("
2 J

Electric Power Systems – Formula Sheet

  (T9 9 2  1 1 
 3H (δ ) = sin δ + − sin 2δ
 ;G 2  ; T ; G 
Salient pole rotor synchronous generator 
 (T9  cos 2 δ sin 2 δ 
4H (δ ) = cos δ − 9 2  + 
;G  ; ;G 
  T 

[ (L + 1) = [ (L ) + - −1 (L ){\ − I [[ (L )]}
Newton-Raphson solution of y=f(x) , iteration i: ∂I
Matrix element - (L ) = P
= ( )
∂[
PQ [ [ L

Complex Power injected at bus k calculated using bus admittance matrix, bus voltage
vector:

 1

 3N = 9N ∑ <NQ9Q cos(δ N − δ Q −θ N )
6 N = 3N + M4N = 9N , N ⇒  Q =1
*
1
4N = 9N ∑ <NQ9Q sin(δ N − δ Q −θ N )
 Q =1

where <NQ H Mθ = <EXV (N , Q) and 9N H Mδ = 9EXV (N )

NQ N

Z A ZB + ZB Z C + Z A ZC Z AB Z AC
Z AB = ZA =
ZC Z AB + Z BC + Z AC
Z A Z B + ZB Z C + Z A ZC Z AB Z BC
Z BC = ZB =
ZA Z AB + Z BC + Z AC
∆-Y transformation Z Z + ZB ZC + Z A Z C Z AC Z BC
Z AC = A B ZC =
ZB Z AB + Z BC + Z AC

Electric Power Systems – Formula Sheet