Exercise 3B

1 a 3 a

b
b You can see that the graphs of y = sec q
and y = - cos q do not meet,
so sec q = - cos q has no solutions.

The same result can be found

algebraically
secq = -cos q
c
1
Þ = - cos q
cos q
Þ cos 2 q = -1
There are no solutions of this
equation for real q .

4 a
2 a

b 2 solutions
b The curves meet at the maxima and
minima of y = sin 2q , and on the q -axis
at odd integer multiples of 90°.

In the interval 0 £ q £ 360° there are

6 intersections. So there are 6 solutions of
cot q = sin 2q in the interval 0 £ q £ 360°

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
5 a æ pö
iii The graph of y = cosec ç q + ÷ is
è 4ø
the same as that of y = cosec q
æ- p ö
translated by the vector ç 4 ÷
è 0 ø

æ pö
iv The graph of sec ç q - ÷ is the
è 4ø
same as that of y = secq translated
æpö
by the vector ç 4 ÷
è0ø

b y = cot(q + 90°) is a reflection in the

q -axis of y = tan q , so
cot(q + 90°) = - tan q (reflection of y = cot q in the y-axis)
æ pö
tan ç q + ÷ = cot(-q )
æ pö è 2ø
6 a i The graph of y = tan ç q + ÷ is the
è 2ø
same as that of y = tanq translated
æ- p ö
by the vector ç 2 ÷ , i.e by
è 0 ø
p
to the left.
2

ii The graph of y = cot(-q ) is the

same as that of y = cot q reflected
in the y-axis.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
6 b b Reflection in q -axis of y = cosecq
Minimum at (270°, 1)
Maximum at (90°, - 1)

c Translation of y = sec q by the

æ0ö
vector ç ÷ , i.e. +1 in the y direction.
è1ø
It meets x-axis at (180°, 0)
There is a maximum at (180°, 0)
It meets the y-axis at (0, 2)

æ pö æ pö
cosec ç q + ÷ = sec ç q - ÷
è 4ø è 4ø

7 a A stretch of y = sec q in the q direction

with scale factor 12
Minimum at (180°,1)
Maxima at (90°,-1) and (270°,-1)
It meets the y-axis at (0, 1)

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
7 d Translation of y = cosecq by the f is y = cosecq
æ 30 ö
vector ç ÷ æ -60 ö
è0ø translated by the vector ç ÷ and
è 0 ø
Minimum at (120°, 1)
then stretched by a scale factor 12 in
Maximum at (300°, - 1)
the q direction.
It meets the y-axis at (0, - 2)
Minima at (15°, 1), (195°, 1)
Maxima at (105°, - 1), (285°, - 1)
It meets the y-axis at (0, 1.155)

e
æ 60 ö
translated by the vector ç ÷ and
è0ø
then stretched by a scale factor 2 in
the y direction.
Minimum at (60°, 2)
Maximum at (240°, - 2)
It meets the y-axis at (0, 4)

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4
7 g y = -cot2q is y = cot q stretched 8 a The period of secq is 2p radians
by a scale factor 12 in the q direction y = sec3q is a stretch of y = secq with
and then reflected in the x-axis. scale factor 13 in the q direction.
It meets the q -axis at (45°, 0), (135°, 0), 2p
So the period of sec3q is
(225°, 0) and (315°, 0) 3

b cosec q has a period of 2p

cosec 12 q is a stretch of cosec q in the
q direction with scale factor 2.
So the period of cosec 12 q is 4p

c cot q has a period of p

2cot q is a stretch in the y direction by
scale factor 2. So the periodicity is not
affected.
The period of 2cot q is p

h y = 1- 2secq = -2secq + 1 is d secq has a period of 2p

y = sec q stretched by a scale sec(-q ) is a reflection in the y-axis.
factor 2 in the y direction, reflected So the periodicity is not affected.
in the x -axis and then translated by The period of sec(-q ) is 2p
æ0ö
the vector ç ÷ 9 a y = 3+ 5cosec q is y = cosec q
è1ø
stretched by a scale factor 5 in
Minima at (180°, 3)
the y direction and then translated
Maxima at (0, - 1), (360°, - 1)
æ0ö
It meets the y-axis at (0, - 1) by the vector ç ÷
è 3ø

b -2 < k < 8

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 5
10 a

b The q coordinates at points at which the

gradient is zero are at the maxima and
minima. These are q = -p, 0, p, 2p

1
c Minimum value of
1+ 2secq
is where 1+ 2secq is a maximum.
1
So minimum value of
1+ 2secq
1
is = -1
-1
The first positive value of q where
this occurs is when q = p
(see diagram)
1
Maximum value of
1+ 2sec q
is where 1+ 2secq is a minimum.
1 1
So maximum value of is
1+ 2sec q 3
The first positive value of q where
this occurs is when q = 2p
(see diagram)

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 6