Q1: If rice requires 10 cm depth of water on an average interval of 10 days and the crop

period for rice is 120 days. Find the delta of rice.

Solution: Water will be applied ꞊ ꞊ 12 times (during crop period)

Total depth of water ꞊ 12 × 10 ꞊ 120 cm

So, Δ ꞊ 120 cm

Q2: Wheat requires 40 cm depth of irrigation in a period of 120 days. Find the duty of wheat

Solution:

Δ꞊ 40 cm; B꞊ 120 days

Duty, D꞊ 864

꞊ 864

꞊ 2592 hectares/cumec
Q3: A gross command area of 112500 hectares of which 80 % is cultivable has to be irrigated
by a proposed reservoir system with the help of a canal system. Crop to be grown during
a year are rice, wheat and sugarcane with a crop ratio of 3:2:1. The intensity of irrigation
for rice is 80%, for wheat is 70% and for sugarcane is 60%. Find the area under irrigation
of rice, wheat and sugarcane.

Solution:

G.C.A ꞊ 112500 ha

C.C.A ꞊ 112500 × 80% ꞊ 90,000 ha

Area under rice, Arice ꞊ 90000 × ꞊ 45000 ha

Area under wheat, Awheat ꞊ 90000 × ꞊ 30000 ha

Area under sugarcane, Asugarcane ꞊ 90000 × ꞊ 15000 ha

Area under irrigation

Arice ꞊ 45000 × IIrice ꞊ 45000 × 0.8 ꞊ 36000 ha

Awheat ꞊ 30000 × IIwheat ꞊ 30000 × 0.7 ꞊ 21000 ha

Asugarcane ꞊ 15000 × IIsugarcane ꞊ 15000 × 0.6 ꞊ 9000 ha

Q4: The gross command area for a distributary is 18750 hectares. 80% of which is cultivable.
The intensity of irrigation for Rabi (wheat) season is 40% and for Kharif (rice) is 15%. If
the average duty at the head of the distributary is 3686 hectares/cumec & 1008
hectares/cumec for Rabi and Kharif season respectively.

i) Determine the discharge required at the head the head of the distributary from
average demand considerations.
ii) Also determine the peak demand discharge, assuming the kor water depths for two
crops are13.5 cm and 19 cm and their kor periods are 4 and 2 weeks respectively

Solution:

i)

G.C.A ꞊ 18750 ha

C.C.A ꞊ 18750 × 0.8 ꞊ 15000 ha

Areas to be irrigated in Rabi season, ARabi ꞊ C.C.A × II

꞊ 15000 × 0.4 ꞊ 6000 ha

Areas to be irrigated in Kharif season, AKharif ꞊ 15000 × 0.15 ꞊ 2250 ha

Discharge required at the head of the distributary to irrigate in rabi season

꞊ 1.63 cumec

Discharge required at the head of the distributary to irrigate in kharif season

꞊ 2.23 cumec

So, Discharge required at the head of the distributary ꞊ 2.23 cumec

ii)

Kor water depth for wheat, ꞊ 13.5 cm

Kor water depth for rice, ꞊ 19 cm

Kor period for wheat, ꞊ 28 days

Kor period for rice, ꞊ 14 days

Duty for wheat, ꞊ 864 ꞊ 864 ꞊ 1792 ha/cumec

Duty for rice, ꞊ 864 ꞊ 864 ꞊ 636 ha/cumec

Discharge required at the head of the distributary to irrigate wheat ꞊

꞊ 3.35 cumec

Discharge required at the head of the distributary to irrigate rice ꞊

꞊ 3.54 cumec

Required discharge at the head of distributary ꞊ 3.54 cumec

Q5: A cultivable command area of 90000 ha has to be irrigated by a proposed reservoir with
the help of a canal system crops to be grown during a year are rice, wheat and sugarcane
with crop ratio of 3:2:1. Intensities of irrigation are IIrice - 80% IIwheat -70% IIsugarcane -
60%. Field irrigation requirements after considering various local factors, have been
found to be-

Rice: July- 25 cm, Aug- 30 cm, Sep- 15 cm, Oct- 15 cm

Wheat: Dec to Mar- 10 cm every month

Sugarcane: Nov- 5 cm, Dec to April- 10 cm/month, May- 15 cm

What should be the design capacity of the main canal and its head near the point of off
take? Assume 20% loss of water in conveyance. Also determine the canal capacity factor.

Solution

CCA꞊ 90000 ha

Area under rice, Arice ꞊ 90000 × ꞊ 45000 ha

Area under wheat, Awheat ꞊ 90000 × ꞊ 30000 ha

Area under sugarcane, Asugarcane ꞊ 90000 × ꞊ 15000 ha

Area under irrigation

Arice ꞊ 45000 × IIrice ꞊ 45000 × 0.8 ꞊ 36000 ha

Awheat ꞊ 30000 × IIwheat ꞊ 30000 × 0.7 ꞊ 21000 ha

Asugarcane ꞊ 15000 × IIsugarcane ꞊ 15000 × 0.6 ꞊ 9000 ha

Duty, D ꞊ ha/cumec (B꞊30 days)

 Rice Wheat Sugarcane
Qtotal
Month
A Δ D Q꞊ A Δ D Q꞊ A Δ D Q꞊ (cumcec)
(ha) (m) (ha/cu) (ha) (m) (ha/cu) (ha) (m) (ha/cu)
(cumec) (cumec) (cumec)
Jan 21000 0.10 2592 8.10 9000 0.10 2592 3.47 11.57
Feb 21000 0.10 2592 8.10 9000 0.10 2592 3.47 11.57
March 21000 0.10 2592 8.10 9000 0.10 2592 3.47 11.57
April 9000 0.10 2592 3.47 3.47
May 9000 0.15 728 5.21 5.21
June 0
July 36000 0.25 1036 34.75 34.75
Aug 36000 0.30 864 41.67 41.67
Sep 36000 0.15 1728 20.83 20.83
Oct 36000 0.15 1728 20.83 20.83
Nov 9000 0.05 5184 1.74 1.74
Dec 21000 0.10 2592 8.10 9000 0.10 2592 3.47 11.57
∑Δ꞊0.85 ∑Δ꞊0.4 ∑Δ꞊0.7 ∑Q꞊ 174.78

Qmean ꞊

꞊ 14.56 cumec

CCF꞊ ꞊ 0.35

Canal will be designed for 41.67 cumec

Design capacity of canal at head reach ꞊ ꞊ 52.08 cumec

Q6: Design an irrigation channel to carry 50 cumec of discharge. The channel is to be laid at
a slope of 1 in 4000. The critical ratio is 1.1. Use kutler’s rugosity coefficient as 0.023.

Sloution:

Here, Q꞊ 50 m3/s; S꞊ ; m꞊1.1 ; n꞊ 0.023

V0 ꞊ 0.55 my0.64

꞊ 0.55× 20.64× 1.1 ꞊ 0.942 m/s

A꞊ ꞊ ꞊ 53.1 m2

A꞊ (b+zy) y [assume z= 0.5]

꞊> 53.1 ꞊ (b+0.52×2) 2

꞊> b ꞊ 25.55 m

Again, P ꞊ b+2× ×2 R꞊ ꞊ 1.77 m

꞊ 30.02 m

Actual velocity of channel,

V꞊ ;

꞊ 1.016 m/s > V0

So, y needs to be increased. V ꞊ 1.16 m/s < V0

Let, y ꞊ 3m Reduce y

V0 ꞊ 0.55 × 1.1 × 30.64 ꞊ 1.22 m/s Let y ꞊ 2.5 m

V0 ꞊1.087 m/s
A꞊ ꞊ 40.9 m2
A ꞊ 46 m2
A꞊ (b+zy) y
b ꞊ 17.15 m
꞊> 40.9 ꞊ (b+ 0.5×3)×3
P ꞊ 22.73 m
꞊> b ꞊ 12.13 m
V ꞊ 1.1 m/s > V0
P ꞊ b+ 2 × y ꞊ 18.845 m
Increase y
R = 2.17 m
 Let y ꞊ 2.7 m

V0 ꞊1.147 m/s

A ꞊ 43.5 m2

b ꞊ 14.14 m

P ꞊ 20.40 m

V ꞊ 1.148 m/s V0

Depth of flow ꞊ 2.7 m

Base width =14.14 m

Assuming, 0.5m freeboard, total depth of channel ꞊ 3.2 m

Q7: Design a regime channel to carry a discharge of 15 cumec and average particle size of
channel is 1 mm. (use Lacey’s Theory)

Solution:

Silt factor, f ꞊ 1.76 ꞊ 1.76

Regime velocity, V ꞊

꞊ ꞊ 0.832 m/s

A꞊ ꞊ ꞊18.03 m2

R ꞊ 2.5 ꞊ 2.5 ꞊ 0.983 m

P ꞊ 4.75 ꞊ 18.39 m

A ꞊ (b+zy) y P ꞊ b+ 2 ×y

꞊> 18.03 ꞊ (b+0.5y) y ꞊> 18.39 ꞊ b+1.118 y

꞊> 18.03 ꞊ (18.39-1.118y+0.5y) y ꞊> b ꞊ 18.39 -1.118 y

꞊> 18.03 ꞊ 18.39 y-0.618y2

꞊> 0.618y2-18.39y+18.03 = 0
 So, y ꞊ 28.74 m or 1.01 m

If y is 28.74 m b would be negative.

y = 1.01 m

b ꞊ 18.9-1.118×1.01 ꞊ 17.26 m

Assuming FB ꞊ 0.3 m , depth of channel = 1.31 m

Longitudinal slope, S ꞊ ꞊ 0.0049

Q8: An irrigation channel is to be constructed is to be constructed in coarse alluvial gravel

with D-75 size of 5 cm. The channel has to carry 3 cumec of discharge and the
longitudinal slope is 0.01. The banks of the channel will be protected by grass against
scouring. Find the minimum width of channel

Solution:

Particle size, d ꞊ 5 cm ꞊ 0.05 m (>6mm)

Mannings roughness coefficient, n ꞊ ꞊ 0.0258

If [To prevent scouring]

Now, d RS

꞊> R ꞊ 0.455 m

Rmax ꞊ 0.455 m

Maximum velocity of flow, Vmax ꞊

꞊ 2.29 m/s

Assuming wide open channel, R

Q ꞊ AV ꞊ byV

꞊> 3 ꞊ b Rmax Vmax

꞊> bmin ꞊ 2.88 m

Q9: Water flows at a depth of 0.6 m in a wide stream having a bed slope 1 in 2500. The
median diameter of the sand bed is 1.0 mm. Determine whether the soil grains are
stationary or moving and comment as to whether the stream bed is scouring or non-
scouring.

Solution:

The size of bed material, d ꞊ 1 mm (<6mm)

Critical shear stress, ꞊ 0.155 +

꞊ 0.53 N/m2

Average shear stress acting on channel, ꞊ ꞊ [Wide channel, R

꞊ 9.81× 0.6 × [ ꞊ 9.81 KN/m2]

꞊ 0.00235 KN/m2

꞊ 2.35 N/m2 >

As

So, soil grains will not be stationary and scouring and sedimentation transport will
occur.

Q10: Design a concrete lined channel to carry a discharge of 350 cumec at slope 1 in 5000.
The side slopes may be taken as 1.5:1. The value of n for lining is 0.014. Limiting
velocity in the channel is 2 m/s.

Solution:

Here, Q ꞊ 350 m3/s > 55 m3/s

Design trapezoidal channel

V꞊

꞊> 2 ꞊ × ×

꞊> R ꞊ 2.79 m

A꞊ ꞊ ꞊ 175 m2
 P=b+2y ( ) z ꞊1.5

꞊> 62.72 ꞊ b+2y (0.59+ 1.5)

cotθ ꞊ ꞊1.5
꞊> 62.72 ꞊ b + 4.18y
꞊> b ꞊ 62.72 – 4.18y 1

A = by + y2 ( )

꞊> 175 ꞊ (62.72 – 4.18y) y + y2 (0.59+ 1.5) [from eqn. (1)]

꞊> 2.09 y2 -62.72y+175 ꞊ 0

꞊> y ꞊3

b ꞊ 49.76 m

Q11: Calculate the balancing depth for a channel section having a bed width equal to 18 m
and side slopes of 1:1 in cutting and 2:1 in filling. The bank embankments are kept 3m
higher than the ground level and crest width of bank is kept as 2m.

2m
2
1 3m

18 m
Solution:

Area of cutting, Acutting ꞊ (b+zy) y

꞊ (18+d) d m2

Area of filling, Afilling ꞊ [(2+2×3)×3]×2 ꞊ 48 m2

Now, Acutting ꞊ Afilling

꞊> (18+d) d ꞊ 48

꞊> d2 + 18d- 48 ꞊ 0

꞊> d =2.35 m or -20.35 m

balancing depth ꞊2.35 m