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‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ‬

‫ﻋﺑﺩﺍﻟﺭﺣﻣﻥ ﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺯﻛﻰ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺳﻳﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺿﻳﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺻﺹ‬

‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎء ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺣﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻧﺩﻗﻰ‬

‫ﻋﻧﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻠﻭﺏ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﻰ‬

‫‪                                                                                                                               | P a g e   0‬ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪  2020/2019‬‬

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‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺗﻧﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻳﺩﺍﻧﻳﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﻣﻭﻝ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻧﺩﻫﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺷﻣﻭﻝ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻳﻁﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺢ‪ .‬ﻻﺑﺩ ﻋﻧﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺫ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﻣﻬﺎ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻧﺎء ﺃﻁﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭﺳﺣﺏ ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﺑﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺟﻪ ﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺭﻛﺯﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻳﻥ ﻭﻣﺗﺧﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺿﻣﻥ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺑﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺟﻪ ﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻟﻳﺳﺕ ﺇﻻ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺗﺧﺗﺎﺭ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﺷﻭﺍﺋﻲ ﻳﺿﻣﻥ ﺇﻋﻁﺎء ﻓﺭﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻛﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻰ ﻳﺗﻧﺎﻭﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﻳﺷﺗﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻭﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﻭﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻭﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻣﺛﻼً ﺍﻻﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﻫﻡ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗ ُ ّ ِ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻳﺷﻛﻠﻭﻥ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺿﻣﻧﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫‪                                                                                                                               | P a g e   1‬ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪  2020/2019‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻳﺱ ﻛﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻟﻠﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻣﺛﺎ ً ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻣﻳﺩﺍﻧﻳﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﺳﺑﻖ ﻟﻳﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺱ ﺇﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺗﺻﻠﺢ ﻷﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﺩﻑ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﺣﺩ ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻧﺩﺭﺝ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺭ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﺿﻣﻥ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ‪ .‬ﻣﻥ ﻫﻧﺎ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺩﺭﺝ ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺡ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﺩﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺡ ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﺗﻐﻁﻲ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻧﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ﺃﻭ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻧﻪ ﻳﺩﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﺗﻭﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺣﺏ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻣﻥ ﻫﻧﺎ ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻳﻧﺑﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻧﺎء ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﻓﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺗﻭﻓﺭ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺍﺋﻡ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻣﺻﺩﺭﻳﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﻳﻥ ﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﺃﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺻﺭ ﺷﺎﻣﻝ ﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺿﻣﻥ ﺇﻋﻁﺎء ﻓﺭﺻﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺗﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻛﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺭ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬

‫‪                                                                                                                               | P a g e   2‬ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪  2020/2019‬‬

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‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﻭﺡ ﺍﻻﺳﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺂﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻭﻓﺭ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻭﺍﺋﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻳﻣﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺋﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺻﺎﺹ ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻛﺄﻁﺭ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺋﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﺻﻼﺣﻳﺔ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺩﺍﺛﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻌﻛﺱ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺳﺣﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻥ ﻫﻧﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺟﺭﺍء ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺙ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻟﻣﺩﺧﺎﺕ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺷﻙ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﻧﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺳﻭﺡ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﻳﺩﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺣﻭﺙ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻓﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺍﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁﺎ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺳﺣﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺟﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﺳﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻣﻥ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻻﺑﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻭﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﻟﻳﺣﻘﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺳﻘﺎﻁﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺣﺩﻳﺙ‪ ،‬ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻳﻣﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺳﺗﺩﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺣﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﺧﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﻔﺎء ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻰ ﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻭﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩ ﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺟﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻧﺳﺎﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻫﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻻﺧﻁﺎء ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻛﺄﺧﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﺫﻑ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺯﺩﻭﺍﺟﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻁﺎء‬
‫ﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻰ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺧﻁﺎء ﻣﻥ ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﺷﻬﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻧﺎﻗﺻﺎ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺟﻳﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻧﺗﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻰ ﻟﻼﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻛﻬﻡ ﺍﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻋﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺣﺔ ﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺣﺎﺟﺗﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺩﻭﻧﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻭﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎﺗﻬﻡ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺭﻫﻡ ﻭ ﻋﻧﺎﻭﻳﻧﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﻣﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭ ﺑﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ‬
‫‪ 6.1‬ﻣﺯﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺑﺎﺣﺎﺙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 6.2‬ﺳﻠﺑﻳﺎﺕ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺗﻳﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻬﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻳﻪ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺧﺎﻁﺋﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﺗﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﻛﻝ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻳﻌﻧﻰ ﺷﻣﻭﻝ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﻣﻣﺛﻼ ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺎ ﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺣﻭﺏ ﻣﻧﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﻣﺳﺣﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺳﺢ ﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺳﺣﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﻭﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﻁﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺍء ﺣﻭﻝ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺧﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻝ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺣﺻﺎء ﻭ ﺗﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻭﺗﺗﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ 7.1‬ﻣﺯﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺣﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻻﻛﺗﻔﺎء ﺑﺄﺧﺫ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺃﻗﺻﺭ ﻛﺛﻳﺭﺍ ً ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﺩﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - -‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺩ ﻳﺑﺩﻭ ﻟﻠﻭﻫﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺗﺻﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻗﻠﻳﻝ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻥ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻠﻝ ﻛﺛﻳﺭﺍ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﻁﺎء ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﺑﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‪ .‬ﺑﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻡ ﺃﺧﻁﺎء ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ ﻛﻔﺎءﺍﺗﻬﻡ ﻭﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺑﻬﻡ ﻭﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺗﻬﻡ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻛﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﺽ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﻳﺗﻳﺢ ﻟﻧﺎ ﻓﺭﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺩﻗﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺄﻣﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺟﻬﺎ ﻛﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻳﺩﺓ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﻠﻔﻧﺎ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻻﺑﺩ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﺻﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺷﻣﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻣﺎ ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻟﻣﺛﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺧﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻣﺛﻼ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻳﺽ ﻳﻛﺗﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﺏ ﺑﻔﺣﺹ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻧﻪ ﻻﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺧﺫ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺩﻣﻪ ﻟﻼﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻓﺣﺹ‬
‫ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﺛﻼ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺩﻯ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺗﻔﺟﻳﺭ ﻛﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻹﺧﺿﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻓﺗﺢ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺳﺎﺋﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺑﺭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻠﺯﻣﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺟﻭء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻻﺳﺗﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎﻙ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 7.2‬ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻌﻁﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﺅﻫﻠﻳﻥ ﻭﻣﺩﺭﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺑﺎ ﺟﻳﺩﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﻭﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﻳﺗﺿﺎﻋﻑ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺿﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻳﺣﻲ ﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ‬

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‫‪ .8‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺳﺣﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﺧﺹ ﻟﻣﺯﺍﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻳﻭﺏ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺧﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺯﺍﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﺧﻁﺎء ﻋﺷﻭﺍﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺟﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻭﺏ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻳﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺗﺳﺎﻕ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ‬

‫‪ .9‬ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺗﻡ ﺗﻧﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻰ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ ﻭ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻗﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﻰ ﺍﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻰ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺧﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﻰ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺑﻠﺩﺍﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﺑﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﻳﺩ ﻋﺑﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻳﺩ ‪ (2007).‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻣﻊ ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﺩﻭﻳﺎ ً ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ‪ SPSS.‬ﻋﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﻣﻌﻭﺽ‪ .‬ﺃﺣﺻﺎء ﺳﻳﺎﺣﻰ ﻭ ﻓﻧﺩﻗﻰ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺳﻳﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺳﻳﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻧﺩﻗﺔ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﻣﻌﻭﺽ‪ .‬ﻣﺑﺎﺩﻯء ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎء‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺳﻳﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺳﻳﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻧﺩﻗﺔ‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺡ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻷﺣﺻﺎء ﺑﺎﻣﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺑﻭ ﻅﺑﻰ‬

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