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Step by Step towards Structural Simulation Using ABAQUS Part 1

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 This Book is intended to give an illuminating
presentation on simulating structural realistic problems using
ABAQUS. The problem definition and configuration for the
first two examples of this book are taken from ABAQUS
manual to give the reader the opportunity to compare results,
and also illustrate the ideal modeling algorithm according to
manual, then the same modeling concept and procedures are
used through the book for a group of comprehensive structural
problems, beside the detailed explanation for the new needed
tools according to each problem, accompanied by ABAQUS
manual explanation if needed.
To give the desired complete understanding for
structural simulation and ABAQUS tools, the book is started
with the most simplified examples, and then the level of
complexity is increased gradually. This book will be published
in the form of parts, each part focus on a specific topics, that
are explained through a detailed group of problems.

This main used references through this book is the

following ABAQUS manuals:
1- Getting started with ABAQUS 6.14
2- ABAQUS/CAE User’s Manual
3- ABAQUS Analysis User Manual 6.14
4- Web ABAQUS Documentation
* Beside the mentioned ABAQUS manuals, some research
papers and text books are also used. All the used references are
mentioned separately in the end of each problem.
 Ayman M. El-Shourbagy received
his B.S. degree in civil engineering
from mansura university, and
received his M.S. degree from Cairo
university. He works as a structural
designer in many companies, and he
also has been a teaching assistant at
modern university in structural
engineering department since 2014. He teaches for
undergraduate and graduate students structural analysis and
reinforced concrete design courses, also gives courses for
qualifying graduate students to work as a structural designers,
through a very comprehensive content, include the full design
procedures , structural detailing, and design softwares such as:
CSI ETABS, CSI SAFE, CSI SAP,and..etc.

Praise and glory are due to Allah, whom I attribute all my

knowledge and success in my life. I would like to express
appreciation and deep gratitude to My beloved Mother, that
always represent the ignition and the motivation through my
life journey.
Also, I personally would like to thank my brother Fouad
Mostafa Fouad for reviewing the book, and also for his
constructive comments. Finally, I would like to admit the
support I always receive from my lovely wife Reem, who has
the habit of being very helpful in every possible way.
 Table of Content
Get to know ABAQUS GUI & Basics......…...…1
Get to know ABAQUS Modules………..…...….4
Get to know ABAQUS Elements……….………7
Example 1 – Overhead Hoist…………….……12
4.1 Modeling Steps…….......………………..13
4.2 Results…………………....…….………..26
Example 2- Steel Connection Lug……….……33
5.1 Modeling Steps………………………….34
5.2 Results…………………………………...47
5.3 Applying Dynamic Load…………….…..57

i
 GET TO KNOW
ABAQUS GUI & Basics

*Start Session
For almost all of structural
problems, the adopted choice in stat
session window is “with
Standard/Explicit Model” as
illustrated.

*Components of the main window

1
 Consistent
Units

Model
Tree

2
 2
1 3

3
 GET TO KNOW
ABAQUS Modules

Introduction to Abaqus Modules

ABAQUS modeling process is executed through a group of
commands gathered each in a number of modules, each module
contains commands and tools that serves specific tasks in
modeling process. The following shown list eliminate the
available modules in Abaqus.

1-Part Module
The Part module main objective is creating individual parts to
simulate their geometry, and also to assign pre-defined section to
each part. You can draw parts in ABAQUS or importing them
from other software such as Solid Work.

2-Property Module
The Property module main objective is defining material
properties and cross sections properties to use them later, and
assign them to each pre-sketched parts.
4
3-Assembly Module
The Assembly module main objective is create instances of your
parts, and place them in the right position relative to other
instances, to be ready later on to define the interactions and
constraints between them.
4-Step Module
The Step module main objective is configuring the analysis step,
and the accompanied field output request and history output
request.
5-Interaction Module
The Interaction module main objective defining constraints and
interaction and contact between instances to simulate the desired
scenario.
6-Load Module
The Load module main objective defining boundary conditions
and loads.
7-Mesh Module
The Mesh module main objective is creating the desired finite
element mesh
8-Optimization Module
The optimization module main objective creating optimization
tasks such as: Topology, Shape ,Sizing, and Bead optimization
task, by giving a set of objective functions and constraints.
9-Job Module
The Job module main objective is to run the model or analyze the
model after finishing model definition process.
10-Visualization Module
The Visualization module main objective to display results
graphically or import results in the form of printed reports. You
should specify the desired output before running the model from
output request as explained previously.

5
11-Sketch Module
The Sketch module main objective create two-dimensional
profiles that used in creating parts by extrude, or swept, or
revolve planer sketch, to transform it to three-dimensional
parts.

For extra information read

Chapters 11 to 20 of the
Abaqus/CAE User`s Guide
each module has
complete chapter to fully
describe it`s details

6
 GET TO KNOW
ABAQUS ELEMENTS

All the simulated parts are evaluated first ,whether it expected to

deform significantly or we can neglect the deformation and
consider it as a rigid body. The algorithm should adopted in
choosing the appropriate element is shown below.
The 5 main aspects in choosing finite elements are family, degree
of freedom, number of nodes, formulation, and integration.
The first letter or letters indicate the element family, it usually
differentiate between element geometry types, as illustrated
below.

Common elements` families and geometry

Degrees of freedom (DOF) are basically dependent on geometry

and analysis type.

7
 According to ABAQUS getting started manual, numbering
convention are as follow:
1) Translation in direction 1 10) Connector material flow
2) Translation in direction 2 (units of length)
3) Translation in direction 3 11)Temperature (or normalized
4) Rotation about the local 1 concentration in mass diffusion
5) Rotation about the local 2 analysis) for continuum elements
6) Rotation about the local 3 or temperature at the first point
7) Warping in open-section through the thickness
beam element of beams and shells
8) Acoustic pressure, pore 12+)Temperature at other points
pressure, or hydrostatic fluid through the thickness of beams
pressure and shells
9) Electric potential
All degrees of freedom are calculated only at nodes, and later on
the same degrees of freedom are calculated on the element it self
by interpolation, the order of interpolation is dependent on
number of nodes and it`s distribution among the element.
The following mentioned cases are the most common cases for
the order of the interpolation
1-If element had nodes only at corners , then linear interpolation
will be used, and called linear element or first-order elements.
2-If elements had a mid-edge nodes, then quadratic interpolation
will be used, and called quadratic elements or second order
elements.
3-If the ordinary elements modified with mid-side nodes such as
modified triangular or tetrahedral elements with extra nodes on
edges, then a modified second order interpolation used, and
called modified elements or modified second-order elements. A
samples of these elements are shown with a full description in
the figure below.

8
 Linear Brick
C 3D 8

Continuum element 8 nodes

Linear element 3-dimensional
(8-node brick, C3D8)

Quadratic Brick
C 3D 20

Continuum element 20 nodes

Quadratic element 3-dimensional

(20-node brick, C3D20)

Modified Tetrahedral Elements

C 3D 10 M

Continuum element Modified

Modified second-order element 8 nodes

(10-node tetrahedron, C3D10M) 3-dimensional

The fourth aspect is element formulation, and a simple definition

would be the involved mathematical theory that describe element
behavior. To have a powerful tools to simulate any scenario
ABAQUS some times offers different formulations for the same
elements, so ABAQUS elements family have standard
formulation, beside some additional alternative formulations.
According to ABAQUS us manual elements with alternative
formulation are defined by extra letter at the end.
9
Clear example for alternative elements is the ordinary brick or
solid element when it used in thermal-structural analysis by
direct coupling technique method (Both thermal and structural
analysis are submitted together, in other word element has both
thermal and mechanical degrees of freedom) it begin with “C”
and end with “T” to be C3D8T instead of the ordinary element
C3D8, and that off course to indicate the difference.
There are two options when it comes to integration, either the
full integration or the reduced integration, some elements in
ABAQUS have the option to use either of them, and some don`t.
The most commonly technique used in the most of elements is
Gaussian quadrature technique. ABAQUS used the letter “R” at
the end of the element name to indicate the use of the reduced
integration, such as C3D8R, and if the element is hybrid beside
the use of reduced integration the end of the element name will
have two extra letters “RH”

A chart is illustrated below, to summarize the element aspects

and process of choosing.

For extra information read

Section 4.1 in the manual
under the title of “Element
formulation and integration”
In getting started with
ABAQUS Manual

10
 Simulated Parts

Expected significant Expected insignificant

deformation deformation

Modeled using Modeled using

Finite Elements Rigid Bodies

choose appropriate element

through 5 aspects

The first letter or letters indicate

Family the element family

Degree of dependent on geometry and

freedom analysis type

Set the order of the

Number of
interpolation through the
nodes element

It can have standard or

Formulation alternative formulation

It can be Full Integration or

Integration reduced integration
11
*Example No.1 (Overhead Hoist):-
For the overhead hoist example, you will perform the following tasks:
1) Sketch the two-dimensional geometry and create a part
representing the frame.
2) Define the material properties and section properties of the frame.
3) Assemble the model.
4) Configure the analysis procedure and output requests.
5) Apply loads and boundary conditions to the frame.
6) Mesh the frame.
7) Create a job and submit it for analysis.
8) View the results of the analysis.

12
1- Rename the Model inside the program from model tree.

2- Set work Directory & Specify the path for you work.

&

3- From File Menu > Select Save as & specify saving location.

&

13
4- Double Click on Part from Model Tree
& Specify the following parameters:
1- Modeling Space  3D
2- Type  Deformable
3- Base Feature  Wire
4- Approximate size (to set grid size)  4
*we choose 4 not 4000 as we will use
metric units

5- From Tool Box Area > Create Lines connected > and Specify
needed points.

&

14
6- From Tool Box Area > Add Dimension & select each edge and
enter the length for each one.

7- From Tool Box Area > Add Constraint & select each edge and
enter the needed Constraints for each & and then press Done

&
&

&
15
8- Choose from Model Tree Material by double click > then enter
Material Name to be Steel Mat > from mechanical Menu choose
Elasticity > Elastic & enter Young`s Modulus and Poisson`s Ratio.

&

9- Choose from Model Tree > Section > assign section name >
choose category to be beam (here he refer to beam to just mean line
element 1D ,but then you will choose from Type Truss, which means
that he will only consider axial stiffness, so he will only need cross-
section Area. On the contrary if you choose Beam from Type menu
he will assign all types of stiffness to the element and for that he will
need profile to calculate all cross section properties that he will need
later on during the analysis.

&
Pi*0.005**2/4

16
*Note that: you will always be forced to define section, but each
case will
have it`s own needs, and it can be one of the following:
1- Wire Element  truss  Area only + Material
2- Wire Element  beam  Profile + Material
3- Solid Element  3D  Material only

10- Assign section by expanding truss part and double click on

section assignments and choose steel section.

11- Start defining Assembly by double click on instances > Choose

dependent or independent mesh.

17
12- Double click on Steps from Model Tree > construct new step >
Static General > Continue.

13- Adjust from Basic the time period & from incrimination sub-
menu the initial, min, and max step size.

&

18
Requesting data output
Finite element analyses can create very large amounts of output. Abaqus allows you to control
and manage this output so that only data required to interpret the results of your simulation
are produced. Four types of output are available from an Abaqus analysis:
• Results stored in a neutral binary file used by Abaqus/CAE for post processing. This file is called
the Abaqus output database file and has the extension .odb.
• Printed tables of results, written to the Abaqus data (.dat) file. Output to the data file is available
only in Abaqus/Standard.
• Restart data used to continue the analysis, written to the Abaqus restart (.res) file.
• Results stored in binary files for subsequent post processing with third-party software, written
to the Abaqus results (.fil) file.
You will use only the first of these in the overhead hoist simulation.

14- from model tree expand Field output Request > F-Output-1 >
change or leave all marked parameter as it is then click ok.

19
15- From Model tree > Steps > Initial > BCs > enter Name for BC >
Choose Mechanical as category > then from type choose
displacement/Rotation.

16- Choose for left support U1 & U2 (Hinged Support)

20
17- From Model tree > Steps > Initial > BCs > enter Name for BC >
Choose Mechanical as category > then from type choose
displacement/Rotation & Choose for left support U2 (Roller
Support).

&
18- Start apply loads by choose loads from static general step (Step
no.2), as you can notice the BCs (2) are already exist in the case.

21
19- Apply load in local 2 (CF2 = Concentrated Force in local 2) with
value of 10000 N, because we are using SI Units in this model as
previously discussed. The shape of the model is illustrated below.

&

Model with applied boundary

conditions before meshing
22
20- from Model Tree > go back to parts > Expand Truss > Double
Click on Mesh > Mesh menu will appear in the Menu Bar.

21- Menu Bar > Mesh > Element Type & Choose Standard > Linear
> Truss > ok.
&

23
 Creating the mesh
Basic meshing is a two-stage operation:
1- You seed the edges of the part instance.
2- Mesh the part instance.

22- Menu Bar > Seed > Parts > set approximate global element size
to 1 > ok & then go to Menu Bar > Mesh > Parts > ok.

&

24
23- from Model Tree > Double Click on Job & Enter Name >
Continue & enter description for the analysis > ok.

&

&

24- Run the Model by right click on Job after expanding it > Choose
Submit

25
25- Check if there is any warnings or errors during run process by
clicking right click on the job that had been submitted > Monitor &
Check error sub-menu > also check warning sub-menu.

&

26- Start viewing results by clicking right click on job name >
Results.

26
27- To Show Numbers for Nodes or elements or faces or nodes itself
> Tool Box Area > Common Options > Labels > adjust font and all
desired features as shown below.

27
28- To Show Deformed Shape > from Tool Box Area select Plot
Deformed Shape.

29- To Show Deformed Shape with Un-deformed shape > from Tool
Box Area Select Allow Multiple Plot States & Plot Deformed Shape
& Un-deformed shape.

30- To adjust shape factor of the deformed shape > Select from Tool
Box Area common option > Basics > Uniform > enter the scale you
want to use>ok or just leave it auto compute.

28
31- To adjust shape factor of the deformed shape > Select from Tool
Box Area common option > Color & Style > adjust colors , line
thickness , and edge style.

32- To adjust un-deformed shape > Select from Tool Box Area
Superimpose Options > same adjustments as previously described.

29
33- To adjust un-deformed shape > Select from Tool Box Area
Superimpose Options > same adjustments as previously described.

34- Menu Bar > Report Menu > Field Output > Variable >
Integration Point > Stress Components > S11 > Setup > Specify Path
to Save Report > uncheck Column Total > Apply.

30
35- Menu Bar > Report Menu > Field Out Put > Variable > Unique
Nodal > U1 & U2 > Setup > save to same path to ensure that all
results are saved together > keep Column Total unchecked > Apply.

36- Menu Bar > Report Menu > Field Out Put > Variable > Unique
Nodal > Reactions RF1 & RF2 > Setup > check Column Total >
Apply> ok.

31
37- Go to path that you have chosen for report saving > Check and
interpret the Results.

32
*Example No.2 (Connecting Lug):-
The lug is welded firmly to a massive structure at one end. The
other end contains a hole. When it is in service, a bolt will be
placed through the hole of the lug. You have been asked to
determine the static deflection of the lug when a 30 kN load is
applied to the bolt in the negative 2-direction. Because the goal of
this analysis is to examine the static response of the lug, you should
use Abaqus/Standard as your analysis product. You decide to
simplify this problem by making the following assumptions:
 Rather than include the complex bolt-lug interaction in the
model, you will use a distributed pressure over the bottom half of
the hole to load the connecting lug (see Figure 4–14).
 You will neglect the variation of pressure magnitude around the
circumference of the hole and use a uniform pressure.
 The magnitude of the applied uniform pressure will be 50 Mpa
equal to
30 kN/ (2 × 0.015 m × 0.02 m).
*After examining the static response of the lug, you will modify the
model and use Abaqus/Explicit to study the transient dynamic
effects resulting from sudden loading of the lug.

33
1- Rename the Model inside the program from model tree.

2- Set work Directory & Specify the path for you work.

&

3- From File Menu > Select Save as & specify saving location.

&

34
4- From Model Tree > Double Click on Part > Enter Name and
chose Solid and enter an approximate size value to 0.25m

5- Choose create lines Rectangle (4 Lines) & Delete the vertical

Right side line.

6- Create Arc > select bottom point and then top point on the delete
side.

35
7- Create Circle > Draw Circle and then specify it`s Dimensions to
be as shown.

8- Create Circle > Draw Circle and then specify it`s Dimensions to
be as shown.

9- Press Done > Enter Extrusion value of 0.02m & the shown shape
shall appears.

&

36
10- Choose from Model Tree Material by double click > then enter
Material Name to be Steel Mat > from mechanical Menu choose
Elasticity > Elastic & enter Young`s Modulus and Poisson`s Ratio.

&

11- Model Tree > Section > Enter Name & Solid > Continue & Steel
Material > ok

&

12- Choose from Model Tree > Part (Lug) > Section Assignment >
Steel Section > ok.

37
13- Start Create Assembly by Double click on Instance > Choose
Dependent to make mesh on part.

14- Create Second Step by Double click on Steps, ABAQUS will

create second step after the first default one with is initial > Choose
Static General

38
15- From Edit Step window > Basic > Enter Description for step >
assign Time period or leave the default value (1) as it is

16- From Edit Step window > Incremention > Adjust the increment
size, Min, and Max.

39
17- From Model Tree > Field Output Request > Forces > NFORC,
Nodal forces due to element stresses.

18- From Modell Tree > Steps > Initial > Double Click on BCs >
Enter Name > Mechanical as category > Symmetry/Anti-symmetry/
Encastre

40
19- Choose from Edit Boundary Condition window ENCASTRE to
restrain all 6 DOFs to zero.

20- Model Tree > Part > Lug & then from Tool Box Area >
Partition Cell & Choose 3 points or Point &Normal to sub divided
the Lug Part, and the main aim behind this step is to enhance
meshing.

&

* The illustrated Shape is what we are seeking for enhancing the

meshing.

41
21- Menu Bar > Tool > Datum > Offset from Point > Specify the
point that ABAQUS will offset from > Enter offset value as
coordination.

22- From Model Tree > Second Step > Loads > Enter Load Name >
Pressure & Select the bottom inner side of lug hole & Enter
Magnitude = 5.0E+07

&
&
42
23- from Model Tree > go back to parts > Expand Truss > Double
Click on Mesh > Mesh menu will appear in the Menu Bar.

24- Menu Bar > Mesh > Element Type & Choose Standard >
Quadratic> 3D stress > Hex > Reduced integration > ok.
&

43
Creating the mesh
Basic meshing is a two-stage operation:
1- You seed the edges of the part instance.
2- Mesh the part instance.

25- Menu Bar > Seed > Parts > set approximate global element size
to 0.007 > ok & then go to Menu Bar > Mesh > Parts > ok.

&

44
*Note that:-
When you enter the Mesh module, Abaqus/CAE color codes regions of
the model according to the methods it will use to generate a mesh:
• Green indicates that a region can be meshed using structured methods.
• Yellow indicates that a region can be meshed using sweep methods.
• Pink indicates that a region can be meshed using the free method.
• Tan indicates that the region can be meshed using the bottom-up method.
• Orange indicates that a region cannot be meshed using the default
element shape assignment and must be partitioned further.

*Note that:-
Abaqus/CAE offers a variety of meshing techniques to mesh models of
different topologies. The different meshing techniques provide varying
levels of automation and user control. The following four types of mesh
generation techniques are available:
 Structured meshing
Structured meshing applies pre-established mesh patterns to particular model
topologies. Complex models must generally be partitioned into simpler
regions to use this technique.
 Swept meshing
Swept meshing extrudes an internally generated mesh along a sweep path or
revolves it around an axis of revolution. Like structured meshing, swept
meshing is limited to models with specific topologies and geometries.
 Free meshing
The free meshing technique is the most flexible meshing technique. It uses
no pre-established mesh patterns and can be applied to almost any model
shape.
 Bottom-up meshing
You use the bottom-up meshing technique to create a hexahedral or hex-
dominated mesh on a solid region that is un-meshable or difficult to mesh
using the automated top-down meshing techniques. Bottom-up meshing is a
manual process that allows you to select the method and parameters that
Abaqus/CAE uses to build up a solid mesh of hexahedral elements

45
26- From Model Tree > Double Click on Job > Enter Name >
Continue & Enter Description > ok.

&

27- To Run the Model > from Model Tree > Right click on Job that
had been created in the previous step > Submit.

46
28- Check if there is any warnings or errors during run process by
clicking right click on the job that had been submitted > Monitor &
Check error sub-menu > also check warning sub-menu.

&

29- Start viewing results by clicking right click on job name >
Results

47
30- you can adjust the display option for un-deformed and deformed
shape from superimposed option and common option respectively as
previously discussed in example no.1, and to show both un-
deformed and deformed shape you will have to click on Allow
Multiple Plot States Button first as shown below.

31- From Tool Box Area > Plot Contours on Deformed Shape & by
default S Mises (Mises Stresses) is plotted

48
32- If you want to plot any other variable instead of S Mises , you
can change that by going to Result Menu from Menu Bar > Field
Output & Primary Variable > Choose the desired variable to plot >
ok

&
33- To adjust Contours Display you will go Tool Box Area and
select Contour options > Basic > Banded > adjust contour intervals
by adjust the Discrete number > Color & Style > Show or hide edges
& Limits > set min and max limits > ok

&

49
34- To make view cut > Menu Bar > Tools Menu > View Cut >
Manger > you can choose cutting plane orientation and also choose
it`s position from View Cut Manger as shown below.

35- You can also rotate the view cut by choosing rotate instead of
translate > choose angle.

50
36- To Show maximum and minimum > Menu Bar > Viewport >
Viewport Annotation Options & Legend > Show min/max values >
Apply and as you can see below that it will clearly appear beneath
contours` Ranges.

37- To show results on a specific part of the model, you must first
assign this part whether it is Geometry or nodes or Elements in form
of Sets before Running the model to be ready to display results later
on.

51
38- After you specified a sets to parts you want to display Results on
> Results > Double Click on Display Group > Item = Elements >
Method = Elements sets > select the desired Set > Highlight items in
viewport > Replace.

39- after you display the results on a specific part as previously

discussed, you will need to plot the whole model, you can do that by
going to Menu Bar > Tools > Display Group > All.

52
40- To make free Body Cut using 3D Elements Faces, you must be
sure that you have select NFORC from forces from Output Request
before running. To Start making free body cut > Menu Bar > Tools >
Free Body Cut > Manger & Create > 3D element faces & High light
items in viewport > Pick from view Point & by angle from bottom
side of screen > be sure to Select Select from Entities & uncheck
select the Entity Closest to the Screen > select from view port the
plan you want > ok > the forces will appear as shown Below.

&

&
&

&
53
41- If you want to adjust the previous mentioned forces you can go
to same window (Free Body Cut Manger) > Options > adjust display
options as you desired.

54
*Note that: to show any type of results you will always be
forced to do either of the following:
1- Make sets before Run
2- Make Display Group from Result Menu after Run

42- Results > Display Group > Items = Nodes > Method = Pick
from Viewport > Pick Points > Save Selection as > Enter Name =
ex. Bottom Points > ok.

43- To Start to generate Reports to specified part, you will show

this part separately, then select it > Menu Bar > Reports > Field
Output > Variable > ex. (Integration Point or Unique Nodal
> Stress Components > S11 > Setup > Specify Path to Save
Report > uncheck Column Total > Apply), and you can Repeat
this process as much as you want to generate all needed Reports.

55
44- Go Check Result for generated reported in the selected path.

56
45- Add Density to Steel Material, and that off course is essential for
dynamic Analysis & note that density will not make program take
into consideration own weight.

46- Replace Second Step with new Dynamic Explicit Analysis &
Set time period to 0.05 sec.

&

57
47- Change Element type > Explicit > Linear > ok

48- Run the Model & Check running from monitor as shown below
then show Results.

58
49- You can show History Output > Results > under Job name
expand History output > Choose desired parameter versus time ( ex.
 ALLIE as shown below).

*Note that:
Both the internal energy and the kinetic energy show oscillations that
reflect the vibrations of the lug. Throughout the simulation, kinetic
energy is transformed into internal (strain) energy and vice-versa. Since
the material is linear elastic, total energy is conserved. This can be seen
by plotting ETOTAL, the total energy of the system, together with
ALLIE and ALLKE. The value of ETOTAL is approximately zero
throughout the course of the analysis.

50- To generate a plot of displacement versus time you will do the

following > Results > XY Data > ODB field output & Position =
Unique Nodal >Spatial Displacement > U2 & sub-menu >
Elements/Nodes > Pick from view port or just choose node set >
Plot.

59
 &
51- To generate a plot of displacement versus time you will do the
following > Results > XY Data > ODB field output > Position =
Integration Point > Stress Components > Mises & sub-menu >
Elements/Nodes > Pick from view port or choose element set > Plot.

&
60
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