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Constitution of people’s republic Bangladesh and its amendments: An
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Avwg GB g‡g© †NvlYv KiwQ ‡h, evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ wkÿK I wkwÿKv Ges
we‡kl K‡i RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ivóªweÁvb wefv‡Mi mnKvix Aa¨vcK jvwgqv Bmjvg g¨vWvg
Gi mn‡hvMxZvq ÒMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I ms‡kvabxmg~n: GKwU we‡kølYÓ kxl©K
M‡elYvwU cÖ¯‘Z K‡iwQ|

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we.Gm.Gm (m¤§vb) †Kvm© cixÿvi AvswkK kZ© c~i‡Yi Rb¨ †gvt AvwbQzi ingvb KZ…©K cÖYxZ
GB Uvg© †ccvi hvi wk‡ivbvg ÒMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I ms‡kvabxmg~n: GKwU
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Avwg D³ M‡elYv Kg©wU h_vh_fv‡e cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i GB wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡qwQ ‡h,
M‡elYvi we‡køl‡Yi Z_¨mg~n †m wbR cÖ‡Póvq msMÖn K‡i‡Q| Avwg GB M‡elYv Kg©wUi
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evsjv‡`k `w¶Y Gwkqvi GKwU ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg ivóª hvi mvsweavwbK bvg MYcÖRvZš¿x
evsjv‡`k| 1947 mv‡j weªwUk Dcwb‡ewkK kvmbvemv‡b fviZxq Dcgnv‡`k wef³ n‡q
cvwK¯Ívb bvgK †h ivóªwU m…wó n‡qwQ‡jv, Zvi c~e©vÂjxq cÖ‡`k c~e© evsjv ev c~e© cvwK¯Ívb ‡kvlY,
‰elg¨ I wbcxo‡bi weiæ‡× mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡q 1971 mv‡j GKwU ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg ivóª
wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ nq| ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q `vwi`¨ cxwoZ evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ mgq N‡U‡Q
`ywf©¶ I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM; GQvovI cÖjw¤^Z ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv I cybt‡cŠwbK mvgwiK
Af¨yÌvb G‡`‡ki AMÖMwZ‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i‡Q| 1991 mv‡j MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v cybtcÖwZwôZ
nevi ci †_‡K evsjv‡`k ax‡i ax‡i A_©‰bwZK cÖMwZ I mg…w×i c‡_ GwM‡q hv‡”Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P AvBb 1972 mv‡ji 4B
b‡f¤^i Zvwi‡L evsjv‡`k MYcwil‡` (eZ©gv‡b RvZxq msm`) GB msweavb M…nxZ nq, Ges
GKB eQ‡ii 16B wW‡m¤^i ev evsjv‡`‡ki weRq w`e‡mi cÖ_g evwl©Kx n‡Z GwU Kvh©Ki nq|
2014 mv‡ji 16k ms‡kvabxmn GwUi †gvU 16 evi ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Gme
ms‡kvabxi g‡a¨ cÖqvZ ivóªcwZ wRqvDi ingv‡bi cÂg ms‡kvabx, û‡mBb gyn v¤§` Gikv‡`i
mßg ms‡kvabx, ·qv`k ms‡kvabx Ges †lvok ms‡kvabx mycÖxg †KvU© KZ©…K evwZj Kiv n‡qQ|
GB msweavb ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ msm` m`m¨‡`i †gvU msL¨vi `yB-Z…Zxqvsk †fv‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb nq
hv msweav‡bi 142 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|

¸YMZ c×wZi mvwnZ¨ chv©‡jvPbvi gva¨wgK Dr‡mi Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi Av‡jv‡K Avwg Avgvi
M‡elYvi KvR KiwQ| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b MYZš¿vq‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv wPwýZKiY Ges
evsjv‡`k msweavb MYZš¿vq‡b KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q GB cÖkœ‡K mvg‡b †i‡L ‡mwU
wbiƒc‡Y KvR KiwQ| KviY evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi †ÿ‡Î MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqvi Kvh©KvwiZv GKwU
bZzb I we‡køl‡Yi welq n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q|
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Avgvi M‡elYvi welq n‡”Q ÒMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I ms‡kvabxmg~n: GKwU

we‡kølY|Ó Avwg GB wel‡q M‡elYvg~jK KvR Ki‡Z ‡c‡i wb‡R‡K Lye †mŠfvM¨evb g‡b KiwQ|
evsjv‡`k msweavb I ms‡kvabxi wfwˇZ evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv D`xqgvb MYZvwš¿K †`‡k
MYZš¿vq‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ GB welqwU wb‡q M‡elYv Kiv AwaK hyw³‡hvM¨ I RvZxq
cÖ‡qvRb| ¯^í mg‡q Avgvi kÖ‡×q wkÿK mnKvix Aa¨vcK jvwgqv Bmjvg Ges evsjv‡`k Db¥y³
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ wkÿK I wkwÿKvi mn‡hvwMZvq Avgvi M‡elYv Kg©wU †kl Ki‡Z †c‡i
Zvu‡`i Rb¨ K…ZÁZv RvbvB gnv Avjøvn ZvÕAvjvi `iev‡i|

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1.1 f‚wgKv 1
1.2 M‡elYvi mgm¨v 2

1.3 M‡elYvi ‡hŠw³KZv 2

1.4 M‡elYvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ 3

1.5 M‡elYv cÖkœ 3
1.6 M‡elYv c×wZ 4
1.7 mvwnZ¨ chv©‡jvPbv 4-6

Aa¨vq
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2.1 evsjv‡`k msweavb cÖYq‡bi cUf‚wg 7

2.2 A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`‡ki g~j w`Kmg~n 8
2.3 MYcwil` Av‡`k 8
2.4 MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb 9
2.5 MYcwil‡`i wØZxq Awa‡ekb 9
2.6 Lmov msweav‡bi P‚ovšÍ Aby‡gv`b 10
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ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gvi we‡kølY
3.1 msweav‡bi msÁv 11
3.2 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨ 12
3.3 evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© weavbmg~n 14-24
3.4 MYZ‡š¿i msÁv 23
3.5 MYZš¿vq‡bi msÁv 25
3.6 evsjv‡`k msweavb I MYZš¿ 26-28
3.7 evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi ms‡kvabxmg~n 29-32
3.8 evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabxi wiwfD 32
3.9 msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i Kvh©KvwiZv (1973-75) 34

PZz_© Aa¨vq
Z_¨ I DcvË we‡kølY
4.1 Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi Drm 36
4.2 Z_¨ we‡kølY I mvwnZ¨ chv©‡jvPbv 36-40

cÂg Aa¨vq
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5.1 Av‡jvPbv 41
5.2 mycvwikgvjv 42
7.3 Dcmsnvi 44
7.4 MÖš’cwÄ 45
 1

cÖ_g Aa¨vq
f‚wgKv
1.1 f‚wgKv:
msweavb n‡”Q GKwU iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P `wjj| G‡Z miKv‡ii MVb, miKv‡ii wewfbœ A½mn †gŠwjK
cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ m¤úK©-m¤^Ü, bvMwiK‡`i †gŠwjK AwaKvi, GKK_vq ivóª cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ
bxwZgvjv AšÍfz©³ _v‡K| AvaywbKKv‡j cÖwZwU iv‡óª msweavb Av‡Q| 1971 mv‡ji GK mk¯¿
gyw³hy‡×i ga¨w`‡q ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k ivóª cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| 1972 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i ÒweRq
w`e‡mÓ ¯^vaxbZvi gvÎ 10 gv‡mi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k jvf K‡i GKwU msweavb| 2014 mv‡ji 16k
ms‡kvabxmn GwUi †gvU 16 evi ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q (iwk`, 2001)|
1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi cÖwZ jÿ¨ Ki‡j GUv mn‡RB Abyaveb Kiv hvq ‡h, evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavbwU GKwU MYZvwš¿K msweavb| G msweav‡bi ga¨w`‡qB evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq kvmbZvwš¿K
e¨e¯’vi †MvovcËb N‡U| cvkvcvwk evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi GKwU g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e MYZ‡š¿i
Avwefv©e nq| wKš‘ GiciI msweav‡b ÒMY¯^v_©Ó Ges ÒRvZxq wbivcËvÓ I MYZš¿vq‡bi NvUwZ
i‡q‡Q hv msweav‡bi cwicwš’ e‡j a‡i †bqv nq| msweav‡b ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZi g‡a¨
MYZš¿I †Kvb AvBbMZ ghv©`v jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| ZvQvov evsjv‡`k msweavb I ms‡kvabx
Abyhvqx MYZš¿ RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi wbðqZv cÖ`v‡b †Zgb †Kvb Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z
cvi‡Q bv| G cÖm‡½ e`iæÏxb Dgi e‡j‡Q, Òmsweav‡b D‡jøwLZ ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv
wbZvšÍB Achv©ß| wZwb msweavb‡K MYZš¿, RvZxqZvev`, ag©wbi‡cÿZv, mgvRZ‡š¿i weiæ‡×
GKwU †gŠwjK avivÕ e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| (Holiday, Dhaka, October 22, 1972) (f‚uBqv, 1989)|
AZGe, ZvB evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi †ÿ‡Î MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqvi Kvh©KvwiZv GKwU bZzb I we‡køl‡Yi

welq n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b MYZš¿vq‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv wPwýZKiY Ges evsjv‡`k
msweavb MYZš¿vq‡b KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q GB cÖkœ‡K mvg‡b †i‡L ‡mwU wbiƒc‡Y
¸YMZ c×wZi mvwnZ¨ chv©‡jvPbvi gva¨wgK Dr‡mi Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi Av‡jv‡K Avwg Avgvi
M‡elYvi KvR KiwQ|
 2

1.2 M‡elYvi mgm¨v

1971 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q `vwi`¨ cxwoZ evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ mg‡q N‡U hvIqv cÖjw¤^Z
ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv I cybt‡cŠwbK mvgwiK Af¨yÌvb G‡`‡ki msm`xq MYZvwš¿K AMÖMwZ‡K
evavMÖ¯Í K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`k msweav‡b ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ‡Z cÖRvZ‡š¿ MYZš¿ we`¨gvb| wKš‘
eZ©gv‡b RbM‡Yi kvmb Z_v MYZ‡š¿i mwVK PP©v n‡”Q bv| ZvB ÒMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb
I ms‡kvabxmg~n: GKwU we‡kølYÓ wk‡ivbv‡g evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b MYZš¿vq‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv
wPwýZKiY Ges evsjv‡`‡ki MYZš¿vq‡b KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q †mwU wbiƒcY Kivi
j‡ÿ¨ Avwg G M‡elYv Ki‡Z Pvw”Q|

1.3 M‡elYvi ‡hŠw³KZv

GKwU †`‡ki msweavb I ms‡kvabx Abyhvqx †m †`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’v I ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gv M‡o
I‡V| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j c„w_exi cÖvq mKj †`‡kB MYZš¿ GKwU mve©Rbxb kvmb e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ
jvf K‡i‡Q| GKwU †`‡ki MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ msm`xq kvmb e¨e¯’v cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©b I 1972 mv‡j msweavb
cÖYq‡bi ci †_‡K eZ©gvb ch©šÍ `xN©w`b hveZ msweav‡b msm`xq MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ ivR‰bwZK
†bZ…e„›` I mvaviY RbMY Zv‡`i cÖqvm Pvwj‡q Avm‡Qb| wKš‘ MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi Ab¨Zg kZ© n‡jv
msweav‡b MYZš¿ cÖwµqvi aiY wbiƒcY Kiv| Z‡e G welqwU wb‡q evsjv‡`‡k †Zgb †Kvb †gŠwjK
M‡elYv nqwb| A_P evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv D`xqgvb MYZvwš¿K †`‡k ÒMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb I ms‡kvabxmg~n: GKwU we‡kølYÓ G welqwU wb‡q M‡elYv Kiv AwaK hyw³‡hvM¨ I RvZxq
cÖ‡qvRb|
MYZš¿ n‡jv RbM‡Yi kvmb| wKš‘ RbMY cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e kvmb K‡i bv| kvmb K‡i Zv‡`i wbe©vwPZ
cÖwZwbwaiv| wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaiv msweavb Abymv‡i iv‡óªi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb I ms‡kvabx ‡gvZv‡eK RbM‡Yi Rb¨ MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqvi aiY ev †PZbvi ewntcÖKvk
KZUzKz we`¨gvb Zv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkœ| G cÖkœ‡K mvg‡b †i‡L ÒMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb
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I ms‡kvabxmg~n: GKwU we‡kølYÓ welqwU‡K M‡elYvi welq (Research Topic) wn‡m‡e ‡e‡Q
†bIqv n‡q‡Q| d‡j G M‡elYv Øviv GKw`‡K ‡hgb evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I ms‡kvabxmg~n m¤ú‡K©
aviYv cvIqv hv‡e †Zgwb evsjv‡`k msweav‡b MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqv Av‡iv myMg n‡e| ZvQvov
evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq MYZš¿ cÖK…Zfv‡e cÖwZôv n‡j RbMY me©v‡cÿv mydj AR©b Ki‡e| Kv‡RB
eZ©gvb mg‡q Avgvi G M‡elYv †hŠw³K I bZzb‡Z¡i `vwe`vi|

1.4 M‡elYvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨

Avgvi G M‡elYv Øviv eûgyLx I eûwea jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ mvwaZ n‡e| Z‡e Avgvi M‡elYvi cÖavb
jÿ¨ n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b MYZš¿vq‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv wPwýZKiY Ges evsjv‡`‡ki
MYZš¿vq‡b KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q †mwU wbiƒcY Kiv| ZvQvov Avgvi Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨
D‡Ïk¨ ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ n‡”Q-
➢ evsjv‡`k msweavb MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqv wbiƒc‡Y KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q †mwU
Lyu‡R †ei Kiv|
➢ evsjv‡`k msweavb RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi wbwðZKi‡Y KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Q Zv wPwýZ Kiv|
➢ Øv`k ms‡kvabx‡Z msm`xq c×wZi miKvi cybtcÖeZ©b I DcivóªcwZ c` wejywß KZUzKz
Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q †mwU AbymÜvb Kiv|
myZivs G M‡elYvq Avgvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨ m¤ú‡K© Avwg M‡elYvjä aviYv w`‡Z mÿg ne|
djkÖæwZ‡Z Avgvi GB M‡elYv cÖv_wgK hvÎv n‡jI eZ©gvb msweav‡b MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqv KZUzKz
Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q Zv wbiƒc‡Y Avgvi M‡elYv mwVK wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
1.5 M‡elYv cÖkœ
1. evsjv‡`k msweavb MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqv wbiƒc‡Y wKfv‡e Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q?
2. Øv`k ms‡kvabx msm`xq c×wZi miKvi cybtcÖeZ©b I DcivóªcwZ c` wejywß KZUzKz
Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q?
 4

1.6 M‡elYv c×wZ

GKwU M‡elYvq M‡elYv c×wZ (Research Methodology) Av‡jvPbv Kiv †ek KwVb KvR| †Kbbv
wfbœ wfbœ M‡elYv wewfbœ †ÿ‡Îi Ici A‡bK¸‡jv M‡elYv c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| we‡kl we‡kl ˆewkó¨,
aviYv, msÁvi Dci wfwË K‡i Avgiv M‡elYv c×wZ e¨envi Kwi|myZivs Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvi
welqwUi mwVK we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ ¸YMZ c×wZ (Qualitative Method)-i mvwnZ¨ chv©‡jvPbvi
gva¨wgK Dr‡mi Z_¨ I DcvË ev WKz‡g›U ÷vwWwU †e‡Q wb‡qwQ| hv Avgv‡K mwVK Z_¨ we‡køl‡Y
mvnvh¨ Ki‡e e‡j Avwg Avkv Kwi|

1.7 mvwnZ¨ chv©‡jvPbv

M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv GKwU Acwinvh© Ask| †Kbbv, M‡elYvi mv‡_ mswkøó eBcy¯ÍK,
Rvb©vj, cÖeÜ BZ¨vw` ‡_‡K A‡bK aviYv cvIqv hvq hv M‡elYvKg©‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi mv‡_ mivmwi m¤úK©hy³ †Zgb †Kvb M‡elYvKg© cvIqv hvq wb| Z_vwc welqwUi
mv‡_ c‡ivÿfv‡e m¤úK©hy³ wKQz mvwnZ¨Kg© i‡q‡Q| Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvi welqwU wb‡q wewfbœ
mvwnZ¨ chv©‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q †hme eBcy¯ÍK, cÖeÜ, Rvb©vj, †jL‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b ‡_‡K Z_¨ I
DcvË msMÖn K‡iwQ D`vniY¯^iƒc G¸‡jv wKQz mvwnZ¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb wePvi e¨e¯’v Ges mvsweavwbK µgweKv‡k W. †gvt kwdKzi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖevmx miKvi MVb I ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv cÎ, 1972 mv‡ji A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`k, MYcwil`
Av‡`k, MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g I wØZxq Awa‡ekb, Lmov msweavb m¤ú‡K© ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Ívemg~n,
cÖ¯Ívebv I cÖRvZš¿, mvsweavwbK cÖvavb¨, ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ, †gŠwjK AwaKvi, ivóªcwZ I
cÖavbgš¿x Kvh©vejx, RvZxq msm` I 16wU ms‡kvabx m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb | GQvov
wZwb evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi cUf‚wg I msweav‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© weavbmg~‡ni avivevwnK eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb|
wKš‘ G MÖš’wU‡Z evsjv‡`k msweav‡b MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqv wKfv‡e Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q †m
welqwU Av‡jvwPZ nqwb (ingvb, 1998)|
 5

evsjv‡`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’v I ivRbxwZ‡Z W. Aveyj dRj nK msweavb cÖYqb I Lmov msweavb
cÖYqb KwgwU, MYcwil‡` weZK©, msweavb cÖYqb cÖwµqv, msweavb jv‡fi c×wZ, 1972 mv‡ji
msweavb I evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨, cÖ¯Ívebv, evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi weavb¸‡jv‡K `kwU fv‡M
wef³ K‡i (†hgb-cÖ_g fvMt cÖRvZš¿, wØZxq fvMt ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ.....BZ¨vw`i)
avivevwnK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb | `kg fv‡M wZwb msweavb ms‡kvabx I ms‡kvab c×wZi m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges †gvU 15wU ms‡kvabxi m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e G
MÖš’wU‡K msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi welqwU Av‡jvwPZ nq wb (nK, 2007)|

evsjv‡`k ivRbxwZ miKvi I kvmbZvwš¿K Dbœqb 1757-2000 †Z W. nviæb-Ai-iwk` msweavb

iPbvi cUf‚wg I c`‡ÿc, A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`k, MYcwil‡`i MVb, Kvh©µg I msweavb cÖYqb,
cÖ¯Ívebv, evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨, cwiewZ©Z iƒc, ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ, †gŠwjK
AwaKvi I Zvrch©, msweavb ms‡kvab c×wZ I Avek¨KZv Ges msweavb ms‡kvabx (cÂg-`kg)
I ·qv`k ms‡kvabx‡Z ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ G MÖ‡š’ msweav‡bi mv‡_
mvgÄm¨c~Y© MYZš¿vq‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© †Kvb Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq wb (iwk`, 2001)|

evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡b W. †gvt Ave`yj I`y` f‚uBqv msweavb iPbvi cÖYq‡bi BwZnvm,
MYcwil` Av‡`k, MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g I wØZxq Awa‡ekb, Lmov msweav‡bi Dci ivR‰bwZK `‡ji
AwfgZ, Lmov msweav‡bi P‚ovšÍ Aby‡gv`b, 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi ‰ewkó¨, ivóª cwiPvjbvi
g~jbxwZ I Gi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch©, 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡b mgvRZš¿ m¤úwK©Z weavb, 1972 mv‡ji
msweav‡bi Aax‡b RvZxq msm`, msweavb ms‡kvabx (1-13) ms‡kvabxi KviY I †cÖÿvcU,
msweavb ms‡kvabx c×wZ BZ¨vw` welqvejx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e G MÖ‡š’ MYZ‡š¿i
†Kvb cÖm½B Av‡m wb (f‚uBqv, 1989)|
 6

mvsweavwbK µgweKvk, mvsweavwbK AvBb I evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b †gvt wgRvbyi ingvb

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖevmx miKvi MVb I ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv cÎ, 1972 mv‡ji A¯’vqx msweavb I
MYcwil` Av‡`k, MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g I wØZxq Awa‡ekb, Lmov msweavb m¤ú‡K© ms‡kvabx
cÖ¯Ívemg~n, 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi g~j ‰ewkó¨ I evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi eZ©gvb ‰ewkó¨,
mswÿßvKv‡i 16wU ms‡kvabx, we¯ÍvwiZ 16wU ms‡kvabx, evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi weavb¸‡jv‡K
GMv‡ivwU fv‡M wef³ K‡i (†hgb-cÖ_g fvMt cÖRvZš¿, wØZxq fvMt ivóª cwiPvjbvi
g~jbxwZ.....BZ¨vw`i) avivevwnK Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G MÖ‡š’ GKv`k fv‡M wewea Ges 7wU
Zdwmj we`¨gvb| wKš‘ GLv‡b evsjv‡`k msweav‡b MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqvi cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ †Kvb Kvh©Ki
welq iwPZ nq wb (ingvb, 2011)|

‡jwRm‡jwUf I msm` welqK wefvM AvBb, wePvi, msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš¿x
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb GwU evsjv‡`‡ki g~j msweavb| A_v©r GwU GKwU AKvU¨ `wjj| G‡Z
miKv‡ii MVb, miKv‡ii wewfbœ A½mn †gŠwjK cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ m¤úK© -m¤^Ü, bvMwiK‡`i
†gŠwjK AwaKvi, GKK_vq ivóª cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ bxwZgvjv AšÍfz©³ Av‡Q| G‡Z me©‡gvU 11wU
fvM, 153wU Aby‡”Q`, 7wU Zdwmj I 1wU cÖ¯Ívebv we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov G‡Z eZ©gvb ch©šÍ
16wU ms‡kvabx Avbvqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Øv`k msweav‡b msm`xq c×wZi miKvi cybtcÖeZ©b I
DcivóªcwZ c` wejyw߇Z msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i K_v D‡V Avm‡jI Zv eZ©gvb ch©šÍ †Kvb Kvh©Ki
f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q wKbv Zv AbymÜvb Kiv g~L¨ n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q (evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb, 2016)|

Dc‡iv³ MÖš’ I M‡elYvKg©¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv †Mj †h, Avgvi M‡elYvi welq ÒMYcÖRvZš¿x
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I ms‡kvabxmg~n: GKwU we‡kølYÓ Gi Ici wfwË K‡i MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqvi
aiY wb‡q †Kvb M‡elYvKg© m¤úvw`Z nq wb| Z‡e G wel‡qi mv‡c‡ÿ c‡ivÿfv‡e wKQz M‡elYvKg©
we`¨gvb †h¸‡jv Avgvi M‡elYvKg© m¤úv`‡b mnvhK f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
 7

wØZxq Aa¨vq
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYq‡bi cUf‚wg
2.1 evsjv‡`k msweavb cÖYq‡bi cUf‚wg
cÖ‡Z¨K ¯^vaxb iv‡óª GKwU msweavb _v‡K, msweavbwenxb iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| msweavb
GKwU iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P `wjj| G‡Z miKv‡ii MVb, miKv‡ii wewfbœ A½mn †gŠwjK cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni
g‡a¨ m¤úK©-m¤^Ü, bvMwiK‡`i †gŠwjK AwaKvi, GKK_vq ivóª cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ bxwZgvjv
AšÍfz©³ _v‡K| AvaywbKKv‡j cÖwZwU iv‡óª msweavb i‡q‡Q| †Zgwbfv‡e MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki
wjwLZ msweavb we`¨gvb Av‡Q| e¯‘Z msweavb GKwU †`‡ki c_cÖ`k©K| ivóª cwiPvjbvi
bxwZgvjvi GK mgwó n‡jv msweavb| 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i XvKvi ‡im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b cvwK¯Ívwb
nvbv`vi evwnbxi AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi gva¨‡g bq gv‡mi mk¯¿ gyw³hy‡×i weRq AwR©Z nq| 1971 mv‡ji
26 gvP© e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb KZ…©K ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi ci gyw³hy× PjvKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki
A¯’vqx ivRavbx ÔgywRebMiÕ †_‡K 10 GwcÖj (1971) †NvwlZ ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ
(Proclamation of Independence) Abyhvqx †`‡ki gy³vÂj cwiPvwjZ nq| e½eÜz‡K ivóªcÖavb

K‡i MwVZ miKvi gyw³hy‡× †bZ…Z¡© †`q| 1971 mv‡ji GK i³ÿqx mk¯¿ gyw³hy‡×i ga¨w`‡q
¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k ivóª cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| AZtci evsjv‡`k cÖevmx miKvi (Bangladesh
Government in-Exile) XvKvq cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i ‡`‡ki cÖK…Z kvmb ÿgZv MÖnY K‡ib| wKš‘ cÖevmx

miKv‡ii ivóªcwZ †kL gywReyi ingvb ZLbI cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMv‡i AšÍixY wQ‡jb| 1972 mv‡ji
10B Rvbyqvix wZwb ¯^‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z cv iv‡Lb| ¯^‡`‡ki cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi ciw`b 11B Rvbyqvwi
(1972) ivóªcwZi GK Av‡`‡ki gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k A¯’vqx mvsweavwbK Av‡`k (Provisional
Constitutional Order of Bangladesh) Rvwi K‡ib| G Av‡`‡ki gva¨‡g ivóªcwZ kvwmZ

miKv‡ii cwie‡Z© msm`xq miKvi (Parliamentary Government) cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| A¯’vqx
mvsweavwbK Av‡`‡k AviI ejv nq ‡h, 1970 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i I 1971 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m
evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g MYcwil` MwVZ n‡e| MYcwil‡`i mKj m`m¨M‡Yi DciB m`¨ ¯^vaxbZvcÖvß
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb iPbvi fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq (f‚uBqv, 1989)|
 8

2.2 A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`‡ki g~j w`Kmg~n

A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`‡ki mg~‡ni g‡a¨ ejv nq-
(1) evsjv‡`‡k msweavb iPbvi Rb¨ MYcwil` MwVZ n‡e|
(2) ‡`‡k msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v _vK‡e| cÖavbgš¿x n‡e Gi cÖavb|
(3) MYcwil‡`i msL¨vMwiô m`m¨‡K cÖavbgš¿x ev ivóªcwZ wb‡qvM Ki‡eb|
(4) MYcwil` KZ…©K msweavb iwPZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ GKRb‡K ivóªcwZ wbhy³ Ki‡eb|
(5) GKRb cÖavb wePvicwZ I K‡qKRb wePvicwZ wb‡q evsjv‡`‡k nvB‡KvU© _vK‡e (iwk`,
2001)|

2.3 MYcwil` Av‡`k

1972 mv‡ji 23‡k gvP© MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ MYcwil` Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib| miKvi
GB g‡g© †NvlYv ‡`b †h, G Av‡`k 1971 mv‡ji 26‡k gvP© †_‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv n‡e| 1970 mv‡ji
wW‡m¤^i Ges 1971 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m wbev©wPZ RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`i m`m¨MY
MYcwil‡`i m`m¨ n‡eb| G Av‡`‡k k~Y¨ Avmb¸‡jv‡Z Dcwbev©Pb AbywôZ n‡e| MYcwil`
wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ ¯úxKvi wbev©Pb Ki‡eb| MYcwil‡`i 100 Rb m`m¨ ‡Kvivg (Quorum) MVb
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|(The Bangladesh Observer, March 24, 1972) (f‚uBqv, 1989)|
1972 mv‡ji 30‡k gvP© MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii AvBb I msm` welqK gš¿x W±i Kvgvj
†nv‡mb GK wee„wZ‡Z e‡jb †h, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii msweavb n‡e msm`xq c×wZi
hv‡Z MYZš¿, mgvRZš¿, RvZxqZvev` I ag©wbi‡cÿZvi g‡Zv †gŠwjK bxwZ¸‡jv we`¨gvb _vK‡e|
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb †h, msweav‡bi Lmov `ªæZMwZ‡Z AMÖmi n‡”Q|(The Bangladesh Observer,
March 31, 1972) (f‚uBqv, 1989)|
 9

2.4 MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb

¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi gvÎ 116 w`b ci 1972 mv‡ji 10B GwcÖj MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m|
wbtm‡›`‡n G w`bwU RvZxq Rxe‡bi GKwU †MŠi‡ev¾¡j w`b| mwZ¨B bexb evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m
GwU GKwU bZzb Aa¨v‡qi ms‡hvRb K‡i‡Q| MYcwil` †bZv †kL gywReyi ingvb 10B GwcÖj
MYcwil‡` †NvlYv K‡ib †h, MYcwil` mev©waK Kg mg‡q GKwU msweavb cÖYqb Ki‡e hvi Rb¨
†`‡k fwel¨r eskaiMY †MŠie‡eva Ki‡eb| D³ Awa‡ek‡b MYcwil‡`i ¯úxKvi I †WcywU
¯úxKvi wbev©wPZ nb| kvn& Ave`yj nvwg` wQ‡jb MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g ¯úxKvi; Zvui g„Zy¨‡Z ¯úxKvi
wbev©wPZ nb Rbve †gvnv¤§` Djøvn|1972 mv‡ji 11B GwcÖj MYcwil‡`i Awa‡ekb ¯’wM` ivLvi
wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| MYcwil` G Awa‡ek‡b PviwU KwgwU MVb K‡it
1. Lmov msweavb KwgwU (Draft Constitution Committee);
2. Kvh©cÖYvjxi wewa msµvšÍ KwgwU (Rules of Procedure committee);
3. AwaKvi I we‡kl myweav msµvšÍ KwgwU (Rights and Privileges Committee);
4. cwil` KwgwU (House Committee) (ingvb, 2011)|
KwgwU¸‡jvi MVb cÖ¯ÍvevKv‡i MYcwil‡` DÌvwcZ nq| Zb¥‡a¨ wZbwU cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib W±i
Kvgvj †nv‡mb| Lmov msweavb msµvšÍ KwgwUi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib gš¿x Rbve gbmyi Avjx|
cwil` KwgwU Qvov Aci wZbwU KwgwU‡K 10B Ry‡bi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i wi‡cvU© `vwLj Ki‡Z wb‡`©k
†`Iqv nq|*(The Bangladesh Observer, April 12, 1972.) (f‚uBqv, 1989)|

2.5 MYcwil‡`i wØZxq Awa‡ekb

1972 mv‡ji 12B A‡±vei evsjv‡`k MYcwil‡`i wØZxq Awa‡ekb e‡m| ‡mw`bB AvIqvgx jxM
mvsMVwbK KwgwU (Awami League Organizing Committee) KZ…K
© DÌvwcZ GKwU ms‡kvabx|
GB ms‡kvabxi mv‡_ m½wZ iÿv K‡i Lmov msweavb KwgwUi mfvcwZ W±i Kvgvj †nv‡mb
msweavbwU‡K wej AvKv‡i MYcwil‡` †ck K‡ib| Zvici w`bB A_v©r 13 A‡±vei MYcwil` D³
ms‡kvabxmn msweav‡bi Kvh©cÖYvjx msµvšÍ wewagvjv MÖnY K‡i| MYcwil‡`i wejwUi Dci e³e¨
 10

Ki‡Z wM‡q †kL gywReyi ingvb e‡jb,Ò G msweavb knx‡`i i‡³ wjwLZÓ(This constitution is
written in martyr’s blood.) msweav‡b †h †Kvb ai‡Yi ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Íve mv`‡i M„nxZ n‡e e‡j

`„p Avkv e¨³ K‡ib| AvBb gš¿x Wt Kvgvj †nv‡m‡bi g‡Z, ÒG msweavb n‡e MYZvwš¿K, hv‡Z
AvB‡bi kvmb, gvby‡li ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi, ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ Ges ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK
b¨vqwePvi mKj bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ AwR©Z n‡e|Ó*(The Bangladesh Observer, October 13, 1972.)
(f‚uBqv, 1989)|

2.6 Lmov msweav‡bi P‚ovšÍ Aby‡gv`b

Lmov msweavb cÖYqb KwgwU (Draft Constitution Committee) ‡gvU 74wU ‰eV‡K wgwjZ nq
Ges 300 N›Uv e¨q K‡i Gi wi‡cvU© cÖ`vb K‡i| wi‡cvU© cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q cÖ¯Íve
AvnŸvb Kiv nq| Lmov msweav‡bi Dci Av‡jvPbv †kl nq 30‡k A‡±vei 1972| msweav‡bi
ms‡kvabxmn 16wU Aby‡”Q` M„nxZ nq| GQvov Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ 10wU Aby‡”Q`I M„nxZ nq| Z‡e
msweavb we‡ji eû weZwK©Z Aby‡”Q`wU wQj 70 bs Aby‡”Q`| 3iv b‡f¤^i 1972 mv‡j KZK¸‡jv
ms‡kvabxmn Lmov msweav‡bi me Aby‡”Q` (Article) I Zdwmj (Schedule) M„nxZ nq| Gfv‡e
18 A‡±vei †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 3iv b‡f¤^i ch©šÍ Lmov msweav‡bi cÖ_g cvV, wØZxq cvV I Z…Zxq
cvV mgvß nq| me©‡kl cvV †k‡l 4 b‡f¤^i me©m¤§wZµ‡g msweavb msµvšÍ wejwU MYcwil‡`
M„nxZ nq| 1972 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i Ò weRq w`emÓ †_‡K GwU Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| Gfv‡e ¯^vaxbZvi
gvÎ 10 gv‡mi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k jvf K‡i GKwU c~Yv©½ msweavb ( nK, 2007 I iwk`, 2001)|
 11

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gvi we‡kølY
3.1 msweav‡bi msÁv
msweavb nj GKwU ivó« cwiPvjbvi g~jm~Î| msweavb ej‡Z g~jZ KZ¸‡jv wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ
†gŠwjK wewagvjv †K †evSvq hv †Kvb iv‡ó«i wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q K‡i Ges ivóªxq
¶gZv e¨envi I e›U‡bi bxwZ wba©viY K‡i| GKwU iv‡ó«i msweavb nj †mB iv‡ó«i `c©Y ev cÖwZ”Qwe
hvi gva¨‡g †mB RvwZi Rxeb c×wZ dy‡U D‡V| GwU‡K ejv nq iv‡ó«i m‡e©v”P AvBb ev `wjj|

wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx, `vk©wbK Ges mgvRweÁvbxMY wewfbœ `…wófw½‡Z msweav‡bi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb|
Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z, “A constitution is the way of life the state has chosen for itself.”
(Everson, 1996)

gvwK©b msweavb wekvi` WvBwmi g‡Z, “mKj cÖKvi wbqg Kvbyb hv iv‡ó«i mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi
Abykxjb ev ¶gZvi e›Ub †K cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv‡K msweavb ejv nq|”

‡jmwj wjcmb The Democratic Civilization-1969 MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb, “msweavb n‡”Q iv‡óªi
c«kvmbMZ wbqg cÖYvjx I Zvi m‡½ bvMwiK‡`i m¤úK© msewjZ GKwU ivR‰bwZK cÖKí| ejv
evûj¨, GB cÖK‡íi g~j KvVv‡gv nj wjwLZ msweavb” ( Lipson, 1969)|

jW© eªvBm Gi g‡Z, “Constitution is the aggregate of laws and customs under which the
life of the state goes on” (ivóªxq Rxeb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ AvBb ixwZbxwZi mgwó‡KB msweavb

ejv nq)|

wm Gd ÷«s e‡j‡Qb, “A Constitution may be said to be a collection of principles

according to which the powers of the government, the rights of the government and
relation between the two are adjusted.” (msweavb ej‡Z Ggb KwZcq wbqg Kvby‡bi mgwó‡K

†evSvq hvi Øviv miKv‡ii ¶gZv, kvwm‡Zi AwaKvi Ges G `y‡qi gv‡S m¤úK© wba©vwiZ nq)
 12

A_v©r msweavb n‡”Q GKwU iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P `wjj| G‡Z miKv‡ii MVb, miKv‡ii wewfbœ A½mn
†gŠwjK cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ m¤úK©-m¤^Ü, bvMwiK‡`i †gŠwjK AwaKvi, GKK_vq ivóª cwiPvjbv
msµvšÍ bxwZgvjv AšÍfz©³ _v‡K| msweavb nj KwZcq wbqg Kvbyb hv miKvi MVb, †`k cwiPvjbv,
miKvi I RbM‡bi Ae¯’vb wbY©q Ges m‡e©vcwi ciivó«bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î g~jmyÎ wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K (iwk`, 2001)|

3.2 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨

1972 mv‡ji evsjv‡`k msweavb ¯^íZg mg‡qi g‡a¨ ïay iwPZ nq wb, Gi Avi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨
w`K n‡”Q- GwU we‡k¦i †kÖô msweavb¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg| Gi cÖavb ˆewkó¨mg~n n‡jv-

1. wjwLZ msweavb: 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡b 83wU c„ôvq me©‡gvU 11wU fvM, 153wU Aby‡”Q`,
4wU Zdwmj I 1wU cÖ¯Ívebv we`¨gvb wQj| GwU GKwU wjwLZ msweavb|
2. `y®úwieZ©bxq: 1972 mv‡ji msweavb GKwU `y®úwieZ©bxq msweavb| Z‡e GwU †Kvb RwUj
c×wZi msweavb bq| RvZxq msm‡`i msm` m`‡m¨i `yB-Z…Zxqvsk †fv‡U msweavb
ms‡kvabx M„nxZ n‡j ivóªcwZi m¤§wZi gva¨‡g Zv Kvh©Ki Kiv nq|
3. GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóªe¨e¯’v: 1972 mv‡ji msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóªe¨e¯’v
we`¨gvb wQj| GLv‡b hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’vi g‡Zv ‡Kvb A½ivR¨ ev cÖ‡`k †bB| RvZxq msm‡`i
300 Rb m`m¨ cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U wbev©wPZ nb|
4. msm`xq MYZš¿: 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡b msm`xq c×wZi miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡i|
GwU‡K gš¿x cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’vI ejv nq| Gi cÖavb n‡jb ivóªcwZ| Z‡e ivóªcwZ
n‡jb bv‡g gvÎ| cÖK„Z ÿgZv _v‡K gš¿x cwil‡`i nv‡Z| gš¿x cwil‡`i cÖavb n‡jb
cÖavbgš¿x|
 13

5. GKKÿ wewkó AvBbmfv: evsjv‡`‡k GKKÿ wewkó AvBbmfv we`¨gvb| Zv n‡jv RvZxq
msm` (National Parliament) | RvZxq msm‡` 300 Rb m`m¨ cÖZ¨ÿ cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i
†fv‡U wbev©wPZ Ges gwnjvi 30wU msiwÿZ Avmb (2001 mvj gyZv‡eK) we`¨gvb wQj|
GLb Zv 50wU msiwÿZ Avm‡b DbœxZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| m`m¨iv 5 eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbev©wPZ nb|
6. ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi wbwðqZv: 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi Z…Zxq fv‡M cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨
wKQz †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii wbwðqZv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
7. cÖkvm‡bi mKj chv©‡q wbev©wPZ cÖwZwbwai e¨e¯’v: 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡b 11 bs Aby‡”Q‡`
cÖkvm‡bi mKj chv©‡q wbev©wPZ cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi Kvh©Ki AskMÖnY mywbwðZ
Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
8. b¨vqcvj weavb: 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi Av‡iKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv, b¨vqcv‡ji c` m„wó|
msm` KZ…©K G c` m„wó K‡i| b¨vqcvj mKj gš¿vj‡qi weiæ‡× cÖ‡qvR‡b Z`šÍ Ki‡Z cv‡i
(msweav‡bi 77 bs Aby‡”Q`)|
9. mgvRZ‡š¿i weavb: 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ‰ewkó¨ n‡jv, mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvi
Aw½Kvi| evsjv‡`‡ki MYZš¿ I mgvRZš¿‡K g~jbxwZ wnmv‡e ‡Nvlbv Kiv nq| myZivs
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b mgvRZ‡š¿i weavb we`¨gvb|
10. cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bv‡ji e¨e¯’v: mvaviY wePvi wefvM QvovI msweav‡b cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bv‡ji
e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q| miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i wb‡qvM, e`wj, eiLv¯Í, Kg© I `Û BZ¨vw`i
cwiPvjbv cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bv‡ji Kv‡Q b¨¯Í|
11. mywcÖg †KvU© cÖwZôv: evsjv‡`k msweav‡b mywcÖg †KvU© n‡”Q ‡`‡ki m‡ev©”P Av`vjZ| msweavb
Abymv‡i cÖavb wePvicwZ I wePviKMY wePvi Kvh© cwiPvibv K‡i| msweav‡b G e¨vcv‡i
wbwðZ aviYv ‡`Iqv i‡q‡Q|
12. Riæwi Ae¯’v †NvlYvi weavb: 1972 mv‡ji GKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv, G‡Z Riæwi Ae¯’v †NvlYvi
weavb wQj bv| c‡i Zv wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 14

13. ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ: 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi wØZxq fv‡M ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ
wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~jbxwZ¸‡jv iv‡óªi †PZbv wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
14. RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡: 1972 mv‡ji msweavb Abyhvqx mKj ÿgZvi Drm n‡”Q RbMY (
Aby‡”Q` 7)|
15. msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨: 1972 mv‡ji msweavb n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki m‡ev©”P AvBb| Gi m‡½
AmvgÄm¨c~Y© ev Am½wZc~Y© AvBb Kvh©Kix n‡e bv eis evwZj n‡q hv‡e (nK,2007)|

3.3 evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© weavbmg~n

MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki wjwLZ msweavb we`¨gvb| 1971 mv‡ji GK mk¯¿ gyw³hy‡×i ga¨w`‡q
¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k ivóª cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| 1972 mv‡ji 12B A‡±vei MYcwil‡`i wØZxq Awa‡ek‡b
W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb Lmov msweavb wej AvKv‡i DÌvcb K‡ib| Gi wbqg Abyhvqx cÖ_g, wØZxq,
Z…Zxq Ges me©‡kl cvV †k‡l 4B b‡f¤^i me©m¤§wZµ‡g msweavb msµvšÍ wejwU MYcwil‡` M„wnZ
nq| 1972 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤^i Ò weRq w`emÓ †_‡K GwU Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| Gfv‡e ¯^vaxbZvi
gvÎ 10 gv‡mi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k jvf K‡i GKwU c~Yv©½ msweavb (iwk`, 2001)|

1972 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤^i †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ejer n‡q‡Q| 1972 mv‡ji msweavb
Abymv‡i evsjv‡`‡k GKwU gš¿x cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’vi cÖewZ©Z nq| Z‡e 1975 mv‡ji
PZz_© ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii Avwef©ve N‡U| Avevi 1991 mv‡ji Øv`k
ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g gš¿x cwil` kvwmZ miKvi cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| wKš‘ eZ©gvb msweav‡bi msm`
m`m¨M‡Yi `j cwieZ©‡bi Dci K‡Vvi cÖwZeÜKZv Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges ivóªcwZi ÿgZv‡K
e¨vcKfv‡e n«vm Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j Kvh©Z wZwb †Kvb ÿgZvi AwaKvix bb| Kvjvµ‡g eZ©gv‡b
Avgv‡`i msweavb ‡h Ae¯’vq †cŠu‡Q‡Q Zvi Zzjbvq 1972 mv‡ji msweavbwU wQj A‡bK †ewk
MYZvwš¿K I ag©wbi‡cÿv (ingvb, 1998)|
 15

evsjv‡`k MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqv wbiƒc‡Y evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© weavbmg~‡ni Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jvt

evsjv‡`k msweav‡b cÖ¯Ívebv-

ÒAvgiv evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY, 1971 mv‡j gvP© gv‡mi 26 Zvwi‡L ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv Kwiqv RvZxq
gyw³i j‡ÿ¨ HwZnvwmK hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k cÖwZwôZ KwiqvwQ|

Avgiv A½xKvi Kwi‡ZwQ ‡h, †h mKj gnvb Av`k© exi RbMY‡K RvZxq gyw³ msMÖv‡g AvZ¥wb‡qvM
I exi knx`w`M‡K cÖv‡YvrmM© Kwi‡Z DØy× KwiqvwQj- RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿ I
ag©wbi‡cÿZvi †mB mKj Av`k© GB msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ nB‡e|

Avgiv Av‡iv A½xKvi Kwi‡ZwQ †h, Avgv‡`i iv‡óªi g~j D‡Ïk¨ nB‡e MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z Ggb
GK †kvlYgy³ mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªi cÖwZôv †hLv‡b iv‡óªi mKj RbMY AvB‡bi kvmb, †gŠwjK
AwaKvi, gvbevwaKvi Ges ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK mvg¨, ¯^vaxbZv I mywePvi wbwðZ
nB‡e|

Avgiv `„pfv‡e †NvlYv Kwi‡ZwQ †h, Avgiv hvnv‡Z ¯^vaxb mËvq mg„w× jvf Ki‡Z cvwi|
gvbeRvwZi cÖMwZkxj Avkv-AvKv•Lvi mwnZ m½wZ iÿv Kwiqv AvšÍRv©wZK kvwšÍ I mn‡hvwMZvi
†ÿ‡Î c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cvwi, ‡mBRb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi AwfcÖv‡qi Awfe¨w³¯^iƒc GB
msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨ Aÿybœ ivLv Ges Bnvi iÿY, mg_©b I wbivcËv weavb Avgv‡`i cweÎ KZ©e¨...Ó
(iwk`, 2001)|

GB msweav‡b gnvb gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi cÖwZôv, gyw³hy‡× RbM‡Yi exiZ¡c~Y©
jovB, msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ ev Av`k©, Amv¤úª`vwqK ivóªxq ‡PZbv, msm`xq MYZš¿ Øviv †`k kvmb,
†kvlYgy³ mgvR cÖwZôv, AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv, gvbevwaKvi mgybœZ ivLv, AvšÍRv©wZK kvwšÍ I
mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ c~Y© A½xKvi Ges mvsweavwbK cÖvavb¨ BZ¨vw` welq ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i D‡jøwLZ nq|
 16

AZGe, GB msweav‡b Ôevsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi AwfcÖv‡qi Awfe¨w³ ¯^iƒc; Zvui cÖvavb¨ Aÿybœ ivLv
Ges Zv iÿYv‡eÿb, mg_©b I wbivcËv weavb mK‡ji cweÎ KZ©e¨| MYcwil` GB msweavb iPbv
I MÖnY K‡i, wKš‘ MYcwil‡`i ÿgZv †gŠwjK bq| GB ÿgZv RbMY KZ…©K cÖ`Ë Ges RbMYB
mve©‡fŠg ÿgZvi AwaKvix-cÖ¯Ívebvq G bxwZi ¯^xK…wZ i‡q‡Q| GB msweavb mve©‡fŠg RbM‡Yi
mvgwMÖK B”Qvi Awfe¨w³| myZivs GwU iv‡óªi m‡ev©”P AvBb Ges Zvi cÖvavb¨ iÿv mK‡ji cweÎ
KZ©e¨ (nK,2007)|

evsjv‡`k msweav‡b cÖRvZš¿

msweav‡bi cÖ_g fv‡M 7wU Aby‡”Q` we`¨gvb| G‡Z iv‡óªi bvg, cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªxq mxgvbv, cÖK…wZ,
ivóªfvlv, ivRavbx, RvZxq m½xZ, cZvKv I cÖZxK, bvMwiKZ¡ Ges msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨ m¤ú‡K©
weavb wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Avgv‡`i ivóª evsjv‡`k GKwU GKK, ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg cÖRvZš¿ hv ÒMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`kÓ bv‡g
cwiwPZ n‡e (Aby‡”Q`-1)|

1971 mv‡ji 26‡k gvP© ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© †h mKj GjvKv wb‡q c~e©-cvwK¯Ívb
MwVZ wQj Ges †h mKj GjvKv cieZx©Kv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki GjvKvfz³ n‡Z cv‡i †m mKj GjvKv
evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvbvi AšÍfz©³ n‡e (Aby‡”Q`-2)| cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªag© n‡e Bmjvg, Z‡e wn›`y, †eŠ×,
Lªx÷vbmn Ab¨vb¨ ag© cvj‡b ivóª mggh©v`v I mgAwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡eb (Aby‡”Q`-2K)|

cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªfvlv evsjv (Aby‡”Q`-3)|

RvZxq m½xZ, cZvKv, cÖZxK (Aby‡”Q`-4)|

• cÖRvZ‡š¿i RvZxq m½xZ Ò Avgvi †mvbvi evsjvÓ-i cÖ_g `k PiY (Aby‡”Q`-4K)|

• cÖRvZ‡š¿i RvZxq cZvKv n‡”Q meyR †ÿ‡Îi Dci ¯’vwcZ i³e‡Y©I GKwU fivU e„Ë
(Aby‡”Q`-4L)|
 17

• cÖRvZ‡š¿i RvZxq cÖZxK n‡”Q Dfq cv‡k avb¨kxl‡ewóZ, cvwb‡Z fvmgvb RvZxq dzj
kvcjv, Zvi kxl©‡`‡k cvUMv‡Qi wZbwU ci¯úi-mshy³ cÎ, Zvi Dfq cv‡k `yBwU K‡i
ZviKv (Aby‡”Q`-4M)|

cÖRvZ‡š¿ ivRavbx XvKv Ges Zvi mxgvbv AvB‡bi Øviv wba©vwiZ n‡e (Aby‡”Q`-5)

1972 mv‡ji msweav‡b ejv nq evsjv‡`‡k bvMwiKMY ÔevOvwjÕ e‡j cwiwPZ n‡eb| Z‡e cÂg
ms‡kvabxi Øviv bvMwiKMY Ôevsjv‡`kxÕ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| RvwZ wnmv‡e Avgiv evOvwj
(Aby‡”Q`-6)|

msweavb cÖRvZ‡š¿i m‡e©v”P AvBb| msweav‡bi AmvgÄm¨c~Y© AvBb evwZj n‡q hv‡e (Aby‡”Q`-
7) (nK,2007)|

mvsweavwbK cÖvavb¨

msweav‡bi 7 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx cÖRvZ‡š¿i mKj ÿgZvi gvwjK n‡”Q RbMY Ges RbM‡Yi c‡ÿ
†mB ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvM †Kej msweav‡bi Aaxb I KZ…‡© Z¡ Kvh©Ki n‡e| RbM‡Yi cig Awfe¨w³iƒ‡c
msweavb cÖRvZ‡š¿i m‡ev©”P AvBb Ges Ab¨ †Kvb AvBb hw` msweav‡bi mv‡_ Amvgįªc~Y© nq
Zvn‡j †mB AvB‡bi hZLvwb Amvgįªc~Y ZZLvwb evwZj n‡e|

wKš‘ QvweŸk eQ‡ii AwfÁZvq ‡`Lv ‡M‡Q †h, msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨ iwÿZ nq wb| A‰ea ÿgZv
`LjKvix †mbvbvqK ev †mbv Afz¨ÌvbKvix ev †mbv Afz¨ÌvbKvi‡`i mn‡hvMx lohš¿Kvix
ivRbxwZwe`MY †`‡ki m‡ev©”P AvBb (msweavb) ‡K j•Nb K‡i msweavb ewnf©~Z Kvh©µg h_vt
¯^‡NvwlZfv‡e ivóªcwZi c` `vwe Kiv, mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Kivev msweavb ¯’wMZ Kivi gva¨‡g
msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨ j•Nb n‡q‡Q| msweav‡bi 7 (2) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx mvgwiK AvBb GLwZqvi
ewnf©~Z (Ultravires) Ges Void ab initio| msweav‡bi †Kv_vI msweavb ¯’wMZ †i‡L mvgwiK
AvBb Rvwi weav‡bi D‡jøL Kiv nq wb| ZvQvov mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi RbM‡Yi g‡b fxwZi mÂvi
 18

RvMvq| MYZ‡š¿i Kvh©KvwiZvi Rb¨ mvsweavwbK cÖvavb¨ j•NbKvix‡` †K wbe„Ë Kivi j‡ÿ¨
Zv‡`i‡K wePv‡ii KvVMovq nvwRi Kiv DwPZ (ingvb, 1998)|

ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ

evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi wØZxq fv‡M (Aby‡”Q` 8-25) ivóª cwiPvjbvi wKQz g~jbxwZ wjwce× n‡q‡Q|
G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ivóªxq Pvi g~jbxwZ m¤ú‡K© cÖ¯Ívebvq ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò†h mKj gnvb Av`k© exi
RbMY‡K RvZxq gyw³ msMÖv‡g AvZ¥wb‡qvM I exi knx`w`M‡K cÖv‡YvrmM© Kwi‡Z DØy× KwiqvwQj-
RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿ I ag©wbi‡cÿZvi †mB mKj Av`k© GB msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ
nB‡e|Ó

RvZxqZvev` n‡jv GKwU †PZbv| wewfbœ Dcv`vb wb‡q GKwU wbw`©ó Rbmgwói gv‡S GB †PZbv ev
HK¨‡eva m„wó K‡i, hv Zv‡`i‡K Ab¨‡`i †_‡K c„_K K‡i| Zv‡`i gv‡S wfbœ mËv ev cwiPq G‡b
†`q| RvZxqZvev` m¤ú‡K© evsjv‡`k msweav‡b ( Aby‡”Q`-9) ejv nq, Òfvlv I ms¯‹…wZMZ GKK
mËv wewkó †h evOvwj RvwZ HK¨e× I msKíe× msMÖvg K‡i RvZxq gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZv
I mve©‡eŠgZ¡ AR©b K‡i‡Q, †mB evOvwj RvwZi HK¨ I msnwZ n‡e evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwË|Ó
myZivs Avgv‡`i RvZxqZev` n‡e evOvwj RvZxqZvev` (iwk`, 2001)|

10 Aby‡”Q‡` †NvlYv Kiv nq †h, gvby‡li Dci gvby‡li †kvlY n‡Z gy³ K‡i b¨vqvbyM mgvR cÖwZôv
Kivi Rb¨ mgvRZvwš¿K A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v cÖwZôv Kiv n‡jv iv‡óªi jÿ¨| evsjv‡`‡ki mgvRZ‡š¿i
A_© n‡jv evsjv‡`‡k †kvlYnxb mgvR cÖwZôv Kiv| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ Drcv`b hš¿ I DcKiY Ges
eÈb e¨e¯’v ivóªxq gvwjKvbvq b¨¯Í _v‡K| msweav‡bi 13 Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Drcv`b hš¿
I DcKiY Ges eÈb e¨e¯’vq ivóªxq gvwjKvbvi cvkvcvwk e¨w³ gvwjKvbv _vK‡e| g~jZ evsjv‡`k
msweav‡b msm`xq MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z †kvlYgy³ mgvR jv‡fi Rb¨ mgvRZš¿ M„nxZ nq
(nK,2007)|
 19

MYZš¿ n‡”Q GKwU ivR‰bwZK cÖwµqv, hv RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY, m¤§wZ I Revew`wnZvi wfwˇK
cwiPvwiZ nq| MYZš¿ n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi cÖvavb g~jbxwZ¸‡jvi GKwU| MYZš¿‡K iv‡óªi
g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 11 Aby‡”Q‡` ejv nq, ÔcÖRvZš¿ (evsjv‡`k) n‡e
GKwU MYZš¿ †hLv‡b †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv Ges gvbemËvi gh©v`v I g~j¨ Ges cÖkvm‡bi
mKj ch©v‡q wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g RbM‡bi Kvh©Ki AskMÖnY wbwðZ _vK‡e|Õ(iwk`, 2001)|

evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b Ab¨Zg g~jbxwZ n‡”Q ag©wi‡cÿZv| A‡b‡K Gi Øviv ag©nxbZv ey‡S
_v‡Kb| Z‡e Gi cÖK…Z A_© n‡”Q, a‡g©i e¨vcv‡i iv‡óªi wbi‡cÿ Ae¯’vb, A_v©r ag© _vK‡e; Z‡e
a‡g©i Kvi‡Y ivóª †Kvb ai‡bi cÿcvwZZ¡ Ki‡e bv| AZGe, ivóª a‡g©i Kvi‡Y KviI AwaKvi
†_‡K ewÂZ Ki‡e bv| myZivs ejv hvq, ag© hvi hvi, ivóª mevi| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q`
12 †Z ejv nq-

1. mKj cÖKvi mv¤úª`vwqKZvi D‡”Q`;

2. ivóª KZ…K
© ag©‡K ivR‰bwZK gh©v`v `vb bv Kiv,
3. ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨ a‡g©I Ace¨envi eÜ,

4. Ges †Kvb we‡kl ag© cvjbKvix e¨w³i weiæ‡× †Kvb cÖKvi ˆelg¨g~jK AvPviY bv Kiv

BZ¨vw` gva¨‡g ag©wbi‡cÿZvi bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi A½xKvi e¨³ Kiv|

ivóªxq cÖavb PviwU g~jbxwZ QvovI ivóª cwiPvibvi Rb¨ †h me bxwZ evsjv‡`k msweav‡b we`¨gvb-
‡m¸‡jvi g‡a¨-wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvR‡bi e¨e¯’v, K‡g©i AwaKvi, Awfbœ wkÿv
c×wZ, eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv I bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ mgZv m„wó BZ¨vw` we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ (iwk`,
2001)|

evsjv‡`k msweav‡b RbM‡Yi ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi

msweav‡bi Z…Zxq fv‡M RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n aviY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU †`‡ki bvMwiKMY
†ek wKQz †gŠwjK AwaKvi †fvM K‡i| evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 26-47 Aby‡”Q‡` RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK
 20

AwaKvi wjwce× i‡q‡Q| ivóª †gŠwjK AwaKvi cwicwš’ †Kvb KvR K‡i bv| iv‡óªi mKj
bvMwiKMYB †gŠwjK AwaKvi cÖvc¨| GBRb¨ evsjv‡`k msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi wjwce× Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ AmvgÄm¨c~Y© AvBb evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b
ewY©Z bvMwiKM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt

1. AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgZv: mKj bvMwiK AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgvb| A_v©r mKj bvMwiK AvB‡bi

`„wó‡Z mgvb AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e|

2. AvB‡bi AvkÖq jv‡fi AwaKvi: evsjv‡`‡ki mKj bvMwi‡Ki AvB‡bi Kv‡Q AvkÖq jv‡fi

AwaKvi Av‡Q|
3. e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi: AvBbvbyhvqx e¨ZxZ Rxeb I e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv n‡Z †Kvb e¨w³‡K

ewÂZ Kiv hv‡e bv|

4. Pjv‡div AwaKvi: Pjv‡div Rb¨ bvMwiKM‡Yi Pjv‡divi ¯^vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki

me©Î Ae¯’vb Kivi AwaKvi bvMwiKM‡Yi Av‡Q|

5. gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi: AvBb Abymv‡i mKj bvMwi‡Ki gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi Av‡Q|

Z‡e iv‡óªi weiæ‡× †Kvb gZvgZ cÖKvk Kiv hv‡e bv|

6. emevm Kivi AwaKvi: evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki iv‡óªi me©Î emevm Kivi AwaKvi

Av‡Q|
7. m¤úwËi AwaKvi: AvB‡bi Øviv Av‡ivwcZ evav wb‡la mv‡c‡ÿ cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki m¤úwË

AR©b, aviY, n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q| eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e m¤ú` `Lj, MÖnY Kiv hv‡e
bv|
8. agx©q AwaKvi: evsjv‡`‡ki mKj bvMwiK Zv‡`i wbR¯^ ag© cvjb Kivi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|

A_v©r cÖwZwU bvMwiK Zv‡`i ag© cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

9. miKvwi PvKzwi jv‡fi AwaKvi: ‡`‡ki ‡hvM¨Zv I `ÿZv m¤úbœ mKj bvMwi‡Ki miKvwi

PvKzwi jv‡fi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|

 21

10. `vq gyw³-weav‡bi AwaKvi: cÖRvZ‡š¿ K‡g© wbhy³ e¨w³ k„•Ljv iÿvi cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kvb Kvh©

K‡i _vK‡j msm` †m e¨w³‡K `vqgy³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb (iwk`, 2001 I nK,2007)|

evsjv‡`k msweav‡b wbe©vnx wefvM

evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 55 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx wbev©nx wefvM ivóªcwZ, cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿mfv wb‡q
MwVZ| mKj ÿgZv _v‡K gwš¿mfvi nv‡Z Z_v cÖavbgš¿x mKj ÿgZvi AwaKvix| 1972 mv‡ji
msweav‡b msm`xq c×wZi miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b nq| GwU‡K gš¿x cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’vI
ejv nq| Gi cÖavb n‡jb ivóªcwZ| Z‡e ivóªcwZ n‡jb bv‡g gvÎ| cÖK„Z ÿgZv _v‡K gš¿x
cwil‡`i nv‡Z| gš¿x cwil‡`i cÖavb n‡jb cÖavbgš¿x| A_©vr 1991 mv‡j Øv`k ms‡kvabx Øviv
evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vnx wefvM msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqv‡K gš¿x cwil` kvwmZ miKvi Øviv
cwiPvwjZ K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿K cwi‡ek eRvq ivLvi †Póv K‡i|

evsjv‡`k msweav‡b RvZxq msm`

evsjv‡`‡k GKKÿ wewkó AvBbmfv we`¨gvb| Zv n‡jv RvZxq msm` (National Parliament)|
RvZxq msm‡` 300 Rb m`m¨ cÖZ¨ÿ cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i †fv‡U wbev©wPZ I gwnjvi 50wU msiwÿZ Avmb
we`¨gvb| msm‡`i †gqv`Kvj 5 eQ‡ii Rb¨| msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ MYZš¿vq‡bi aviv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi
Rb¨ RvZxq msm‡`i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| RvZxq msm` Qvov evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq MYZš¿ cÖwZôv jvf
m¤¢e bq| msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ msm` m`m¨ AvBb cÖYqb we‡klZt ivóªxq AvBb I bvMwiK AwaKvi
cÖYq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| msweav‡bi 65(1) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx msweav‡bi weavbejxi
mv‡c‡ÿ cÖRvZ‡š¿i AvBb cÖYqb msµvšÍ ÿgZv RvZxq msm‡`I nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K Ges 142
Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx GKgvÎ RvZxq msm` msweavb ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e msweavb ms‡kva‡bi
‡ÿ‡Î msweav‡bi †Kvb weavb ms‡kva‡bi j‡ÿ¨ AvbxZ †h †Kvb wej msm` m`m¨‡`i †gvU msL¨vi
`yB-Z…Zxqvsk †fv‡U M„nxZ n‡j ivóªcwZi m¤§wZµ‡g GwU AvB‡b cwiYZ nq|
 22

evsjv‡`k msweav‡b wbe©vPb

1991 mv‡j Øv`k ms‡kvabx msm`xq c×wZi miKvi cybtcÖeZ©b I DcivóªcwZ c` wejywß Gi
gva¨‡g msm`xq MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv wbe©vP‡bi
ga¨w`‡q wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa evQvB K‡i| wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaiv †`‡ki kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
msm`xq miKvi MVb K‡i| wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g AvBbmfvi c`¸‡jv c~iY n‡Z nq Ges KL‡bv
Kvh©wbev©nx I wePvie¨e¯’v QvovI AvÂwjK I ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa evQvBI wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g
n‡q _v‡K| AvaywbK MYZ‡š¿ cÖwZwbwa evQvB‡qi Dcvq wn‡m‡e wbev©P‡bi mve©Rbxb e¨envi n‡”Q|
msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ wbev©Pb n‡jv RbMY Øviv †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g cÖwZwbwa evQvB Kiv| RbM‡Yi †fv‡Ui
gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaiv msweavb Abymv‡i iv‡óªi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i| evsjv‡`k
msweav‡bi 118 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi I AbvwaK PviRb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi
wb‡q wbe©vPb Kwgkb MwVZ Ges 124 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx msweav‡bi weavb mv‡c‡ÿ msm` AvB‡bi
Øviv wbe©vPbx GjvKvi mxgv wbav©iY, †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘ZKiY, wbe©vPb Abyôvb I msm‡`i h_vh_
MV‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ab¨vb¨ welqmn msm‡`i wbe©vPb msµvšÍ mKj welq weavb cÖYqb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib (ingvb,2011)|

AZGe, 1971 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q `vwi`¨ cxwoZ evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ mgq cÖjw¤^Z
ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv I cybt‡cŠwbK mvgwiK Af¨yÌvb G‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿K AMÖMwZ‡K evavMÖ¯Í
K‡i‡Q| Gici msweav‡b evsjv‡`‡ki cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’v I cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv K‡i 2014 mv‡ji
g‡a¨ 16k ms‡kvabxmn me©‡gvU 16wU ms‡kvabx Avbvqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Gme ms‡kvabxi g‡a¨
cÖqvZ ivóªcwZ wRqvDi ingv‡bi cÂg ms‡kvabx, û‡mBb gynv¤§` Gikv‡`i mßg ms‡kvabx,
·qv`k ms‡kvabx Ges †lvok ms‡kvabx mycÖxg †KvU© KZ©…K evwZj Kiv n‡qQ| GB msweavb
ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ msm` m`m¨‡`i †gvU msL¨vi `yB-Z…Zxqvsk †fv‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb nq hv msweav‡bi
142 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Z‡e msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` 7L †Z ejv nq‡Q msweav‡bi 142 bs
Aby‡”Q‡` hvB _vKyK bv †Kb, msweav‡bi cÖ¯Ívebv, cÖ_g fv‡Mi mKj Aby‡”Q`, wØZxq fv‡Mi mKj
 23

Aby‡”Q`, beg-K fv‡M ewY©Z Aby‡”Q‡`i weavbejx mv‡c‡¶ Z…Zxq fv‡Mi mKj Aby‡”Q` Ges
GKv`k fv‡Mi 150 Aby‡”Q`mn msweav‡bi Ab¨vb¨ †gŠwjK KvVv‡gv msµvšÍ Aby‡”Q‡`i weavbvejx
ms‡hvRb, cwieZ©b, cÖwZ¯’vcb, iwnZKiY wKsev Ab¨ †Kvb cš’vq ms‡kva‡bi A‡hvM¨ n‡e|

3.4 MYZ‡š¿i msÁv

evsjv "MYZš¿" cwifvlvwU Bs‡iwR (Democracy) †W‡gv‡µwm kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| GB Bs‡iwR
kãwU Avevi G‡m‡Q divmx kã (Democratia) †_‡K, hvi A_© MÖxK k‡ã eySv‡bv nq RbM‡Yi
(Demos), ÿgZv (Kratein)| A_©vr ÔMYZš¿Õ kãwUi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© n‡”Q RbM‡Yi ¶gZv| A_©vr

miKvi ev kvmb e¨e¯’v hLb RbM‡Yi AwfgZ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq ZLb Zv‡K MYZš¿ ev MYZvwš¿K
kvmb e¨e¯’v e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Zvi gv‡b miKvi cwiPvjbvq hLb RbM‡Yi AwfgZ
cÖwZdwjZ nq ZLb D³ kvmb e¨e¯’v‡K MYZvwš¿K miKvi ev MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v ejv nq|
Av‡gwiKvi Z`vbxšÍb †cÖwm‡W›U Aveªvnvg wjsKb Zvui Ô†MwUmevM© G‡W«m, 1863Õ -G e‡jwQ‡jb,
ÒMYZš¿ RbM‡Yi miKvi, RbM‡Yi Øviv MwVZ miKvi Ges RbM‡Yi Rb¨ miKvi|Ó
(Democracy is a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.) (Avng`,
2017)|

MYZš¿ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ Rb wewfbœ Awfe¨w³ cÖKvk K‡i _v‡Kb| we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z, ÒMYZš¿ Ggb
GKwU miKvi †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i AskMÖnY i‡q‡Q|Ó G AskMÖnY K_vwUI weZwK©Z n‡q
c‡o‡Q| GLb †`Lv hvK, MYZvwš¿K miKvi ev MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v q wKfv‡e RbMY miKvi
cwiPvjbvq ev kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY K‡i| c×wZMZ MYZ‡š¿i aviYvi RbK †Rv‡md myw¤úUv‡ii
j¶¨ n‡”Q, MYZš¿-m¤úwK©Z ÔA¯úó aviYvÕ †_‡K m‡i G‡m MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v‡K cwigvc Kiv hvq,
Ggb me my¯úó wbY©vqK wPwýZ Kiv| wZwb MYZš¿‡K eY©bv K‡ib †bZ…Z¡ wbe©vP‡bi e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e|
myw¤úUvi e‡j‡Qb:
 24

The democratic method is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political

decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive
struggle for people's vote. (myw¤úUvi, 1950: 269)
A_v©r MYZvwš¿K c×wZ n‡”Q ivR‰bwZK wm×v‡šÍ †cŠuQv‡bvi Ggb GK cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’v, †hLv‡b
RbM‡Yi †fvU cvIqvi Rb¨ cÖwZØw›ØZvi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv e¨w³ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ¶gZv jvf K‡i|
mnR fvlvq myw¤úUv‡ii Kv‡Q MYZš¿ n‡jv, hviv wm×všÍ †b‡e, Zv‡`i wbe©vP‡bi e¨e¯’v| GB msÁvq
c×wZMZ w`KwUB †h cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q, Zv mn‡RB j¶Yxq|
(cÖ_g Av‡jv, 5 GwcÖj 2017)

MYZš¿‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq cÖMwZkxj I Av‡jvwKZ miKv‡ii cÖwZ”Qwe wn‡m‡e| wkwÿZ

wbe©vPKgÛjxi Ici mwVK MYZš¿ wbf©ikxj| hy³iv‡óªi cÖ_g †cÖwm‡W›U †Rdvim‡bi g‡Z,
ÒMYZš¿ mwZ¨Kvi mf¨Zvi Ggb GK ch©v‡qi Ici wbf©ikxj †hLv‡b mf¨ RbMY A‡b¨i AwaKvi
I cÖ‡qvRb‡K m¤§vb Ki‡Z Rv‡b|Ó
MYZš¿ GKgvÎ miKvi c×wZ †hLv‡b ivR‰wZK cÖwZcÿ Ges msL¨vjNy Rb‡Mvôx Zv‡`i AwfgZ
cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi jvf K‡i Ges bxwZwba©viYx cÖwµqvq Zv‡`i cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|
MYZ‡š¿ ivR‰bwZK cÖÁvi cÖwZ kÖ×v cÖ`k©b I †gŠwjK AwaKvi msiÿY Kivi e¨vcK my‡hvM
weivRgvb|
A_©vr MYZš¿ n‡”Q ivR‰bwZK PP©vi ¯^vaxbZv, e³e¨ ivLvi ¯^vaxbZv Ges MYgva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv‡K
wbðqZv †`qvi my‡hvM †Lvjv g‡b MYZ‡š¿i PP©v, msiÿY I wkÿvi ¯^v‡_© wbqwgZ wbe©vPb, RbwcÖq
c×wZ‡Z †fvU †`qvi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv `iKvi †hLv‡b ejcÖ‡qvM ev `gbbxwZi †Kvb AeKvk _vK‡e
bv| ev¯Í‡e MYZ‡š¿ †h welqwU AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq Zv n‡”Q mgv‡Ri me ¯Í‡ii gvby‡li †gŠwjK
AwaKvi cÖwZôvi wbðqZv `vb| ( axivR Kzgvi bv_, 2009)
 25

3.5 MYZš¿vq‡bi msÁv

MYZš¿vqb n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv GKwU mve©‡fŠg iv‡ó«i g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK kvmb‡K AMYZvwš¿K
†_‡K MYZvwš¿K kvm‡b iƒcvšÍi K‡i| A_v©r GKwU mve©‡fŠg iv‡ó«i ivR‰bwZK kvmb e¨e¯’vq
MYZš¿ we¯Ívi †h cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv nq ZvB MYZš¿vqb| 1989 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ, L¨vZbvgv
ivóªweÁvbx ievU© Wvj Zvi Democracy and Its critics MÖ‡š’i m‡Z‡iv I AvVv‡iv Aa¨v‡q MYZ‡š¿i
RqhvÎv m¤ú‡K© cÖvYešÍ wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb, Zv bvbv Kvi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wZwb ïay MYZ‡š¿i BwZnvm
eY©bv K‡ib wb, m¤¢vebvgq GB Rxebe¨e¯’vi e¨vcK we¯Í…wZ m¤ú‡K© †h fwel¨Øvbx D”PviY K‡i‡Qb
Zv AZ¨šÍ AvKl©bxq| MYZš¿‡K wZwb ÔMYZš¿Õ e‡jb bv| wZwb MYZš¿‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb eû‡Kw›`ªK
e¨e¯’viƒ‡c|

MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v ‡hb GK gnvb e„ÿ we‡kl| PvivMvQwU †ivwcZ n‡q‡Q cÖvPxbKv‡j, wMÖ‡mi mvgvwRK
†ÿ‡Î| hy‡M hy‡M Zv weKwkZ n‡q‡Q wek¦e¨vcx| †kl ch©šÍ Zv GKwU mve©Rbxb kvmb e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| ivR‰bwZK Av`k©, mvgvwRK w`K wb‡`©kbviƒ‡c, kvmb e¨e¯’vi ˆeaZv `vbKvix
wn‡m‡e MYZ‡š¿ MYZš¿vq‡bi f‚wgKv Acwimxg| ZvB †`Lv hvq, AMYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vI MYZvwš¿K
iƒ‡c wPwýZ K‡i ˆea Kiv cÖqvm Ae¨vnZ| ÷vwjb Zvui GKbvqKZ¡‡K ÔnvRvi ¸Y †ewk MYZvwš¿KÕ
e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR‡K MYZš¿vqb Rb¨ mvgvwiK kvmb‡K MYZ‡š¿i
cÖ¯‘wZce© †`wL‡q evsjv‡`‡k †Rbv‡ij Gikv` Zvi mvgwiK kvmb‡K wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb ÔRbM‡bi
mvgwiK kvmbiƒ‡cÕ| MYZ‡š¿ †Kvb AMYZvwš¿K Dcv`vb ms‡hvwRZ n‡j Zv MYZš¿‡K weK…Z K‡i|
Z‡e MYZš¿ Zvi AK…wÎgiƒ‡c AMÖmi n‡”Q| ZvQvov MZ kZK †_‡K MYZ‡š¿i g~j Dcv`vb¸‡jv
weKwkZ n‡”Q| GKzk kZ‡K m¤¢eZ AMYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v MYZš¿ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡e e¨wZµgfv‡e|

wek¦e¨vcx MYZš¿vq‡bi wØZxq cÖev‡ni m~Pbv nq 1950-59 kZ‡K| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i aŸsmjxjvi
g‡a¨B †m kZ‡Ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ek wKQz cÖeYZv cÖvYešÍ n‡q I‡V| Jcwb‡ewkK bvMcvk wQbœ K‡i
gy³ n‡q ¯^vaxb ivóª G‡K G‡K AvZ¥cÖKvk Kij| RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKvI µ‡g µ‡g A_©c~Y© n‡q
 26

DVj| MYZš¿I mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e me©RbMÖvn¨ n‡q DVj| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki
eZ©gvb MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqvi Zzjbvq 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqvwU wQj A‡bK †ewk
†gŠwjK I Mfxi| (GgvRDÏxb Avng`,2017)

3.6 evsjv‡`k msweavb I MYZš¿

1972 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤^i †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ejer n‡q‡Q| 1972 mv‡ji msweavb
Abymv‡i evsjv‡`‡k GKwU gš¿x cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’vi cÖewZ©Z nq| Z‡e 1975 mv‡ji
PZz_© ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii Avwef©ve N‡U| Avevi 1991 mv‡ji Øv`k
ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g gš¿x cwil` kvwmZ miKvi cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| wKš‘ eZ©gvb msweav‡bi msm`
m`m¨M‡Yi `j cwieZ©‡bi Dci K‡Vvi cÖwZeÜKZv Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges ivóªcwZi ÿgZv‡K
e¨vcKfv‡e n«vm Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j Kvh©Z wZwb †Kvb ÿgZvi AwaKvix bb| Kvjvµ‡g eZ©gv‡b
Avgv‡`i msweavb ‡h Ae¯’vq †cŠu‡Q‡Q Zvi Zzjbvq 1972 mv‡ji msweavbwU wQj A‡bK †ewk
MYZvwš¿K I ag©wbi‡cÿ| (ingvb, 1998)
MYZš¿ n‡”Q GKwU ivR‰bwZK cÖwµqv, hv RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY, m¤§wZ I Revew`wnZvi wfwˇK
cwiPvwjZ nq| MYZš¿ n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi cÖvavb g~jbxwZ¸‡jvi GKwU| MYZš¿‡K iv‡óªi
g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 11 Aby‡”Q‡` ejv nq, ÔcÖRvZš¿ (evsjv‡`k) n‡e
GKwU MYZš¿ †hLv‡b †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv Ges gvbemËvi gh©v`v I g~j¨ Ges cÖkvm‡bi
mKj ch©v‡q wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g RbM‡bi Kvh©Ki AskMÖnY wbwðZ _vK‡eÕ(iwk`, 2001)|
Article: 11. Democracy and human rights: The Republic shall be a democracy in
which fundamental human rights and freedoms and respect for the dignity and worth
of the human person shall be guaranteed and in which effective participation by the
through their elected representatives in administration at all levels shall be ensured.
(ingvb, 2011 I Aby‡”Q`-11, evsjv‡`k msweavb)
MYZš¿, we‡klZ msm`xq MYZš¿‡K gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx †kÖô miKvie¨e¯’v g‡b
K‡ib| m¤¢eZ wZwb my`xN© GMv‡iv eQi Avmvg AvBbmfvi m`m¨ _vKvKv‡j msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i
 27

AwfÁZv jvf K‡ib| wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, Òe¨w³mËvi c~Y© weKv‡ki Rb¨B MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi
cÖ‡qvRb|Ó Z‡e Zuvi MYZš¿ n‡jv RbM‡Yi MYZš¿| †mRb¨B wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi wn‡Z
AK¬všÍ cwikÖgI K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, ÒMYZ‡š¿i wbqg- hviv msL¨vMwiô, hviv msL¨v †ewk, ZvivB
†`k kvmb I cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| GB †`‡k Mixe,K…lK I gRy‡ii msL¨v kZKiv 95 fvM| ZvivB
G †`‡ki kvmK n‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨ †KB bq|Ó gvIjvbv fvmvbxi MYZš¿wPšÍv‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j mvZwU
ˆewkó¨ aiv c‡o| Zv n‡jv:

➢ iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv I AwaKvi RbM‡Yi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K;

➢ hy³wbe©vPb I cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ AvBbmfv wbe©vwPZ nq;
➢ AvBb cwil` e¨w³i †g‰wjK AwaKvi msiÿY K‡i;
➢ mKj ivóªxq ÿgZv GK e¨w³ ev wefv‡Mi nv‡Z ‡K›`ªxf‚Z _v‡K bv; AvBb wefvM I kvmb
wefv‡Mi ÿgZv c„_Kfv‡e mywbw`©ó _v‡K;
➢ cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK PjvPj, evK¯^vaxbZv, kvwšÍc~Yf
© v‡e mfv-mwgwZ Abyôvb, mwgwZi MVb I
ag©NU cvj‡bi c~b© AwaKvi †fvM K‡i;
➢ msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv Le© nq bv Ges
➢ mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î bvix-cyiæl mgvb AwaKvi †fvM K‡i|

gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx KL‡bv MYZ‡š¿i Av`k© †_‡K wePy¨Z n‡q‡Qb Ggb `„óvšÍ Lyu‡R
cvIqv KwVb| wZwb MYZ‡š¿i cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj wQ‡ji cÖavbZ G Kvi‡Y †h, wZwb g‡b K‡ib-
ivR‰bwZK ÿgZv MÖnY I Z¨v‡Mi me©v‡cÿv mymf¨ cš’v n‡”Q MYZvwš¿K cÖw µqvq wbi‡cÿ I
`~b©xwZgy³ wbe©vPb|

MYZš¿‡K wfwË K‡i c~e©evsjvi Rbmgwó‡K GKwU HK¨e× RvwZ‡Mvôx‡Z cwiYZ K‡iwQ‡jb †kL
gywReyi ingvb| wZwb †P‡qwQ‡jb ‡kvwl‡Zi MYZš¿ Kv‡qg Ki‡Zчh MbZš¿ †kvwlZ gvby‡li Rb¨,
 28

Zv‡`i ¯^v‡_© I Zv‡`i Øviv cwiPvwiZ n‡e| †kL gywReyi ingvb e‡jb, ÒAvgiv MYZ‡š¿ wek¦vm
Kwi| MYZš¿- †mB MYZš¿ hv mvaviY gvby‡li Kj¨vY mvab K‡i _v‡K| Av‡MI Avgiv †`‡LwQ
MYZš¿ †hme †`‡k Pj‡Q, †`Lv hvq, †mB me †`‡k MYZš¿ cyuwRcywZ`‡i cÖ‡UKkb †`qvi Rb¨ KvR
K‡i Ges †mLv‡b cÖ‡qvR‡b ‡kvlK‡`i iÿv Kivi Rb¨B MYZ‡š¿i e¨envi| ‡mB MYZš¿ Avgiv
wek¦vm Kwi bv| Avgiv PvB †kvwl‡Zi MYZš¿....hv‡Z G‡`‡ki `ytLx gvbyl iÿv cvq|.....A‡bK
Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q ‡h, Kv‡ivi m¤úwË †KD wb‡Z cvi‡e bv| wKš‘ †h Pµ w`‡q gvbyl‡K †kvlY Kiv
nq, †mB Pµ‡K Avgiv gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB| Zvi Rb¨ Avgiv cÖ_‡gB e¨vsK,
Bbmy‡iÝ, Kvc‡oi Kj, cvUKj, wPwbi KviLvbv mewKQz RvZxqKiY K‡i †d‡jwQ|Ó
‡kL gywReyi ingv‡bi msÁvbymv‡i eySv hvq †h Zuvi MYZ‡š¿i g~j wfwË n‡jv mgvRZš¿| wZwb
†P‡qwQ‡jb, Zuvi †kvwl‡Zi MYZš¿ Rbmvavi‡Yi †gŠwjK ivR‰bwZK, Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK
AwaKvi myiwÿZ _vK‡e| wZwb cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡ji †kl ch©v‡q evsjv‡`‡ki Lmov msweavb iPbv
K‡ib| GB msweav‡bi †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨¸wj wba©vwiZ nq Bsj¨v‡Ûi msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i Av`‡j|
Lmov msweav‡bi m~Pbv‡Z wZwb e‡jb, ÒGgb GKwU h_v_© mRxe MYZš¿ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e‡hLv‡b
RbMY ¯^vaxbZv I gh©v`vi mv‡_ Rxeb hvcb Ki‡e Ges b¨vq mvg¨ weivR Ki‡e|Ó

GQvov wZwb we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv, e¨w³mËvi ¯^vaxbZv, RbM‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv I PjvP‡ji ¯^vaxbZvi
Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| †kL gywRe †kvwl‡Zi MYZ‡š¿i iƒc‡iLv m¤ú‡K© Zuvi aviYv wek`fv‡e
e¨vL¨v K‡ib| (ˆmq` gKmy` Avjx,1988)
 29

3.7 evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi ms‡kvabxmg~n

mswÿßvKv‡i evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 16wU ms‡kvabxt
AvB‡bi ms‡kvabxi DÌvcbKvix DÌvc‡bi cv‡mi ivóªcwZi c‡¶- gšÍe¨
wk‡ivbvg welqe¯‘ ZvwiL ZvwiL Aby‡gv`‡bi wec‡¶
ZvwiL †fvU

msweavb hy×vcivaxmn AvBbgš¿x W. 12B 15B 17B RyjvB 254-0 ***

(cÖ_g Ab¨vb¨ Kvgvj RyjvB, RyjvB 1973 (weiZ 3
ms‡kvabx) gvbeZvwe‡ivax †nv‡mb| 1973 1973 Rb)
AvBb Avcivax‡`i wePvi
1973 wbwðZ Kiv|

msweavb Af¨šÍixY AvBbgš¿x 18B 20‡k 22‡k 267-0 ***

(wØZxq †Mvj‡hvM ev g‡bviÄb ai †m‡Þ¤^i, †m‡Þ¤^i, †m‡Þ¤^i (¯^Zš¿ I
ms‡kvabx) ewnivµg‡b 1973 1973 1973 we‡ivaxiv
AvBb †`‡ki wbivcËv I IqvKAvDU
1973 A_©‰bwZK Rxeb K‡ib)
evavMÖ¯Í n‡j
ÒRiæwi
Ae¯’vÓ†NvlYvi
weavb

msweavb evsjv‡`k-fviZ AvBbgš¿x 21‡k 23‡k 27‡k 261-07 ***

(Z…Zxq mxgvšÍ Pyw³ g‡bviÄb ai b‡f¤^i, b‡f¤^i b‡f¤^i
ms‡kvabx) Aby‡gv`b Ges 1974 1974 1974
AvBb Pyw³ Abyhvqx
1974 wQUgnj I
Ac`Ljxq Rwg
wewbgq weavb

msweavb msm`xq kvmb AvBbgš¿x 25‡k 25‡k 25‡k 294-0 ***

(PZy_© c×wZi cwie‡Z© g‡bviÄb ai Rvbyqvwi Rvbyqvwi Rvbyqvwi
ms‡kvabx) ivóªcwZ kvwmZ 1975 1975 1975
AvBb kvmb c×wZ Pvjy
1975 Ges eû`jxq
ivRbxwZi cwie‡Z©
GK`jxq ivRbxwZ
cÖeZ©b Ges
evKkvj MVb|
 30

msweavb 1975 mv‡ji 15B msm` †bZv 4B GwcÖj 6B GwcÖj 4B GwcÖj 241-0 mycÖxg †KvU©
(cÂg AvM‡÷i mvgwiK kvn 1979 1979 1979 KZ©…K A‰ea
ms‡kvabx) Afy¨Ìv‡bi ci AvwRRyi †NvwlZ Ges
AvBb †_‡K 1979 ingvb evwZjK…Z|
1979 mv‡ji 5B GwcÖj
ch©šÍ mvgwiK
miKv‡ii hveZxq
Kg©KvÛ‡K ‰eaZv
`vb,"wemwgj-vwni
ivngvwbi ivwng"
ms‡hvRb |
msweavb Dc-ivóªcwZ c‡` msm` †bZv 1jv RyjvB 8B RyjvB 9B RyjvB 252-0 ***
(lô envj †_‡K kvn 1981 1981 1981
ms‡kvabx) ivóªcwZ c‡` AvwRRyi
AvBb wbe©vP‡bi weavb ingvb
1981 wbwðZKiY

msweavb 1982 mv‡ji AvBb I 10B 10B 10B b‡f¤^i 223-0 mycÖxg †KvU©
(mßg 24‡k gvP© †_‡K msm` b‡f¤^i b‡f¤^i 1986 KZ©…K A‰ea
ms‡kvabx) 1986 mv‡ji 9B welqK gš¿x 1986 1986 †NvwlZ Ges
AvBb b‡f¤^i ch©šÍ wePvicwZ evwZjK…Z
1986 mvgwiK AvBb †K Gg
ejer _vKvKvjxb byiæj
mg‡q cÖYxZ mKj Bmjvg
digvb, cÖavb
mvgwiK AvBb
cÖkvm‡Ki Av‡`k,
wb‡`©k I
Aa¨v‡`kmn
Ab¨vb¨ mKj
AvBb Aby‡gv`b

msweavb ivóªag© wn‡m‡e msm` †bZv 11B †g 7B Ryb 9B Ryb 254-0 ***
(Aóg Bmjvg‡K ¯^xK…wZ e¨vwi÷vi 1988 1988 1988
ms‡kvabx) `vb I XvKvi gI`y`
AvBb evB‡i 6wU †Rjvq Avng`
1988 nvB‡Kv‡Uiª ¯’vqx
†e ¯’vcb|
Dacca-Gi bvg
Dhaka Ges
Bangali-Gi bvg
Bangla-‡Z
cwieZ©b Kiv nq|
 31

msweavb ivóªcwZ c‡` msm` †bZv 6B RyjvB 10B 11B RyjvB 272-0 ***
(beg wbe©vP‡bi mv‡_ e¨vwi÷vi 1989 RyjvB 1989
ms‡kvabx) GKB mg‡q gI`y` 1989
AvBb DcivóªcwZ c‡` Avng`
1989 wbe©vPb Abyôvb
Kiv, ivóªcwZ c‡`
†Kvb e¨w³‡K ci
ci `yB †gqv‡`
mxgve× ivLv

msweavb ivóªcwZi AvBb I 10B Ryb 12B Ryb 23‡k Ryb 226-0 ***
(`kg Kvh©Kv‡ji †gqv` wePvigš¿x 1990 1990 1990
ms‡kvabx) †kl nIqvi c~‡e© nvweeyj
AvBb 180 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Bmjvg
1990 ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bi
e¨vcv‡i
msweav‡bi
123(2)
Aby‡”Q‡`i evsjv
fvl¨ ms‡kvab I
msm‡` gwnjv‡`i
30wU Avmb Av‡iv
10 eQiKv‡ji
Rb¨ msi¶Y
msweavb A¯’vqx ivóªcwZ AvBb I 2iv RyjvB 6B AvM÷ 10B AvM÷ 278-0 ***
(GKv`k wePvicwZ wePvigš¿x 1991 1991 1991
ms‡kvabx) mvnveyÏxb gxR©v †Mvjvg
AvBb Avng‡`i ¯^c‡` nvwdR
1991 wd‡i hvevi weavb

msweavb msm`xq c×wZi cÖavbgš¿x 2iv RyjvB 6B AvM÷ 18B 307-0 ***
(Øv`k miKvi cybtcÖeZ©b †eMg 1991 1991 †m‡Þ¤^i
ms‡kvabx) I DcivóªcwZ c` Lv‡j`v wRqv 1991
AvBb wejywß
1991
msweavb Aeva I myôy AvBb wePvi 21‡k gvP© 27‡k gvP© 28‡k gvP© 268-0 mycÖxg †KvU©
(·qv`k wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi I msm` 1996 1996 1996 KZ©…K A‰ea
ms‡kvabx) Rb¨ wbi‡c¶- welqK gš¿x †NvwlZ Ges
AvBb wb`j©xq Rwgi DwÏb evwZjK…Z
1996 ZË¡veavqK miKvi miKvi
e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b
 32

msweavb bvix‡`i Rb¨ AvBb, wePvi 27‡k gvP© 16B †g 17‡g 2004 226-1 ***
(PZy`©k msm‡` 45wU I msm` 2004, 2004
ms‡kvabx) msm`xq Avmb welqK gš¿x wØZxqevi
AvBb msi¶Y, ivóªcwZ e¨vwi÷vi 28‡k
2004 I cÖavbgš¿xi Qwe gI`y` GwcÖj
msi¶Y, A_© wej, Avng` 2004
msm` m`m¨‡`i
kc_, mvsweavwbK
wewfbœ c‡`i eqm
e…w×
msweavb msweav‡bi AvBb, wePvi 25‡k Ryb 30‡k Ryb 3iv RyjvB 291-1 ***
(cÂ`k cÖ¯Ívebv ms‡kvab, I msm` 2011 2011 2011
ms‡kvabx) 1972-Gi welqK gš¿x
AvBb g~jbxwZ c~be©nvj, e¨vwi÷vi
2011 ZË¡veavqK miKvi kwdK
e¨e¯’v wejyßKiY, Avng`
1/11 cieZ©x
wØZxq ZË¡veavqK
miKvi wbqg
ewnf©yZfv‡e 90
w`‡bi AwaK
¶gZvq _vKvi
welqwU cÖgv¾©bv,
bvix‡`i Rb¨
msm‡` 50 wU
msm`xq Avmb
msi¶Y, wbe©vPb
Kwgk‡bi ¶gZv
e…w× BZ¨vw`|
msweavb 1972 mv‡ji AvBbgš¿x 7 14 22 †m‡Þ¤^i 328-0 mycÖxg †KvU©
(‡lvok msweav‡bi 96 A¨vW‡fv‡KU †m‡Þ¤^i †m‡Þ¤^i 2014 [1] KZ©…K A‰ea
ms‡kvabx) Aby‡”Q` Avwbmyj nK 2014 2014 †NvwlZ Ges
AvBb cybt¯’vc‡bi evwZjK…Z
2014 gva¨‡g
wePvicwZ‡`i
Acmvi‡Yi ¶gZv
msm`‡K wdwi‡q
†`qv
(ingvb, 2011)

3.8 evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabxi wiwfD

evsjv‡`‡k msweav‡b 1991 mv‡ji 6 AvMó Av‡iKwU ms‡kvabx Avbv nq| GwU msweav‡bi Øv`k
ms‡kvabx| G ms‡kvabxi MyiæZ¡ Acwimxg| G ms‡kvabx evsjv‡`‡ki kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m weij
HwZnvwmK bRxi ¯’vcb K‡i| G ms‡kvabxi g~j cÖwZcv`¨ wemq n‡jv- ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi
 33

e¨e¯’vi cwie‡Z© gš¿x cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b| 1991 mv‡ji 6 AvMó 307-0 †fv‡U
G ms‡kvabx wejwU M„nxZ nq| G ms‡kvabxi cÖavb cÖavb w`K¸‡jv wb‡¤œ cÖ`Ë n‡jvt
1. msm`xq miKvit Øv`k ms‡kvabxi cÖavb w`K n‡jv msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b| G
ms‡kvabxi Øviv evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi c×wZ cwieZ©b Kiv nq| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi
e¨e¯’vi cwie‡Z© msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b Kiv nq|
2. bvggvÎ ivóªcwZt G ms‡kvabxi Øvi evsjv‡`k GKRb bvggvÎ ivóªcwZ e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv
nq| wZwb AvBbvbymv‡i msm` m`m¨ Øviv wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| wZwb hveZxq welq cÖavbgš¿xi
m‡½ civgk©µ‡g KvR Ki‡eb|
3. ivóªcwZi †gqv`t G ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g ivóªcwZi †gqv` wba©vwiZ nq| ivóªcwZ 5 eQ‡ii
Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| GKvwaµ‡g wZwb 10 eQ‡ii †ewk ÿgZvq _vK‡eb bv|
4. Dc-ivóªcwZ c` we‡jvct Dc-ivóªcwZ c` we‡jvc Øv`k ms‡kvabxi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨
w`K| Øv`k ms‡kvabxi Øviv Dc-ivóªcwZ c`wU we‡jvc Kiv nq| G ms‡kvabx‡Z ejv nq,
†Kvb Kvi‡Y ivóªcwZi c` k~Y¨ n‡j RvZxq msm‡`i ¯úxKvi A¯’vqxfv‡e ivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡
cvjb Ki‡eb|
5. gwš¿mfv MVbt gwš¿mfv MVb c×wZ msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabxi GKwU we‡kl w`K| G
ms‡kvabx‡Z ejv nq evsjv‡`k miKvi e¨e¯’vq GKwU gwš¿mfv _vK‡e| ivóªcwZ msL¨vMwiô
`‡ji Av¯’vfvRb e¨w³‡K cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e wbhy³ Ki‡eb| wZwb n‡eb gwš¿mfvi †bZv|
6. MY‡fvU c×wZt G ms‡kvabx‡Z MY‡fvU c×wZi K_v ejv nq| Øv`k ms‡kvabx Øviv †Kej
cÖ¯Ívebv, msweav‡bi cÖ¯Ívebv, Aby‡”Q` 8,48, 56 I 142 msµvšÍ †Kvb wej MY‡fvU
AvKv‡i †ck Kivi weavb ivLv nq|
¯^vaxbZvc~e© evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq MYZš¿ m¤ú‡K© GKUv mvaviY HK¨gZ wQj| 1972 mv‡j
evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq kvmbe¨e¯’v cÖewZ©Z nq| 1975 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m msm`xq miKv‡ii
cwie‡Z© ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| 1991 mv‡j cybivq Øv`k ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g
 34

msm`xq kvmbe¨e¯’v cybtcÖewZ©Z nq| Gfv‡e msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabx MYZ‡š¿i m¤¢vebvi gvÎv
Av‡iv MwZkxj K‡i| (nK, 2007)

3.9 msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i Kvh©KvwiZv (1973-75)

1972 mv‡ji msweavb Abymv‡i evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq c×wZi miKvi (Parliamentary System of
Government) cÖewZ©Z nq| iv‡óªi wbe©vnx ÿgZv cÖavbgš¿xi †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU gwš¿mfvi Ici b¨¯Í

Ges gwš¿mfvi m`m¨MY AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqx _v‡K| msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i g~jbxwZ n‡jv msm‡`i
cÖvavb¨| 1973 mv‡ji gvP© gvm n‡Z 1975 mv‡ji 25 Rvbyqvwi ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq c×wZ
Pvjy wQj| G mgqKv‡j msm‡`i Kvh©µg I ivR‰bwZK `jmg~‡ni wµqvKjvc ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j
msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
1. AvBb cÖYqb: 1973-74 msm`xq Avg‡j RvZxq msm` †gvU 7wU Awa‡ek‡b wgwjZ nq
Ges 112wU wej cvm nq| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 55wU (49%) ivóªcwZ KZ„©K c~e©v‡nè Aa¨v‡`k
wn‡m‡e Rvwi Kiv nq Ges msm‡` Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ †ck Kiv nq| D³ 112wU we‡ji g‡a¨
37wU (33%) msm‡` ms‡kvwaZ AvKv‡i Ges evwK 67% ms‡kvabx QvovB M„nxZ nq|
A‡bK ‡ÿ‡Î wej¸‡jv `ªæZ cvk n‡q hvq, wKš‘ msm` m`m¨MY Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM cvbwb|
2. wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi Ici wbqš¿Y: msm`xq Avg‡j 343wU wm×všÍ cÖ¯Ív‡ei †bvwUk †`qv nq|
wKš‘ AwaKvsk cÖ¯ÍveB ÿgZvmxb `‡ji m`m¨Mb KZ…K
© cÖZ¨vüZ nq| ZvB wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi
Ici msm‡`i wbqš¿Y wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| AZGe, msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i ixwZ Abyhvqx
msm` Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
3. msm‡` we‡ivax `‡ji cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i ¯^íZv: 315 Rb m`m¨wewkó RvZxq msm‡` we‡ivax
`jxq I ¯^Zš¿ m`m¨‡`i msL¨v wQj gvÎ 9 Rb| G ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y Zuviv miKv‡ii Kvh©µ‡gi
Ici D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡ib wb| wKš‘ we‡ivax `‡ji m`m¨‡`i ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y
Zuviv †Kvb Abv¯’v cÖ¯Íve DÌvwcZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
 35

4. `jxq ivRbxwZ: 1973-75 mgqKv‡j ivR‰bwZK `jmg~‡ni `„wófw½ I Kvh©Kjvc msm`xq

MYZ‡š¿i Rb¨ AbyK‚j wQj bv| Ab¨vb¨ we‡ivax `j¸‡jv MYZ‡š¿ wek¦vm KiZ bv| Zviv
wecø‡ei gva¨‡g mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Pvq| d‡j ÿgZvmxb I we‡ivax `‡ji g‡a¨
wnsmvZ¥K msN‡l©i m„wó nq|
5. mvsweavwbK evavwb‡la: msweav‡bi 70 Aby‡”Q‡` weavb wQj, †Kvb msm` m`m¨ wbR `‡ji
weiæ‡× †fvU w`‡j Zvi m`m¨c` evwZj n‡q hv‡e| wKš‘ ciewZ©‡Z Zv cwijwÿZ nq wb|
d‡j msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i Kvh©KvwiZv †jvc cvq|(nK, 2007)

myZivs evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi MYZš¿ n‡jv RbM‡Yi kvmb| wKš‘ RbMY cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e kvmb K‡i bv|
kvmb K‡i Zv‡`i wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaiv| wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaiv msweavb Abymv‡i iv‡óªi kvmbKvh©
cwiPvjbv K‡i| evsjv‡`k msweav‡b ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ‡Z cÖRvZ‡š¿ MYZš¿ we`¨gvb| wKš‘
eZ©gv‡b RbM‡Yi kvmb Z_v MYZ‡š¿i PP©v mwVKfv‡e n‡”Q bv| ZvB evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi †ÿ‡Î
MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqvi Kvh©KvwiZvi welqwU bZzb I we‡køl‡Yi welq n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q|
 36

PZz_© Aa¨vq
Z_¨ I DcvË we‡kølY
4.1 Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi Drm
Avgvi M‡elYvq g~jZ gva¨wgK Drm (Secondary Source) n‡Z msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi
ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv wbg©vY, M‡elYv c×wZ, cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ gva¨wgK Dr‡mi Z_¨ I
DcvË Avgvi M‡elYvi MwZ‡K Av‡iv Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i‡Q| ZvQvov wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î MÖš’, cÖeÜ I cÎcwÎKv
n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr gva¨wgK Drm (Secondary Source)-i gva¨‡g Avwg Avgvi
M‡elYv ÒMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I ms‡kvabxmg~n: GKwU we‡kølYÓ welqwU we‡kølY
K‡iwQ|
4.2 Z_¨ we‡kølY I mvwnZ¨ chv©‡jvPbv
Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvi welqwU wb‡q Z_¨ we‡kølY I mvwnZ¨ chv©‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q †hme eBcy¯ÍK,
cÖeÜ, Rvb©vj, †jL‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b ‡_‡K Z_¨ I DcvË msMÖn K‡iwQ D`vniY¯^iƒc wKQz mvwnZ¨ QK
AvKv‡i Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-

eB‡qi bvg I ‡jL‡Ki bvg evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I ms‡kvabx m¤ú‡K© ‡h †h

cÖKvkKvj wel‡qi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q
1. W. †gvt kwdKzi ➢ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖevmx miKvi MVb I ¯^vaxbZvi
evsjv‡`‡ki ingvb †NvlYv cÎ|
AvBb wePvi ➢ 1972 mvj A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`k
e¨e¯’v Ges ➢ MYcwil` Av‡`k
mvsweavwbK ➢ MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
µgweKvk, ➢ MYcwil‡`i wØZxq Awa‡ekb
1998 ➢ Lmov msweavb m¤ú‡K© ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Ívemg~n
➢ cÖ¯Ívebv
➢ cÖRvZš¿
➢ mvsweavwbK cÖvavb¨
➢ ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ
 37

➢ ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi
➢ ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi ejerKiY
➢ evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ
➢ cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿mfv
➢ RvZxq msm`
➢ msweavb ms‡kvabxmg~n (1-16wU, ms‡kvabxi
KviY, †cÖÿvcU)
2. W. Aveyj dRj ➢ msweavb cÖYqb
evsjv‡`‡ki nK ➢ Lmov msweavb cÖYqb KwgwU
kvmb e¨e¯’v I ➢ Lmov msweavb I mvaviY cÖwZwµqv
ivRbxwZ,2007 ➢ MYcwil‡` weZK©
➢ msweavb cÖYqb cÖwµqv
➢ msweavb jv‡fi c×wZ
➢ 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi ‰ewkó¨
➢ msweavb m¤ú‡K© HK¨g‡Zi cÖK…wZ
➢ evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi ‰ewkó¨
➢ cÖ¯Ívebv
➢ 1g fvMt cÖRvZš¿
➢ 2q fvMt ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ
➢ g~jbxwZi cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨
➢ g~jbxwZi Zvrch©
➢ 3q fvMt ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi
➢ 4_© fvMt ivóªcwZ I cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿mfv
➢ 5g fvMt RvZxq msm` I Kvh©vejx
➢ 6ô fvMt wePvi wefvM
➢ 7g fvMt wbe©vPb
➢ 8g fvMt gnvwnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿K
➢ 9g fvMt Kg© wefvM
➢ 10g fvMt mswavb ms‡kvab (1-15)
➢ msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i Kvh©KvwiZv
3. W. nviæb-Ai- ➢ msweavb iPbvi cUf‚wg I c`‡ÿc
evsjv‡`k iwk` ➢ A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`k
ivRbxwZ ➢ MYcwil‡`i MVb, Kvh©µg I msweavb cÖYqb
miKvi I ➢ cÖ¯Ívebv
➢ cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨
 38

kvmbZvwš¿K ➢ cwiewZ©Z iƒc

Dbœqb, 2001 ➢ ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ
➢ g~jbxwZi cwiewZ©Z iƒc
➢ g~jbxwZi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch©
➢ †gŠwjK AwaKvi I Zvrch©
➢ ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi ejer Kivi Dcvq
➢ msweavb ms‡kvab c×wZ
➢ msweavb ms‡kvabxi Avek¨KZv
➢ msweavb ms‡kvabx (5g-10g) Ges 13g|

4. evsjv‡`‡ki W. †gvt Ave`yj ➢ evsjv‡`k msweavb cÖYq‡bi BwZnvm

ivR‡bwZK I`y` f‚uBqv ➢ MYcwil` Av‡`k
Dbœqb, 1989 ➢ MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
➢ MYcwil‡`i wØZxq Awa‡ekb
➢ Lmov msweav‡bi Dci ivR‰bwZK `‡ji
AwfgZ
➢ Lmov msweav‡bi P‚ovšÍ Aby‡gv`b
➢ 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi ‰ewkó¨
➢ ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ
➢ g~jbxwZi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch©
➢ 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡b mgvRZš¿ m¤úwK©Z
weavb
➢ 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi Aax‡b RvZxq msm`
➢ kvmb wefv‡Mi mv‡_ RvZxq msm‡`i m¤úK©
➢ msweavb ms‡kvabx c×wZ
➢ msweavb ms‡kvabx (1-13) ms‡kvabxi KviY,
†cÖÿvcU)|

5. mvsweavwbK ‡gvt wgRvbyi ➢ cÖevmx miKvi MVb

µgweKvk, ingvb, ➢ evsjv‡`k msweavb cÖwZôv
mvsweavwbK G¨vW‡fv‡KU, ➢ ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ
AvBb I evsjv‡`k mycÖxg ➢ 1972 mv‡ji A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`k
evsjv‡`‡ki †KvU© ➢ 1972 mv‡ji evsjv‡`k MYcwil` Av‡`k
msweavb, ➢ MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
2011 ➢ MYcwil‡`i wØZxq Awa‡ekb
 39

➢ Lmov msweavb m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gnj †_‡K

DÌvwcZ ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Ívemg~n
➢ 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi g~j ‰ewkó¨
➢ evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi eZ©gvb ‰ewkó¨
➢ mswÿßvKv‡i 16wU ms‡kvabx
➢ msweavb ms‡kvabx (1-16wU)
➢ 1g fvMt cÖRvZš¿
➢ 2q fvMt ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ
➢ 3q fvMt ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi
➢ 4_© fvMt wbe©vnx wefvM
➢ 5g fvMt AvBbmfv
➢ 6ô fvMt wePvi wefvM
➢ 7g fvMt wbe©vPb
➢ 8g fvMt gnv-wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿K
➢ 9g fvMt evsjv‡`‡ki Kg© wefvM
➢ 10Zg fvMt mswavb ms‡kvab
➢ 11Zg fvMt wewea
➢ Zdwmj (7wU)|

6. MYcÖRvZš¿x ‡jwRm‡jwUf I ➢ evsjv‡`‡k msweav‡bi weavbmg~n I ms‡kvabx

evsjv‡`‡ki msm` welqK (me©‡kl ms‡kvabx gyyw`ªZ, GwcÖj, 2016)
msweavb, wefvM
2016 AvBb, wePvi,
msm` welqK
gš¿Yvjq|

7. W. nviæb-Ai- ➢ evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYqb

ivóªweÁvb-5 iwk`, ➢ evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi ‰ewkó¨
evsjv‡`‡ki W. †gvnv¤§` ➢ msweav‡bi ms‡kvabxmg~n
ivR‰bwZK nvweeyi ingvb, ➢ wbe©vnx wefvM
Dbœqb Bqvmwgb ➢ AvBbmfv I wePvi wefvM
(BPO-6305) Avn‡g` I
kvšÍby gRyg`vi
 40

M‡elYvi we‡kølY I jÿ¨ AR©‡b c‡ivÿfv‡e †hme MÖš’mg~n †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi
QK:
eB‡qi bvg I ‡jL‡Ki bvg M‡elYv we‡kølY I MYZ‡š¿i wel‡q hv hv ejv n‡q‡Q
cÖKvkKvj
1. Aa¨vcK ➢ M‡elYv c×wZ
mvgvwRK Ave&`yj gvb&bvb, ➢ M‡elYv bKkv
M‡elYv I mvgmybœvnvi ➢ mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv
cwimsL¨vb Lvbg †gix ➢ M‡elYvi we‡kølY
cwiwPwZ,
2002
2.ivRbxwZ I W. ‰mq` gKmy` ➢ gvIjvbv fvmvbxi MYZš¿wPšÍv
ivóªwPšÍvq Avjx ➢ ‡kL gywReyi ingv‡bi `„wó‡Z MYZš¿
Dcgnv‡`k,
1988
3. W. GgvRDÏxb ➢ evsjv‡`‡ki MYZ‡š¿i fwel¨r I MYZš¿vq‡bi
evsjv‡`‡k Avng` cÖevn|
MYZ‡š¿i
fwel¨r,
2017
4. axivR Kzgvi ➢ MYZ‡š¿i msKU, DËiY I MYZš¿vqb|
MYZš¿: bv_
msKU I
DËiY,2009
 41

cÂg Aa¨vq
Dcmsnvi
5.1 Av‡jvPbv
msweavb Abymv‡i cÖRvZ‡š¿i mKj ÿgZvi gvwjK n‡”Q RbMY| RbM‡Yi Rb¨ †mB ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvM
†Kej msweav‡bi Aaxb I KZ©„‡Z¡ Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡e| RbM‡Yi B”Qvi cig Awfe¨w³ wn‡m‡e
MYZš¿ n‡e RbM‡Yi cÖK…Z kvmb e¨e¯’v| Avgvi g‡Z, evsjv‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v ZLbB
mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡e hLb evsjv‡`‡ki MYZ‡š¿ RbM‡Yi mKj Pvwn`v c~iY n‡e Ges wb‡¤œv³
kZ©vejx cwijwÿZ n‡e|
1. MYZvwš¿K RbMYt MYZš¿‡K mvdj¨gwÛZ Ki‡Z n‡j mve©v‡MÖ ‡h wRwbmwUi cÖ‡qvRb Zvnj
RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ MYZvwš¿K aviYvi Dcw¯’wZ| MYZvwš¿K ‡PZbvB RbMY‡K kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖn‡Yi
Rb¨ DrmvwnZ K‡i| Avevi MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v Zvi mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ bvMwiK‡`i Kv‡Q we‡kl
‡hvM¨ZvI `vwe K‡i| Gi cwie‡Z© bvMwiKivI mg…× Rxe‡bi mÜvb cvq|
2. eû`jxq ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vt MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡j¨ eû`jxq ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Ges we‡ivax`‡ji
f~wgKv we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y|© eû`jxq ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Qvov MYZš¿ Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| GQvov GKwU
kw³kvjx we‡ivax`j _vK‡j miKvi memgq mZK©ve¯’vq _v‡K Ges Rb¯^v‡_© AvZœwb‡qvM Ki‡Z
eva¨ nq|
3. MYZvwš¿K cwi‡ekt gvby‡li e¨w³mËv cwic~Yv© Kv‡i weKv‡ki Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ekB nj MYZvwš¿K
cwi‡ek| Gi Rb¨ c«‡qvRb mKj mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_‰bwZK AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ I
msi¶Y| mvgvwRK I A_‰bwZK ‡¶‡Î ‰elg¨ Ges Ab¨vq I ‡kvlY MYZ‡š¿i mvgvwa iPbv K‡i||
myZivs mgvRZvwš¿K Z_v MYZvwš¿K cwi‡ek Qvov MYZ‡š¿i mvdj¨ mywbwðZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
4. AvB‡bi kvmbt MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi GKwU Ab¨Zg kZ n‡jv AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv |
AvB‡bi ‡Pv‡L mevB‡K mgvbfv‡e ‡`L‡Z n‡e | G‡Z mK‡j mgvb AwaKvi ‡fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e
Ges MYZš¿ mdj n‡e|
 42

5. ‡hvM¨ ‡bZ…Zt¡ ivR‰bwZK ‡bZ…e‡M©i b¨vqbxwZ I ‡e‡eK‡ev‡ai Dci MYZ‡š¿i mvdj¨ eûjvs‡k
wbf©ikxj| ‡¯^”QvPvix ‡bZ…Z¡ MYZ‡š¿i `vdb iPbv K‡i| GQvov `yej ‡bZ…‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y en ‡`‡kB
MYZš¿ AvR wec‡`i m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y ivó«xq ‡bZv‡`i b¨vqcivqYZv, mZZv, D`viwPË,
we‡eKevb cÖf…wZ ¸Yvewj MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡j¨ c~e©kZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
6. RbgZt MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ Avi GKwU Acwinvh© kZ© nj my¯’, mej I m`vRvMÖZ RbgZ|
m`v mZK© Ges mwµq RbgZ miKv‡ii ‰¯^ivPvwiZv ‡iva K‡i Ges miKvi‡K MYgyLx K‡i| ZvB
MYZ‡š¿i mvdj Rbg‡Zi Dci eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj|
8. msL¨vwiôZvt cigZ mwnòyZv MYZ‡š¿i cÖvY| MYZš¿ msL¨vwi‡ôi kvmb| G kvmbe¨e¯’v‡K
mdj Ki‡Z n‡j msL¨vjwNôiv ‡hgb msL¨vMwi‡ôi kvmb ‡g‡b ‡b‡e, ‡Zgwb msL¨vMwiô‡KI
msL¨vjNy Z_v we‡ivax`‡ji gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj I mwnòy g‡bvfve ‡cvlY Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. ¶gZvi ¯^vZš¿xKiYt MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ ¶gZv ¯^vZš¿xKiY‡K Ab¨Zg kZ© wn‡m‡e MY¨
Kiv nq| ¶gZv ¯^vZš¿xKi‡Yi gva¨‡g RbMY ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK‡¶‡Î mwµqfv‡e
AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cvq|
10. RvZxq I mvgvwRK HK¨t MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi Rb¨ mvgvwRK Z_v RvZxq msnwZ I HK¨
Avek¨K| RvZxq I mvgvwRK H‡K¨i wfwˇZ ivóª MVb MYZš¿ weKv‡ki c‡¶ mnvqK| ZvB
RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ RvZxq I mvgvwRK HK¨‡eva Qvov MYZš¿ mdj n‡Z cv‡i bv|

5.2 mycvwikgvjv
ÒMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I ms‡kvabxmg~n: GKwU we‡kølYÓ welqwU Øviv MYZš¿vqb
KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q Zv wbiƒc‡Y Ges evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ivR‰bwZK ‡¶‡Î
evavmg~n wPwýZ Ges evavmg~n DËi‡Yi R‡b¨ mycvwikgvjv ‰Zwi K‡iwQ| evsjv‡`‡ki MYZš¿
MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqv †h mg¯Í evavi m¤§wLb n‡”Q Zvi g‡a¨ AvBb cÖYq‡b evav, msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i
Kvh©KvwiZv n«vm, wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi Ici wbqš¿Y, `jxq ivRbxwZ, msm‡` we‡ivax `‡ji cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i
 43

¯^íZv I mvsweavwbK evavwb‡la Ab¨Zg| G mKj evav `~ixKi‡Y MYZš¿‡K Zy‡j aivi cÖqv‡m
mycvwikgvjv wbgœi~c:
➢ evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq e¨e¯’vi mxgve×Zvi cÖavb KviY n‡jv MYZ‡š¿i cÖwZ ivR‰bwZK
A½xKv‡ii Afve| msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ msweav‡bi cÖwZ AbyMZ I kÖ×vkxj
_vK‡Z n‡e| msm`xq MYZš¿‡K cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc w`‡Z Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
➢ msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ MYZš¿vq‡bi aviv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ msm`‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv,
msm`‡K Ae‡njv K‡i msm`xq MYZš¿ cÖwZôv jvf Kiv hv‡e bv| msm‡`i gh©v`v e„w×i
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
➢ MYZ‡š¿i PP©v Qvov MYZš¿vqb µgk gš’i n‡q c‡i| ZvB MYZš¿vq‡bi aviv‡K MwZkxj
Ki‡Z MYZ‡š¿i PP©v Ki‡Z n‡e|
➢ msm`xq MYZš¿ cÖwZôv jvf K‡i mvaviYZ `jxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b| wKš‘ we‡ivax `j¸‡jvi
¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y msm`xq MYZš¿ cÖK…Z fv‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i bv| ZvB MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqv
Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ MYZvwš¿K eû`jxq e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
➢ evsjv‡`‡ki msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i c‡_ me‡P‡q eo evav n‡jv mvgwiK n¯Í‡ÿc ev mvgwiK
kvmb| ZvB msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ mvgwiK evwnbxi kvmb Rei`L‡ji cÖeYZv n«vm Ki‡Z n‡e|
➢ msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×i Rb¨ `ÿ I †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ cÖv_©x evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e|
†hvM¨ I `ÿ wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaivB msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i Kvh©KvwiZv iÿv‡_© Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i|
➢ MYZš¿vq‡bi aviv‡K MwZkxj Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb n‡jv wbe©vPb| myô I Aeva wbe©vPb
msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i c‡_ GKwU gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e|
➢ msm`xq MYZš¿ n‡”Q RbM‡Yi kvmb| ZvB RbM‡Yi mKj Pvwn`v , †gŠwjK AwaKvi I
Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvi c~iY Kivi wbðqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 44

5.3 Dcmsnvi
msweavb n‡jv GKwU †`‡ki m‡ev©”P AvBb| ‡`‡ki mKj AvB‡bi D‡aŸ© Gi Ae¯’vb| hw` †Kvb
AvBb msweav‡bi AmvgÄm¨c~Y© nq Zvn‡j H AvB‡bi hZUzKz AmvgÄm¨c~Y© ZZUzKz evwZj e‡j
MY¨ n‡e| msweavb m¤ú‡K© gvby‡li Ávb bv _vK‡j GKRb gvbyl‡K cÖwZwbqZ wewfbœ mgm¨vq
co‡Z nq|

1971 mv‡j †`k ¯^vax‡bi ci 1972 mv‡j MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g msweavb iPbv Kiv nq|
Gici †`‡ki cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’v I cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv K‡i G ch©šÍ 16wU ms‡kvabx Avbvqb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU ms‡kvabx †Kvb bv †Kvb cwiw¯’wZi wfwˇZ G‡m‡Q|
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb GKwU MYZvwš¿K msweavb| G‡Z RbM‡Yi mKj †gŠwjK
AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b MYZ‡š¿i MYZš¿vqb cÖwµqv mwVK fv‡e Kvh©Ki
f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv| Kvjvµ‡g eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i msweavb ‡h Ae¯’vq †cŠu‡Q‡Q Zvi Zzjbvq
1972 mv‡ji msweavbwU wQj A‡bK †ewk MYZvwš¿K I ag©wbi‡cÿ|

AZGe, evsjv‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v ZLbB mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡e hLb evsjv‡`‡ki MYZ‡š¿
RbM‡Yi mKj Pvwn`v c~iY n‡e I RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi mywbwðZ n‡e Ges mKj ¯Í‡ii RbMY
¯^Ztù‚Zf
© v‡e ivRbxwZ‡Z Zv‡`i AskMÖnY‡K mywbwðZ Ki‡e| msweavb ms‡kvabxmg~n
evsjv‡`‡ki MYZš¿vq‡b KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q †mwU wbiƒc‡Y Avgvi M‡elYv
ÒMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I ms‡kvabxmg~n: GKwU we‡kølYÓ welqwU †hŠw³K I bZzb‡Z¡i
`vwe`vi| Avwg Avkv Kwi, Avgvi M‡elYv Øviv evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I ms‡kvabxmg~n G †`‡ki
MYZš¿vq‡b KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q †mwU wbiƒc‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
Ki‡e|
 45

5.4 Z_¨ wb‡`©wkKv

1. ingvb, Gg. Gm (1998) evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb wePvi e¨e¯’v Ges mvsweavwbK µgweKvk, XvKv-PÆMÖvg:
Kvgiæj eyK nvDm|
2. nK, Gd. Aveyj (2007) evsjv‡`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’v I ivRbxwZ, XvKv: Abb¨v|
3. iwk`, G. nviæb (2001) evsjv‡`k ivRbxwZ miKvi I kvmbZvwš¿K Dbœqb 1757-2000, XvKv: wbD
GR cvewj‡Kkb|
4. f‚uBqv, G. I`y` (1989) evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‡bwZK Dbœqb, XvKv: AvwRwRqv eyK wW‡cv|
5. ingvb, Gg. Gg (2011) mvsweavwbK µgweKvk, mvsweavwbK AvBb I evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb, XvKv:
mywd cÖKvkbx|
6. ‡jwRm‡jwUf I msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq (2016) MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb|
7. evDwe KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ eB, (ivóªweÁvb-5) evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb (BPO-6305)|
8. gvb&bvb, G. I †gix ‡K. Gm (2002) mvgvwRK M‡elYv I cwimsL¨vb cwiwPwZ, XvKv: Aemi|
9. Avjx, Gg. Gm (1988) ivRbxwZ I ivóªwPšÍvq Dcgnv‡`k, XvKv: gvIjv eªv`vim|
10. Avng`, G. DÏxb (2017) evsjv‡`‡k MYZ‡š¿i fwel¨r, |
11. bv_, †K. wW (2009) MYZš¿: msKU I DËiY,|
12. myw¤úUvi (1950) K¨vwcUvwjRg, †mvk¨vwjRg A¨vÛ †W‡gv‡µwm|
13. Wvj, Avi. (1989) Dremocracy and Its Creties.
14. Everson, S. (1996) Aristotle. The Politics and The Constitution of Athens. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press,.
15. Lipson, L. (1969) The Democratic Civilization, Oxford University Press.
16. Bangladesh Observer, 1972.
17. Holiday Dhaka,1972.
18. cÖ_g Av‡jv, 2017|